Double Insertion Research Articles

Self-Aligned Double Patterning-Aware Detailed Routing With Double Via Insertion and Via Manufacturability Consideration

In 10nm technology node, self-aligned double patterning (SADP) and triple patterning lithography (TPL) allow us to achieve minimum wiring pitch of around 45nm. While metal layers can be printed by SADP, via layer manufacturing requires TPL to maintain design rules. SADP-aware detailed routing is proposed to ensure decomposability of metal layer patterns. However, its routing solution does not automatically guarantee TPL decomposable via layers. Vias have an inherently low reliability and via failure causes a great yield loss. Double via insertion (DVI) is an effective means to increase yield by reducing via failures. With the restriction of SADP design rules and consideration of TPL decomposability for via layers, DVI becomes a more challenging problem. In this paper, we consider DVI and via layer TPL manufacturability simultaneously in SADP-aware detailed routing. Both spacer-is-metal and spacer-is-dielectric types of SADP are considered. Furthermore, we tackle the TPL-aware DVI in postrouting stage. Both ILP and high-performance heuristic solutions are proposed. The experimental results demonstrate our router can obtain 100% routability and TPL decomposable via layers with reduced dead via count. Meanwhile, compared with the ILP approach to solve TPL-aware DVI problem, the heuristic approach can achieve similar solution quality and significant speedup.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenases Function in the Homeostasis of Pyridine Nucleotides in Arabidopsis thaliana

Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes (ALDHs) catalyze the oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids using NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactors and generating NADH or NADPH. Previous studies mainly focused on the ALDH role in detoxifying toxic aldehydes but their effect on the cellular NAD(P)H contents has so far been overlooked. Here, we investigated whether the ALDHs influence the cellular redox homeostasis. We used a double T-DNA insertion mutant that is defective in representative members of Arabidopsis thaliana ALDH families 3 (ALDH3I1) and 7 (ALDH7B4), and we examined the pyridine nucleotide pools, glutathione content, and the photosynthetic capacity of the aldh mutants in comparison with the wild type. The loss of function of ALDH3I1 and ALDH7B4 led to a decrease of NAD(P)H, NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratio, and an alteration of the glutathione pools. The aldh double mutant had higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than the wild type, indicating a high demand for reduced pyridine nucleotides. Moreover, the mutant had a reduced quantum yield of photosystem II and photosynthetic capacity at relatively high light intensities compared to the wild type. Altogether, our data revealed a role of ALDHs as major contributors to the homeostasis of pyridine nucleotides in plants.

Weak Directing Group Steered Formal Oxidative [2+2+2]-Cyclization for Selective Benzannulation of Indoles.

A double C-H activation and double insertion process to achieve the synthesis benzo[e]indole frameworks has been disclosed. This type of benzannulation is directed by a trifluoromethylketone moiety, which is easy to install on the indole C3-position. Overall the reaction takes places as an oxidative cyclization of two alkynes with the C4-C5 position of indole.

Synthesis of Fused‐Pyrazines via Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Benzyl Isocyanide Insertion and Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction has been realized for the synthesis of 5H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyrazines and 5H‐pyrazino[2,3‐b]indoles from benzyl isocyanide by choosing o‐pivaloyloximes or o‐iodoanilines as a suitable substrate. The key steps involved are (i) oxidative addition of palladium through N–O or C–I cleavage; (ii) migratory double isocyanide insertion; and (iii) cross‐dehydrogenative coupling. Notable features are good functional group tolerance as well as formation of three C–C and one C–N bonds.magnified image

From alternating to selective distributions in chromium-catalysed ethylene oligomerisation with asymmetric BIMA ligands

The oligomerisation of ethylene with chromium-based catalysts containing asymmetric BIMA (bis(benzimidazole)methylamine) ligands produces linear alpha olefins (LAOs) that follow an alternating distribution.

Tracheal bronchus: A rare unforeseen anaesthetic challenge.

The most common congenital central airway anomaly, a tracheal bronchus is of concern during airway management especially if previously undetected. If present, it can lead to inadequate ventilation both during intubation with a normal endotracheal tube and an attempted double lumen tube insertion for one lung ventilation. Meticulous preoperative assessment and use of adjuncts like bronchoscopy before lung isolation can safely and successfully assist the anaesthetic management of such cases.

Cascade double isocyanide insertion and C-N coupling of 2-iodo-2'-isocyano-1,1'-biphenyls.

A palladium-catalyzed double isocyanide insertion using 2-iodo-2'-isocyano-1,1'-biphenyls followed by copper-catalyzed intramolecular C-N coupling, delivering a unique heterocyclic structure containing both phenanthridine and carbazole scaffolds, has been developed. In this cascade process, four chemical bonds, including two C-C, one C-O, and one C-N bonds are formed consecutively without isolating an intermediate. The strategy of using a functionalized isocyanide in double insertion provides a quick approach for constructing heterocyclic systems with high bond-forming efficiency.

458: Amniocentesis in twin pregnancy, does the technique influence the complications?

To compare complications rates after twin gestation amniocentesis, according to sampling technique and number of needle insertions. A retrospective cohort study of all twin gestations that underwent amniocentesis and delivered in a tertiary hospital between 2007 and 2016. Procedure was preformed by elected experienced physicians. Amniocentesis for termination of pregnancy, fetal reduction and monoamniotic twins were excluded. Primary outcome was neonatal complication composite rate within 4 weeks after amniocentesis (late abortion, preterm premature rupture of membranes, hospitalization, fever, chorioamnionitis or seek of medical attention). Secondary outcomes were other pregnancy complications, gestational week at delivery and labor characteristics. Outcomes were compared between single uterine needle insertion advanced through the inter-twin membrane to sample both amniotic sacs, and separate two needle uterine insertions to each amniotic sac. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to adjust results to potential confounders. Overall, 212 women carrying a twin gestation underwent amniocentesis during study period and were found eligible for the study. Of them, 73(34.4%) underwent a single uterine insertion and 139(65.6%) underwent two separate needle insertions. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups (Table 1). Amniocentesis complication composite rate was 13.7% in the single insertion group and 16.5% in the double insertion group (p=0.587). A single insertion method demonstrated no statistic influence on complication composite rate, after adjustment to potential confounders (OR=1.085 95% CI 0.4-2.9 p=0.871). Of note, multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that gestational age at amniocentesis was associated with increased composite complication rates (OR=1.27 95% CI 1.17-1.39, p<0.001). Other labor characteristics were similar between groups (Table 2). Needle insertion technique in twin gestation amniocentesis was not found to be associated with procedure related complications.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Insertion of the N,B,N-chelated germylene into P-Cl Bond(s) in selected chlorophosphines

The reaction of the N,B,N-chelated germylene [(i-Pr)2NB(NDmp)2]Ge (1) (where Dmp = 2,6-Me2C6H3) with Ph2PCl in 1:1 stoichiometric ratio led to a smooth insertion into the P-Cl bond under formation of [(i-Pr)2NB(NDmp)2]Ge(PPh2)Cl (2). Similarly, the treatment of 1 with RPCl2 in 2:1 stoichiometric ratio resulted in double insertion products {[(i-Pr)2NB(NDmp)2]GeCl}2(PR) [where R = Ph (3) or t-Bu (4)]. The products were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and in the case of 2 and 4 by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. During an initial attempt to crystallize 4, single-crystals of its decomposition product {[(i-Pr)2NB(NDmp)2]GeCl}{[(i-Pr)2NB(NDmp)(NHDmp)]GeCl2}(Pt-Bu) (5) were fortuitously isolated and its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and in solution by NMR studies. The attempt to synthesize compound 5 in a controlled manner by the reaction of 4 with one equiv. of HCl led to the mixture of 5 and {[(i-Pr)2NB(NDmp)(NHDmp)]GeCl2}2(Pt-Bu) (6) that could be separated by a fractional crystallization.

Electrochromism of hexagonal sodium tungsten bronze nanorods

Single-crystalline sodium tungsten bronze (Na-WO3) nanorods with typical diameters of 10–200nm and lengths of several microns have been prepared via a simple hydrothermal method. The as-prepared Na-WO3 nanorods crystallize in a hexagonal structure and elongate along the <001> crystallographic direction. The as-prepared Na-WO3 nanorods have eight diagnostic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorptions at 3604, 3545, 1622, 1600, 983, 790, 480 and 430cm−1, which represent specific fingerprints of the vibrational features of hexagonally tunnel-structured Na-WO3 containing tunnel water molecules. The as-prepared Na-WO3 nanorods exhibit a typical cathodic electrochromism, which is related to a proton-electron double insertion process. X-ray diffraction results indicate a phase transformation of hexagonal Na-WO3 nanorods during the electrochromic process, of which the involved local structural evolutions such as water decomposition and proton insertion have been discussed by using FTIR spectroscopy. The results suggest that, during the electrochromic coloration process, the inserted protons might occupy the small trigonal tunnel positions instead of the large hexagonal ones.

Asymmetric aminocarbonylation of iodoalkenes in the presence of α-phenylethylamine as an N-nucleophile

Iodoalkenes, such as 2-iodo-bornene, 17-iodoandrost-16-ene, 3-methoxy-17-iodoestra-1,3,5(10),16-ene, 3β-hydroxy-20-iodopregna-5,20-diene and 3β-hydroxy-12-iodo-5α,25R-spirost-11-ene were aminocarbonylated with enantiomerically pure and racemic α-phenylethylamine as the N-nucleophile in the presence of palladium(0) catalysts. Monodentate and bidentate (chiral and achiral) phosphines were used as ligands in the catalytic system. All diastereoisomers of the corresponding carboxamides were characterised as pure stereoisomers using both α-phenylethylamine and iodoalkene in enantiomerically pure form. The diastereoisomers were obtained in moderate to high yields in a chemoselective reaction, i.e., carboxamides due to single carbon monoxide insertion were formed exclusively, with no double CO insertion leading to 2-ketocarboxamides. Diastereoselectivities of the aminocarbonylation were investigated using the N-nucleophile in racemic form by the systematic variation of the catalyst.

Double insertion of benzophenone into thorium-phosphorus bonds

The reactivity of thorium-phosphorus bonds was investigated with benzophenone. The insertion of two equivalents of benzophenone into both thorium-phosphorus bonds in (C5Me5)2Th[PH(2,4,6-R3C6H2)]2, R = Me or iPr, was observed. In addition, a new thorium polyphosphide complex, (C5Me5)2Th(P3Ph3) is reported from the reaction of (C5Me5)2ThCl2 with Na2(P4Ph4)(DME)3.

High-yielding synthesis of N-triazolyl carboxamides via palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation

Aminocarbonylation of alkenyl and aryl iodides in the presence of 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole as N-nucleophile was carried out in the presence of palladium catalysts. Both types of substrates have shown high chemoselectivity toward carboxamides, i.e. practically no double carbon monoxide insertion resulting in 2-ketocarboxamides took place. The results have been rationalised on the basis of mechanistic aspects of aminocarbonylation.

Iron(II)‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Isocyanates

AbstractThe first transition metal catalyzed hydrophosphination of isocyanates is presented. The use of low‐coordinate iron(II) precatalysts leads to an unprecedented catalytic double insertion of isocyanates into the P−H bond of diphenylphosphine to yield phosphinodicarboxamides [Ph2PC(=O)N(R)C(=O)N(H)R], a new family of derivatized organophosphorus compounds. This remarkable result can be attributed to the low‐coordinate nature of the iron(II) centers whose inherent electron deficiency enables a Lewis‐acid mechanism in which a combination of the steric pocket of the metal center and substrate size determines the reaction products and regioselectivity.

Iron(II)‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Isocyanates

The first transition metal catalyzed hydrophosphination of isocyanates is presented. The use of low-coordinate iron(II) precatalysts leads to an unprecedented catalytic double insertion of isocyanates into the P-H bond of diphenylphosphine to yield phosphinodicarboxamides [Ph2 PC(=O)N(R)C(=O)N(H)R], a new family of derivatized organophosphorus compounds. This remarkable result can be attributed to the low-coordinate nature of the iron(II) centers whose inherent electron deficiency enables a Lewis-acid mechanism in which a combination of the steric pocket of the metal center and substrate size determines the reaction products and regioselectivity.

Observation of double loop insertion of silicone rubber tube anastomosis method combined with "Z" flap repair in the treatment of lacrimal ductule laceration

Observation of double loop insertion of silicone rubber tube anastomosis method combined with "Z" flap repair in the treatment of lacrimal ductule laceration

Double Internal Limiting Membrane Insertion for Macular Hole-Associated Retinal Detachment.

Purpose To describe a modified technique of internal limiting membrane (ILM) insertion for macular hole- (MH-) associated retinal detachment (RD) in highly myopic eyes. Methods Nine eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy, cortical vitreous removal, and fovea-sparing ILM peeling. Double ILM insertion into the hole was performed with inverted perifoveal ILM and a free ILM flap followed by air-fluid exchange. Results Two of the 9 eyes had perifoveal ILM partially torn after cortical vitreous or epiretinal removal. All eyes had the ILM plug stabilized within the MH after double ILM insertion. Postoperatively, MH was sealed with the retina reattached in all the eyes. Conclusion Double ILM insertion may further secure the ILM flap in place in the eyes with MH-associated RD, especially in cases in which insufficient perifoveal ILM was left. This trial is registered with the clinical registration number Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03174639.

Comparison consequences of Jackson-Pratt drain versus chest tube after coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background:Chest tubes are used in every case of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to evacuate shed blood from around the heart and lungs. This study was designed to assess the effective of Jackson-Pratt drain in compare with conventional chest drains after CABG.Materials and Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial that conducted on 218 patients in Chamran hospital from February to December 2016. Eligible patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio. Jackson-Pratt drain group had 109 patients who received a chest tube insertion in the pleural space of the left lung and a Jackson-Pratt drain in mediastinum, and Chest tube drainage group had 109 patients who received double chest tube insertion in the pleural space of the left lung and the mediastinum.Results:The incidence of pleural effusions in Jackson-Pratt drain group and chest tube group were not statistically different. The pain score at 2-h in Drain group was significantly higher than chest tube group (P = 0.001), but the trend of pain score between groups was not significantly different (P = 0.097). The frequency of tamponade and atrial fibrillation (AF) were significantly lower in Jackson-Pratt drain group (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The Jackson-Pratt drain is equally effective for preventing cardiac tamponade, pleural effusions, and pain intensity in patients after CABG when compared with conventional chest tubes, but was significantly superior regarding efficacy to hospital and Intensive Care Unit length of stay and the incidence of AF.

Feasibility of conversion of percutaneous cholecystostomy to internal transmural endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage.

Background/Aim:Percutaneous cholecystostomy [percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD)] is the treatment of choice in surgically unfit patients with acute cholecystitis. However, PTGBD tube removal after symptoms resolution results in 41–46% recurrence. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the conversion of PTGBD to transmural endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) using plastic stents in patients unfit for cholecystectomy.Patients and Methods:Patients who underwent internal transmural EUS-GBD as a conversion from PTGBD were reviewed. EUS-GBD was performed after the improvement of cholecystitis due to recurrent cholecystitis and PTGBD intolerance. One or two 7-Fr double pigtail plastic stent insertion with or without temporary endoscopic naso-gallbladder drainage (ENGBD) insertion was performed.Results:Six patients (age 61–88), with three cases of acute cholecystitis after metallic biliary stenting and three cases of calculus cholecystitis, who underwent PTGBD were included. EUS-GBD was performed 10–63 days after PTGBD, using one plastic stent in five cases, two stents in one case, with temporary ENGBD in two cases. The technical success and clinical success were achieved and the PTGBD tubes were subsequently removed in all patients. All ENGBD tubes were removed within 5 days after insertion. Bile leak with peritonitis was demonstrated in one case, which was treated conservatively. No recurrent cholecystitis was seen during 3–26 months of follow-up.Conclusion:The conversion of percutaneous cholecystostomy to internal transmural EUS-GBD with plastic stents is feasible for patients unfit for cholecystectomy. However, more studies are still needed to confirm the results.

Aminocarbonylation (hydrazinocarbonylation) of iodoalkenes and iodoarenes

Iodoalkenes such as 1-iodocyclohexene, 4-tert-butyl-1-iodocyclohexene, α-iodostyrene and 17-iodoandrost-16-ene were aminocarbonylated in palladium-catalysed reaction using 1,1-disubstituted (cyclic) hydrazines (3-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and (S)-1-amino-2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (SAMP)/(R)-1-amino-2-methoxymethyl-pyrrolidine (RAMP)) as N-nucleophiles. The corresponding hydrazides were formed in moderate to high yields. The hydrazinocarbonylation of iodobenzene using the above 1,1-disubstituted hydrazines resulted in a rather complex reaction mixture due to two major types of side-reactions: i) the deamination of the 3-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, and ii) the double carbon monoxide insertion. In this way, in addition to the expected benzoylhydrazide derivative, phenylglyoxylhydrazide (double CO insertion product) and benzamide (‘deamination’ product) were also formed. By the appropriate modification of the reaction conditions, good selectivities towards the target compounds were achieved even in these cases. The formation of the products/side-products were rationalized on the basis of a simplified catalytic cycle.