Double-layer Patch Research Articles

Left ventricular perforation by Impella 5.5 during surgery for postinfarction ventricular septal rupture

BackgroundThe perioperative use of the Impella 5.5 has been increasing recently; however, the left ventricular perforation by this device during surgery has not been reported to date.Case presentationPostinfarction ventricular septal rupture in a 75-year-old man was successfully repaired with support of a single Impella 5.5 device used for consecutive 28 days perioperatively. The patient underwent surgery after 16 days of Impella support. During surgery, the Impella was left in place expecting its use for left ventricular unloading after the operation. After aortic cross-clamp, when the apex was carefully lifted, the tip of the Impella almost protruded from the posterior wall, and could be seen through the epicardium. The aorta was unclamped briefly, the Impella was pulled out several centimeters, and the aorta was cross-clamped again. The ventricular septal rupture was repaired by the double-layer patch technique via the right ventricle. Immediately before the chest closure, the free wall of the LV ruptured and blood rapidly flowed out. It was where the Impella almost protruded during cardiac arrest, and was repaired with a pledgeted monofilament mattress suture.ConclusionsA single device can be used throughout perioperative periods; however, if used during surgery, possible risk of left ventricular perforation should be well recognized since the device has no soft pigtail part at its end, and its stiff tip can directly contact the decompressed, flaccid ventricular wall during cardiac arrest.

Development of double-layer metamaterial with high effective medium ratio values for S- and C-band applications

This study introduces a compact double negative metamaterial (DNM) composed of three split rings connected slab resonator (TSRCSR) based double-layer design with a high 13.9 EMR (effective medium ratio) value. A double-layer patch is introduced to achieve the novel double negative properties, including negative behaviours of effective medium parameters, including refractive index, permittivity, and permeability with a high effective medium ratio for the miniaturised size of the introduced unconventional material that is highly suitable for microwave S and C band covering applications. The popular low-loss Rogers RT5880 (thickness 1.575 mm) substrate and copper resonator materials are utilized to develop the metamaterial unit cell that offers triple resonance between frequencies from 1 to 8 GHz. Therefore, the proposed metamaterial exhibits resonance peaks at 2.75, 5.2, and 6.3 GHz, suitable for radar, communication satellite, and long-distance telecommunication applications, respectively. The commercially available simulator known as Computer Simulation Technology (CST) is adopted to develop and simulate the 8 × 8 mm2 metamaterial design. The simulation results of the introduced TSRCSR design structure were verified by adopting the Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Furthermore, it was then proved with the help of equivalent circuit model findings gained from the Advanced Design Structure (ADS) software. On the other hand, the analytical results were further validated by measuring the TSRCSR design utilizing a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). These analyses become one of the novelties of this work, where the compact TSRCSR metamaterial successfully gained small discrepancies in transmission coefficient values when compared to both analytical and measurement results. The proposed metamaterial is highly suggested for communication devices for its extensive effective characteristics and compactness.

Development of a double-layer electrospun patch as a potential prenatal treatment for myelomeningocele.

Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital defect of the spine characterised by meningeal and spinal cord protrusion through the open vertebral arches. This defect causes progressive prenatal damage of the spinal cord, leading to lifelong handicap. Although mid-trimester surgical repair may reduce part of the handicap, an earlier and less invasive approach would further improve the prognosis, possibly minimising maternal and foetal risks. Several studies have proposed an alternative approach to surgical repair by covering the defect with a patch and protecting the exposed neural tissue. Our study aims to elaborate on a waterproof and biodegradable bioactive patch for MMC prenatal foetal repair. We developed a double-layer patch that can provide a waterproof coverage for the spinal cord, with a bioactive side, conducive to cell proliferation, and an antiadhesive side to avoid its attachment to the medulla.

Double-layer adhesives for preventing anastomotic leakage and reducing post-surgical adhesion

Preventing anastomotic leakage (AL) and postoperative adhesions after gastrointestinal surgery is crucial for ensuring a favorable surgical prognosis. However, AL prevention using tissue adhesives can unintentionally lead to undesirable adhesion formation, while anti-adhesive agents may interfere with wound healing and contribute to AL. In this study, we have developed a double-layer patch, consisting of an adhesive layer on one side, utilizing gallic acid-conjugated chitosan (CHI-G), and an anti-adhesive layer on the opposite side, employing crosslinked hyaluronic acid (cHA). These CHI-G/cHA double-layer adhesives significantly prevented AL by forming physical barriers of CHI-G and reduced post-surgical adhesion at the anastomosis sites by the anti-adhesive layers of cHA. The bursting pressure (161.1 ± 21.6 mmHg) of double-layer adhesives-applied rat intestine at postoperative day 21 was far higher than those of the control (129.4 ± 5.7 mmHg) and the commercial anti-adhesives-applied group (120.8 ± 5.2 mmHg). In addition, adhesion score of double-layer adhesives-applied rat intestine was 3.6 ± 0.3 at postoperative day 21, which was similar to that of the commercial anti-adhesives-applied group (3.6 ± 0.3) and lower than that of the control group (4.9 ± 0.5). These findings indicate that the double-layer patch (CHI-G/cHA) has the potential to effectively prevent both postoperative adhesions and anastomotic leakage, offering a promising solution for gastrointestinal surgery.

Left ventricular pseudo-false aneurysm perforating the right ventricle: two case reports

BackgroundLeft ventricular (LV) pseudo-false aneurysm is a rare and fatal complication secondary to myocardial infarction. Sometimes, it may perforate the right ventricle (RV) and lead to acute heart failure. We experienced 2 cases of surgical repair of an LV pseudo-false aneurysm perforating the RV.Case presentationCase 1: A 76-year-old man was referred to our hospital due to dyspnea. Echocardiography revealed an LV pseudo-false aneurysm (25 mm × 20 mm) that had perforated the RV. Via LV incision, the two small orifices communicating to the RV were detected and closed by direct suture. A double patch of bovine pericardium and a dacron sheet was sutured around the aneurysm with everting mattress. Case 2: A 51-year-old man, who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention 1 month before, was referred to our hospital due to an LV aneurysm perforating the RV. Via LV incision, a double-layered patch was sutured around the aneurysm with everting mattress. The communicating hole to RV was closed by bovine pericardium patch with a running suture via an RV incision. Postoperative course was uneventful in both cases.ConclusionsAn LV pseudo-false aneurysm perforating the RV should be considered for urgent repair before serious complications arise and the patient’s general condition deteriorates.

Investigation of air breakdown and plasma evolution on microstrip antenna surface using the particle-in-cell method

This paper investigates the breakdown of two microstrip antennas through experiments and particle-in-cell simulations. The breakdown thresholds of a microstrip dipole antenna and a double-layer patch microstrip antenna are investigated experimentally and found to be 15.6 and 30.8 kW, respectively. Ablation is observed on the surface of the antennas, indicating that the local electric field is particularly intense. To further understand the breakdown process, the particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo collision methods are combined to investigate the inception and development of partial discharge on the surface of the antennas. Under the criterion of continuous electron density growth, the breakdown thresholds of the dipole and double-layer patch antennas are estimated to be 19.4 and 52.9 kW in our simulations. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements. In the microstrip dipole antenna, the plasma evolution of the partial discharge is initiated near the tip, while the electric field close to the tip is distorted and a positive streamer directed toward the tip is observed. In the double-layer patch microstrip antenna, a more uniform discharge is observed at the edge of the circular patch in the simulations.

Study on the Stability of a Repair Process for Carbon Fiber Laminates

Carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites are often used in the surface structure of helicopters. In the process of flight, the structure often suffers from different degrees of damage due to the influence of the harsh environment. To explore the superiority of the repair method and obtain a good repair process, the intact and damaged carbon fiber composite laminates were prepared in this paper. The damaged specimens were repaired by single-sided double-layer patch bonding. The allowable value of tensile strength of carbon fiber laminates was tested, and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates after repair were studied. Combined with the failure mode of the specimen after failure, the results show that the mechanical properties of the repaired specimen can be restored to about 81.9 % of the non-destructive specimen. The single-sided double-layer patch can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the middle loading area. The repair process has high reliability and good stability, which provides a new method for the repair of the composite laminate structure.

The V-shaped double-layer patch technique for complete atrioventricular septal defect: A novel surgical technique.

Several surgical techniques for repair of a complete atrioventricular septal defect have been developed. However, the postoperative complications with these methods may lead to reoperation during follow-up. The aim of this report is to share our experience with a modified surgical technique for complete atrioventricular septal defect that has anatomic advantages postoperatively and could reduce the reoperation rate. Twenty-nine patients who underwent repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect using a V-shaped double-layer patch between April 2011 and September 2019 were retrospectively investigated. There were no deaths (0%) and only 1 reoperation (3.4%) in the series. The aortic crossclamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 62.7±16.0minutes and 113.9±25.9minutes, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 5.1years. To date, no significant residual ventricular septal defects have been detected and no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has been seen on echocardiography in any patient. During follow-up, the left atrioventricular valve status was assessed as no incompetence in 9 patients (31.0%), trivial in 18 patients (62.1%), and mild in 2 patients (6.9%). The V-shaped double-layer patch technique is a valuable surgical option for patients with complete atrioventricular septal defects. The midterm results in our series document excellent performance of this technique, which augments the area of the anterior valve of the left atrioventricular valve to make it closer to a normal mitral valve and may also reduce the need for reoperation.

Drug-loaded mucoadhesive microneedle patch for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis.

Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic, inflammatory and potentially malignant oral disease. Local delivery of triamcinolone to lesion site is a commonly used therapy. The existing methods for local drug delivery include topical administration and submucosal injection. However, in the wet and dynamic oral microenvironment, these methods have drawbacks such as limited drug delivery efficiency and injection pain. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop an alternative local drug delivery system with high efficiency and painlessness. Inspired by the structure of band-aid, this study proposed a novel double-layered mucoadhesive microneedle patch for transmucosal drug delivery. The patch consisted of a mucoadhesive silk fibroin/tannic acid top-layer and a silk fibroin microneedle under-layer. When applying the annealing condition for the medium content of β-sheets of silk fibroin, the microneedles in under-layer displayed both superior morphology and mechanical property. The mechanical strength of per needle (0.071N) was sufficient to penetrate the oral mucosa. Sequentially, the gelation efficiency of silk fibroin and tannic acid in top-layer was maximized as the weight ratio of tannic acid to silk fibroin reached 5:1. Moreover, in vitro results demonstrated the double-layered patch possessed undetectable cytotoxicity. The sustained release of triamcinolone was observed from the double-layered patch for at least 7days. Furthermore, compared with other commercial buccal patches, the double-layered patch exhibited an enhanced wet adhesion strength of 37.74kPa. In addition, ex vivo mucosal tissue penetration experiment confirmed that the double-layered patch could reach the lamina propria, ensuring effective drug delivery to the lesion site of oral submucous fibrosis. These results illustrate the promising potential of the drug-loaded mucoadhesive microneedle patch for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis.

Design of Tri-Band Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth and Diversity Pattern for Indoor Wireless Communication

A novel tri-band patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth and a diverse radiation pattern is presented in this study. An off-center probe is introduced to excite a conventional circular patch antenna, and the multi-frequency resonance modes of TM01, TM02, and TM03 with different radiation properties are obtained. Four metal cambered strips are distributed around the circular patch to adjust the impedance matching of the circular patch antenna. In order to widen the impedance bandwidth, a parasitic patch placed above the circular patch antenna is employed in this work. Then, a double-layer patch antenna is manufactured and tested to verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and simulated result. The measured results, which are basically consistent with the simulated results, show that the designed antenna can operate in three bandwidths of 1.79–1.81 GHz, 3.74–4.0 GHz, and 4.93–5.44 GHz, with radiation patterns of directional, omnidirectional, and three-beam pointing. The radiation efficiency higher than 85.6% and the maximum gain greater than 9.42 dBi suggest that the investigated antenna is suitable for multi-service scenarios in wireless communication.

A Wideband 1-Bit Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna at Ku-Band

In this letter, a wideband high-efficiency 1-bit 16 × 16 reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) is proposed. First, a wideband and low loss 1-bit RRA element is designed. It consists of double-layer patches printed on two dielectric substrates, respectively, forming a multiresonant behavior to expand the bandwidth.Due to the relatively thin thickness of the double-layer dielectric substrate (0.05 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ), the element has low reflection loss. Therefore, the high efficiency and wide bandwidth performances can be obtained simultaneously. The phase difference between the two states of the RRA element is stable within 180 ± 20° in the frequency range of 12.9–16.5 GHz. Based on the broadband RRA element, a 16 × 16 RRA was fabricated and measured. Tested results show that the proposed RRA achieves 22.5% of 1 dB gain bandwidth and 25% of maximum aperture efficiency.

A miniaturized implantable antenna sensor for wireless capsule endoscopy system

In this paper, a miniaturized antenna sensor with both transmission and sensing capabilities is proposed for wireless capsule endoscopy system. To reduce the volume of the antenna, the proposed antenna adopts double-layer patches for radiation. When integrated in the capsule endoscopy system, the antenna sensor shows the advantage of high peak gain (−9.7 dBi) with a small volume of 2.6 mm × 3 mm × 0.381 mm in 2.4–2.4835 GHz ISM band. In addition, the disease of stomach can be detected by the resonance frequency of the antenna sensor. In order to verify the simulated results, the radiation and sensing performance of the antenna sensor were measured. It can be found that the measured results were consistent with the simulations. Hence, the proposed antenna sensor can be used for wireless data transmission and gastric juice detection for capsule endoscope system.

A novel substrate based on electrospun polyurethane nanofibers and electrosprayed polyvinyl alcohol microparticles for recombinant human erythropoietin delivery.

After myocardial infarction caused by a heart attack, endothelial cells need to be preserved in order to regenerate new capillaries. Moreover, sufficient mechanical support is necessary for the infarcted myocardium to pump the blood. Herein, we designed a novel substrate containing polyurethane (PU) nanofibrous layers and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)-loaded microparticles for both controlled releases of rhEPO and mechanical support of myocardium. In this system, the single-layer (SL) and double-layer (DL) PU nanofibers were electrospun, and then microparticles with different rhEPO:polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ratios were electrosprayed on the layers. The in vitro release behavior of rhEPO from SL substrates was not satisfactory, and then the study focused on DL patches in which the release profile was in accordance with Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The release exponent of 0.89 for the DL PU/120PVA:1rhEPO represented zero-order release. The results inferred that these substrates possessed highly tailored mechanical properties; Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the substrates were 74-172 kPa and 7.4-9.9MPa, respectively. The rhEPO release from the substrates was leading to the proper adhesion of endothelial cells and more than 95% cell viability. The results indicated that the patch of elastic nanofibers and microparticles offered a potential substrate for simultaneous rhEPO delivery to endothelial cells and also mechanically supporting the infarcted myocardium.

Graphene Oxide Functionalized Double-Layered Patch with Anti-Adhesion Ability for Abdominal Wall Defects.

BackgroundEffective repair of full-thickness abdominal wall defects requires a patch with sufficient mechanical strength and anti-adhesion characteristics to avoid the formation of hernias and intra-abdominal complications such as intestinal obstruction and fistula. However, patches made from polymers or bio-derived materials may not meet these requirements and lack the bionic characteristics of the abdominal wall.Materials and MethodsIn this study, we report a consecutive electrospun method for preparing a double-layer structured nanofiber membrane (GO-PCL/CS-PCL) using polycaprolactone (PCL), graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (CS). To expand the bio-functions (angiogenesis/reducing reactive oxygen species) of the patch (GO-PCL/NAC-CS-PCL), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was loaded for the repair of full-thickness abdominal wall defects (2×1.5cm) in rat model.ResultsThe double-layered patch (GO-PCL/NAC-CS-PCL) showed excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility. After 2 months, rats treated with the patch exhibited the desired repair effect with no hernia formation, less adhesion (adhesion score: 1.50±0.50, P<0.001) and more collagen deposition (percentage of collagen deposition: 34.94%±3.31%, P<0.001).ConclusionThe double-layered nanomembranes presented in this study have good anti-hernia and anti-adhesion effects, as well as improve the microenvironment in vivo. It, therefore, holds good prospects for the repair of abdominal wall defects and provides a promising key as a postoperative anti-adhesion agent.

Printability, Durability, Contractility and Vascular Network Formation in 3D Bioprinted Cardiac Endothelial Cells Using Alginate-Gelatin Hydrogels.

Background3D bioprinting cardiac patches for epicardial transplantation are a promising approach for myocardial regeneration. Challenges remain such as quantifying printability, determining the ideal moment to transplant, and promoting vascularisation within bioprinted patches. We aimed to evaluate 3D bioprinted cardiac patches for printability, durability in culture, cell viability, and endothelial cell structural self-organisation into networks.MethodsWe evaluated 3D-bioprinted double-layer patches using alginate/gelatine (AlgGel) hydrogels and three extrusion bioprinters (REGEMAT3D, INVIVO, BIO X). Bioink contained either neonatal mouse cardiac cell spheroids or free (not-in-spheroid) human coronary artery endothelial cells with fibroblasts, mixed with AlgGel. To test the effects on durability, some patches were bioprinted as a single layer only, cultured under minimal movement conditions or had added fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix hydrogel (AlloECM). Controls included acellular AlgGel and gelatin methacryloyl (GELMA) patches.ResultsPrintability was similar across bioprinters. For AlgGel compared to GELMA: resolutions were similar (200–700 μm line diameters), printing accuracy was 45 and 25%, respectively (AlgGel was 1.7x more accurate; p < 0.05), and shape fidelity was 92% (AlgGel) and 96% (GELMA); p = 0.36. For durability, AlgGel patch median survival in culture was 14 days (IQR:10–27) overall which was not significantly affected by bioprinting system or cellular content in patches. We identified three factors which reduced durability in culture: (1) bioprinting one layer depth patches (instead of two layers); (2) movement disturbance to patches in media; and (3) the addition of AlloECM to AlgGel. Cells were viable after bioprinting followed by 28 days in culture, and all BIO X-bioprinted mouse cardiac cell spheroid patches presented contractile activity starting between day 7 and 13 after bioprinting. At day 28, endothelial cells in hydrogel displayed organisation into endothelial network-like structures.ConclusionAlgGel-based 3D bioprinted heart patches permit cardiomyocyte contractility and endothelial cell structural self-organisation. After bioprinting, a period of 2 weeks maturation in culture prior to transplantation may be optimal, allowing for a degree of tissue maturation but before many patches start to lose integrity. We quantify AlgGel printability and present novel factors which reduce AlgGel patch durability (layer number, movement, and the addition of AlloECM) and factors which had minimal effect on durability (bioprinting system and cellular patch content).

All-Dielectric Metasurface for Highly Tunable, Narrowband Notch Filtering

A novel scheme of an all-dielectric metasurface with double-layer patch array is proposed to achieve the highly tunable, narrowband notch filtering across visible and near-infrared range. The all-dielectric metasurface presents efficient blocking (transmittance 0.01–0.0001) at targeted wavelength and high (>93%) transmission across the visible and near-infrared light range outside the targeted wavelength band. The bandwidth of the notch filter could be greatly compressed with this all-dielectric metasurface, compared with those typical interference notch filters for distinctive wavelengths. The effect of the geometrical parameters on the spectral filtering of this metasurface is studied to provide a distinct relationship to design the desired narrowband notch filter conveniently. And the antireflection effect of the top silicon dioxide layer is verified with similar bandwidth, lower transmission at notch filtering wavelength and higher transmission at other wavelengths. In addition, the optical Fano resonance excited by the all-dielectric metasurface is responsible for the spectral filtering feature including the deep blocking feature at the specific wavelength and high transmission at other wavelengths.

Three-Mode Vortex Wave Generator with Double-Layer Patch Antennas

With the development of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output technologies, researches on radio vortex wave with orbital angular momentum have become active. At the same time, generators of miniaturized planar antennas have become very interesting. Considering multilayer package, we proposed a uniform circle array consisting of four double-layer patch antennas with microstrip backfeeds. The antenna can generate three modes of vortex waves, which works at frequency 7.6GHz with a bandwidth 8.5%. Compared with orbital angular momentum antennas of phased uniform circular array with other cells, this proposed structure can be easily integrated with planar feeding networks and decoupling networks.

Study on the flow structure around discontinued vertically layered vegetation in an open channel

The flow structure and geomorphology of rivers are significantly affected by vegetation patterns. In the present study, the effect of vegetation in the form of discontinuous and vertically double layered patches particularly on the resulting flow turbulence was examined computationally in an open channel. A k-ɛ model was implemented in this research work which was developed using 3-D numerical code FLUENT (ANSYS). After the validation process of numerical model, the impact of discontinuous layered vegetation patches on the flow turbulence was investigated against varying vegetation density and patch length. The mean stream-wise velocities at specified positions showed larger spatial fluctuations directly upstream and downstream of vegetation elements, whereas sharp inflections in the profiles were witnessed at the top of smaller submerged elements i.e. z/hs= 1 (where z is the flow depth and hs is the smaller vegetation height). The reduction in flow velocity due to tall vegetation structure was more as compared with that of short vegetation. The mean velocity in the patch regions was visibly higher than that in the gap regions. The profiles of turbulent flow properties showed more rise and fall within the patches with a high vegetation density i.e. Ss/d= 4; and St/d= 8 (where Ss/d and St/d are the smaller and taller vegetation spacing, while d is the vegetation diameter) as compared with low vegetation density i.e. Ss/d= 8; and St/d= 16. The turbulent flow structure in the large patch and gap regions was found to be more stable than that in the small patches and gaps; whereas, due to the variation in distribution form of the patch, turbulence is relatively unaffected, and the flow structure variation is low. Turbulence was observed to be large, followed by a saw-tooth distribution within the patches; whereas, low turbulence is observed in the non-vegetation regions. The turbulent intensity acquired maximum of 13% turbulence for dense vegetation arrangement as compared to that of sparse arrangement having maximum of 9% turbulent intensity. A noteworthy rise in turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity was witnessed as the flow passed through the vegetated regions. Hence, a non-uniform flow was observed through discontinuous and double layered vegetation patches.

Evolutionary Optimization of Graphene-Metal Metasurfaces for Tunable Broadband Terahertz Absorption

Tunable terahertz absorbers based on graphene frequency selective surfaces are designed using well-established evolutionary optimization techniques. Randomly initialized hill climbing (RHC) algorithm is applied to find the design with the broadest bandwidth. The effects of three factors including the substrate loss, structuring the substrate and using double layer patches are examined. The optimum structure with broadest operation bandwidth consists of a perforated lossy substrate with a single layer patch and offers 1.95 THz absorption bandwidth around 2 THz central frequency leading to 100% fractional bandwidth.

A double-layer patch design for local and controlled drug delivery as an intraoperative custom-made implant-coating technology.

The specific biological need of patients frequently becomes obvious just in the intraoperative setting. We hypothesized that a double-layer patch approach that allowed rapid attachment to an implant surface would represent a potential solution for technically challenging intraoperative personalized local drug delivery. Dexamethasone-loaded poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA) microparticles were embedded within a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) patch that was attached to metal implant surfaces by in situ polymerization of alkyl-2-cyanoacrylates (CAs). Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were also embedded in the PVA patch. Very rapid dexamethasone-release profiles were observed from the PLGA microparticles / PVA patches. The incorporation of HA nanoparticles into the PVA enabled control of CA penetration within the patch, and improved significantly its attachment, while no interference with the drug release was observed. Double-layered patches with 1 layer for drug delivery and 1 as gluing interface could represent a solution for safe and controlled local drug delivery from implant surfaces or other, even biological, materials. The technology platform presented here opens the opportunity for personalized medicine by allowing local administration of drugs with customized release based on an intraoperative application.