Double Difference Research Articles

Research on the Influence and Spatial Effect of Carbon Trading Market on Green Innovation Efficiency of Industrial Enterprises

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2020, a two-stage value chain model of green innovation of Chinese industrial enterprises is constructed and the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises is measured, in which coastal cities such as Guangdong, Beijing, and Shanghai have the highest innovation efficiency, and inland cities such as Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu have the lowest efficiency. On this basis, a spatial double difference model is applied to reveal the effect of carbon trading market policies on urban green innovation efficiency and its spatio-temporal heterogeneity. The results show that the carbon trading market policy significantly affects the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises, and at the same time, the level of economic development, the level of foreign investment, and the industrial structure of each province and city also have a positive effect on the green innovation efficiency. There is also a spatial spillover effect of the carbon trading market policy, which not only has a significant incentive effect on the green innovation efficiency of the pilot cities, but also has a positive promotion effect on the green innovation efficiency of the neighboring cities. At the same time, the support of provincial and municipal governments significantly affects the spillover effect of carbon market policies.

Research on the Impact of the Opening of High Speed Rail on the Transformation of Urban Industrial Structure in China

As a model of China's transportation infrastructure construction and technological development in the new era, high-speed railways have always been a key project in its economic construction and development. This article is based on a quasi natural experiment of high-speed rail opening, using panel data from 287 cities in China from 2004 to 2019. The multi period double difference method and propensity matching score double difference method are used to test the impact of high-speed rail opening on the proportion of added value of the tertiary industry in prefecture level cities. The heterogeneity of the impact of high-speed rail opening policies is examined in detail from the perspective of urban administrative level and location. Research has found that the opening of high-speed rail can improve the development level of the regional tertiary industry; The impact of high-speed rail opening on the tertiary industry has a long-term timeliness, gradually increasing in the near future and gradually decreasing year by year thereafter; The opening of high-speed rail has a greater impact on provincial capital cities than on non provincial capital cities; The opening of high-speed rail has a significant positive policy impact on the eastern and western regions, but its impact on the central region is not significant. This study has certain significance in providing more empirical research data for related studies.

Double-Difference Method for Relocating the Hypocenter of Aftershock Earthquakes in Seririt Singaraja

A method that does not require a main earthquake (master event) that can be used simultaneously to relocate a very large number of earthquakes with wide hypocenter separation is called the double-difference method. A method used to relocate the aftershocks in Seririt Singaraja on November 14 2019 with coordinate positions 113.478 – 115.181 East Longitude and 8.357 – 7.894 South Latitude. The earthquake data used in this research was accumulated from 85 BMKG seismic stations. Data analysis uses cross-correlation time differences which can increase the accuracy of travel time between the receiving station and the earthquake, thereby reducing errors in calculations. The double difference method used to relocate the earthquake in the Seririt Singaraja area showed that there was a shift in the location of the earthquake hypocenter before and after it was relocated. Horizontally and vertically, the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after being relocated occurs when there is a collection of location shifts. The results of this research were able to relocate 152 aftershocks properly. The main earthquake after being relocated was at a depth of 17 km, while the distribution of aftershocks was at a depth of around 6-25 km, so that it can more accurately describe the position of the earthquake source and is able to show clearer and easier to interpret structural patterns.

Contribution of BDS-3 observations to the precise orbit determination of LEO satellites: a case study of TJU-01

The precise orbit determination (POD) of scientific low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of scientific missions. In recent years, global navigation satellite systems have become the main means of determining the orbits of LEO satellites. The global navigation satellite system receiver onboard the Tianjin University No. 1 (TJU-01) satellite receives both GPS and BDS-2/3 signals, with the addition of BDS-2/3 observations playing an important role in improving the POD of LEO satellites. This study comprehensively analyzes the spaceborne GPS/BDS data quality, including BDS-2/3 and GPS code multipath errors. Appreciable code multipath errors are found for the B1I signal of BDS-2 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites at elevations higher than 40°, whereas slight near-field relevant multipath errors of both frequencies are found for GPS and BDS-3 MEO satellites. The GPS and BDS-2/3 code multipath errors are estimated through elevation/azimuth-relevant piece-wise modeling and applied in the POD calculations. Several schemes, namely GPS-based, BDS-based, BDS-based without geo-synchronous (GEO) satellites, and GPS/BDS combined schemes, are designed to evaluate the POD performance. Fourteen days of data are calculated and the average three-dimensional (3D) orbital root mean square (RMS) of orbit overlapping differences obtained from GPS-based and BDS-based POD (without GEO satellites) solutions are 37.4 and 27.1 mm, respectively. The BDS-based solutions are obviously better than the GPS-based solutions, mainly owing to better data availability. The GPS/BDS combined solutions have the best accuracy, with a 3D RMS value of 20.6 mm. In addition, when BDS GEO satellites are included, the 3D RMS of the overlapping orbit differences reduces to 32.9 and 27.4 mm for BDS-based and GPS/BDS combined solutions, respectively. Double-difference (DD) and single-difference (SD) integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) are adopted to further improve the POD performance. The fixed orbit of the TJU-01 satellite is solved through DD IAR and SD IAR, and the contribution of the TJU-01 satellite to ambiguity fixing is analyzed. Relative to the float solution, the improvements made using the two ambiguity fixing approaches are equivalent, both being approximately 13%. The importance of this research is not only the precise determination of the orbit of TJU-01 for occultation service but also the demonstration of the contribution of BDS observations to the performance of the POD of LEO satellites.

Climate finance in developing countries: green budget tagging and resource mobilization

ABSTRACT Information on the benefits of green budget tagging (Green budget tagging refers to itemization and linking of every budget item with climate action, mitigation, adaptation, or both) in developing countries could help boost the uptake of this practice and in turn help these same developing countries to mobilize climate-related development finance. We apply double differences in means econometric analytical approach to evaluate the association between green budget tagging (GBT) and target outcome variables of climate-related finance and CO2 emissions. The results show that all 32 developing countries that have undertaken green budget tagging are also associated with larger inflows of climate-related finance. Among the adopters, climate-related finance inflows have been significantly larger for countries with externally-initiated green budget tagging than for those with internally-initiated tagging. The results also show that a minimum level of climate-related finance is required to achieve CO2 emissions reduction. However, the current mean yearly inflow of climate-related development finance falls short of the level that drives emissions reduction. These findings point to the importance of green budget tagging and to the need to upscale climate-related finance inflows to propel improvement in environmental quality. Although green budget tagging is a useful tool for mobilizing external development finance, current external finance inflows are insufficient to achieve ambitious emission reductions. Immense effort is therefore required to mobilize the adequate scale of climate-related finance from both external and other sources.

Study on the Promotion of Green Financial Reform and Innovation on Enterprise Sustainable Development Capability in Low-Carbon Economic Development Based on Statistical Modeling

Abstract Green financial reform and innovation attempts to combine the two core principles of green development and innovation-driven to promote the sustainable development of enterprises. This paper adopts the synthetic control method to establish the experimental and reference groups according to whether the study area is a pilot area for green finance reform. According to the research theory, the indicators affecting the sustainable development of enterprises are selected, and the changes in the indicators of the experimental group before and after the green financial reform and innovation are compared and analyzed. Based on the Mean Difference value and Median Difference value, determine the role of green finance in influencing the sustainable development of enterprises. The parallel trend hypothesis test is carried out to verify the feasibility of the double difference model setting. Construct the mediation model for green lending and enterprise R&D investment to promote sustainable development within enterprises in the context of green finance reform and innovation. The regression results show that the coefficient of the double difference interaction term Treati * Aftert is 0.2653, which passes the significance test at the 1% level. The mediation model, after adding all control variables and three fixed effects, has a double difference term coefficient of 0.0876. After removing irrelevant factors, it further indicates that the implementation of the green financial pilot zone policy can promote the green technological innovation of enterprises to a certain extent and that the green financial pilot zone policy plays a significant role in the promotion of sustainable transformation of enterprises.

Evaluation method of sustainable utilisation level of agricultural land resources based on double difference method

Evaluation method of sustainable utilisation level of agricultural land resources based on double difference method

The Impact of Environmental Protection Tax on ESG Performance of Enterprises—A Double Difference Model Study Based on Heavy Pollution Industries

The Impact of Environmental Protection Tax on ESG Performance of Enterprises—A Double Difference Model Study Based on Heavy Pollution Industries

A Study of Corporate Litigation Risks and Asset Openness under Green Eco-Development

Abstract In the context of the era of economic green transformation, enterprises face greater litigation risks, and the opening of the asset market has an important impact on the internal decision-making and control of enterprises under green ecological development. In this paper, the enterprises listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen are selected as research samples, and the explanatory variables, interpretive variables, mediating variables, and control variables are selected for the study. The double difference model is used to construct an empirical model between the variables to explore the relationship between corporate litigation risk and asset opening under green ecological development. The study shows that the correlation coefficients between corporate asset openness (x) and corporate litigation risk dummy variables and numerical variables under green ecological development policy are -0.078 and -0.088, respectively, which are significantly negatively correlated at the 1% level. The robustness test validates this empirical result, indicating a strong correlation between the two. It has also been found that corporate asset openness has a greater negative effect on the litigation risk of heavy-polluting enterprises and state-owned enterprises. The study of enterprise litigation risk and asset opening is rethought in this paper, and it provides a reference basis for the effective management of enterprises under green ecological development.

Exploring the application and value of martial arts in modern society by combining double difference models

Abstract Properly acknowledging the application and value of modern Chinese wushu is essential for its ongoing survival and development and plays a pivotal role in shaping its future direction. This analysis delves into the application value of wushu within contemporary society, leveraging its unique characteristics and advantages. Specifically, the exploration is structured around four principal domains: competitive sport, tourism, technical labor, and martial arts training. These dimensions collectively underscore the multifaceted impact and significance of wushu in the modern era. Then, based on relevant theories, research hypotheses, and research variables are determined, a double difference model oriented to the socio-economic value of wushu is constructed, and the value of wushu is analyzed with the support of the model by combining relevant research data. The conclusion presents that the panel data of FDI, Service, and Urban are smooth at a 1% level, while the panel data of GDP and Events are smooth at a 5% level. The p-values of model (1) and model (2) are 0.206 and 0.388, respectively, which indicates that martial arts have a certain promotion effect on the development of the local economy.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of New Energy City Demonstration Policies in Guangxi--Based on Carbon Double Difference Modeling

Analysis of the Effectiveness of New Energy City Demonstration Policies in Guangxi--Based on Carbon Double Difference Modeling

High Quality Development of Urban Economy Driven by Digital Economy: Application and Empirical Research of Double Difference Analysis Model

High Quality Development of Urban Economy Driven by Digital Economy: Application and Empirical Research of Double Difference Analysis Model

Study on the economic growth effect of free trade zones based on counterfactual simulation: An empirical analysis from shaanxi regional economy

The construction of Free Trade Zone (FTZ) is an important strategic initiative for China to build a new platform for comprehensive opening up and a new carrier for leading high-quality development. Based on SCM (synthetic control method) and DID (double difference method), the economic data of Shaanxi when the FTZ policy was not implemented (“counterfactual” simulation) are synthesized using quarterly economic panel data of 14 provincial regions from 2013 to 2019, and compared with the real data for analysis, in order to study the effect of the FTZ policy on Shaanxi’s economic The study finds that the impact of the FTZ policy on Shaanxi’s trade and consumption is not significant. The study finds that the FTZ policy has a significant enhancement effect on Shaanxi’s economic development and a significant promotion effect on trade, while the promotion effect on consumption is not significant. The innovation and features of this paper are two: firstly, based on the “counterfactual” simulation, the study investigates the growth effect of the FTZ policy on the regional economy in Shaanxi, and explores the mechanism of the FTZ policy affecting the regional economic growth from the perspective of trade and consumption, changing the existing studies which are only based on the analysis of the impact of the FTZ policy on the regional economy, without further exploring the mechanism of the impact. Secondly, the SCM and DID methods are used to evaluate the economic effects of the FTZ policy in Shaanxi, and the robustness of the research results is verified from multiple perspectives, such as replacement and pseudo-time.

Carbon Trading Market and Green Innovation of Enterprises—Based on the Triple Difference Model

This article takes Chinese manufacturing listed companies from 2000 to 2020 as the research object, based on enterprise green patent data, and adopts a double difference method to study the effect of carbon trading pilot policies, a quasi-natural experiment, on enterprise innovation. Research has found that: (1) The carbon trading pilot policy has significantly promoted green innovation in enterprises and increased their technological innovation efforts. This conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness tests and endogeneity treatments, including placebo testing, excluding the implementation of innovative city pilot policies, and interference from economic crises. (2) Mechanism testing has found that carbon trading pilot policies can significantly promote green innovation in enterprises by strengthening the effectiveness of environmental regulations and improving the cash flow situation of enterprises. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the concentration of technology and the degree of equity dispersion in enterprises can affect the effectiveness of innovation. In response to the above conclusions, this article proposes suggestions for improving the carbon trading system, exploring multidimensional paths for carbon trading pilot projects to promote enterprise innovation, and improving policy adaptability, flexibility, and execution intensity. The research in this article provides policy inspiration for further improving the carbon trading market, enhancing the effectiveness of the carbon trading system, and fully leveraging the carbon market to promote green innovation for enterprises and achieve low-carbon development. It has reference significance for the construction and improvement of the national carbon market and promotes the improvement of national energy conservation and emission reduction policy planning.

Effect of access to microfinance services on the performance of microenterprises in Abia State, Nigeria

The study examined the effect of microfinance services on the performance of microenterprises in Abia State, Nigeria. A total of 240 entrepreneurs were randomly selected, with 120 being beneficiaries of microfinance services and 120 not being beneficiaries. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and focused group discussions. The data collected were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, logit regression, and the double difference estimator. The result showed that the majority of beneficiaries (55%) and non beneficiaries (72%) were male, and married. The respondents were generally young, with a mean age of 40 and 44 years, and had a high level of education, with 82% being literate. Moreover, 69% of the respondents had a large household size. Microfinance services were accessible to all individuals with business interests, with the beneficiaries having more access. Most of the beneficiaries (97%) met the criteria for accessing microfinance services. The study also found that microfinance services improved the performance of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries, with a performance difference of N 15,002.00. The study recommended that priority should be given to male, young, married, educated, and cooperative members with business experience in credit selection, to ensure effective use of microfinance services and to boost entrepreneurial activities. Additionally, the study suggested that microfinance institutions should consider locating their offices in areas that promote business and improve access to their services. Furthermore, the operators of microfinance institutions in the state should strictly adhere to the criteria for accessing microfinance services to maintain financial standards and include genuine clients.

Exploring the research on the follow-up industrial development of relocation for poverty alleviation based on the background of big data

Abstract Relocation for poverty alleviation is an important part of the implementation of the “five batches” project for poverty alleviation and has now entered the stage of consolidating the relocation results and promoting industrial development and economic growth. Based on this, this paper firstly explains the techniques related to the subsequent industrial development of relocation for poverty alleviation, including the double difference model, partial least squares regression algorithm and forward score matching algorithm, which provides the basis for the relevant analysis in the following paper. Secondly, the poverty reduction mechanism of industrial development in relocation for poverty alleviation is discussed, and the formation mechanism of poverty in relocation for poverty alleviation is explored. Finally, the impact of livelihood capital of relocated farmers was analyzed by using the double difference model, the partial least squares regression model analyzed the impact of industrial development, and the ATT effect of industrial development was analyzed by the PSM method. The results show that industrial development has a significant effect on reducing the multidimensional poverty index, multidimensional poverty order, income, education, health, and life-related poverty of relocated farmers, and their R2 test results are all above 0.6. The livelihood capital of relocated farmers is more affected by concentrated industrial development than decentralized development, and all of them have significant differences at the 5% level. The ATT effect based on PSM reflects that industrial development will increase the per capita total consumption level of relocated farmers, which can improve the living standard of relocated farmers to a certain extent. The subsequent industrial development of relocation for poverty alleviation should further optimize its industrial structure to provide an industrial foundation for the implementation of rural revitalization strategies.

Global Navigation Satellite System Spoofing Detection in Inertial Satellite Navigation Systems

The susceptibility of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) to interference significantly limits the possibility of their use. From the standpoint of possible consequences, the most dangerous interference is the so-called spoofing. Simultaneously, in most cases of GNSS use, an inertial navigation system (INS) or an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) is also present on the board of mobile objects. In this regard, the research goal is to assess the possibility of detecting GNSS spoofing in inertial satellite navigation systems. This paper examines the method for detecting GNSS spoofing by combining a pair of commercially available GNSS receivers and antennas with an INS or AHRS. The method is based on a comparison of the double differences of GNSS carrier phase measurements performed by receivers under conditions of resolved integer ambiguity and the values of the range double differences predicted using an INS. GNSS carrier phase integer ambiguity can be resolved using a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) or AHRS data. The mathematical model of GNSS phase difference measurements and the SINS-predicted satellite range differences model are given. The proposed algorithm calculates the moving average of the residuals between the SINS-predicted satellite range double differences and the measured GNSS carrier phase double differences. The primary criterion for spoofing detection is the specified threshold excess of the moving average of the double difference residuals. Experimental studies are performed using simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The experimental results allow us to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach and estimate the potential characteristics of the spoofing detection algorithm based on it.

COMPARISON OF EARTHQUAKE HYPOCENTER RELOCATION METHODS IN THE JAVA REGION, INDONESIA

Java is a frequent island of earthquakes caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate under the Eurasian plate. The mitigation of earthquake disasters is by relocating the hypocenter. Hypocenter relocation was conducted in order to obtain a more accurate earthquake position, which can be used to interpret the structure under the earth's surface. The Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) and Double Difference (DD) methods are required when applying earthquake hypocenter relocation. The objective of research is comparing the relocation results in the Java region with the Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) and Double Difference (DD) Methods for obtaining the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after relocation. The study has obtained arrival time data in the form of BMKG catalog data from the period of January 1, 2022 through May 30, 2022 in the Java area with the coordinates of 6.0 LS - 12.0 LS and 106.0 BT - 114.0 BT. The MJHD method compares the travel time difference of a set of data that occurs simultaneously in order to obtain a more accurate hypocenter position, while the DD method compares the hypocenter distance of the two earthquakes with the station distance, so that Ray Path and Waveform are considered equal. The relocation of the initial earthquake has a depth of 10 km, resulting in a shift of shallow earthquakes clustered in the active fault section, while deep earthquakes are clustered in the subduction zone section. The results of relocation with the MJHD method obtained 637 earthquakes.

Does digital transformation enhance the core competitiveness?-Quasi-natural experimental evidence from Chinese traditional manufacturing.

In the era of the digital economy, building an internationally competitive manufacturing industry with intelligent manufacturing as its main focus is the only way to promote the transformation of a country into a manufacturing power and achieve high-quality economic development. To explore whether Digital transformation can improve the core competitiveness of traditional manufacturing enterprises, and what factors affect this process, this study establishes the core competitiveness system of enterprises through the principal component analysis(PCA) method and discusses the above issues through the construction of a double difference model. The results of this research from China's traditional manufacturing industry are as follows. (i) The digital transformation of enterprises has significantly improved their core competitiveness and has a certain time lag effect. (ii) In the process of enterprise digital transformation, enterprise management capabilities, environmental uncertainty, and enterprise operational efficiency will positively enhance the results of enterprise digital transformation. (iii) The enhancement of core competitiveness caused by digital transformation is more significant for the market leaders and laggards. (iv) Compared with non-state-owned enterprises, the Digital Transformationn of state-owned enterprises has a more obvious effect on promoting their core competitiveness. (v) In comparison with enterprises with low government subsidies, the Digital Transformation of enterprises with high government subsidies plays a more significant role in promoting their core competitiveness. In addition, this study proposes policy guidance and practical guidance for digital transformation to accelerate the promotion of core competitiveness of traditional manufacturing industry.

인증이 더 많은 관람객 확보에 기여하는가?

Museums play an important role in the development of cultural and artistic disciplines and contribute to the cultural enjoyment of the general public. As such, museum visitors are important for brand building and marketing, expanding cultural enjoyment, public contribution, and active communication. Korean museums have been focusing on improving the quality experience by holding interesting exhibitions and programs and acquiring new collections. To ensure the quality control and operational efficiency of museum exhibitions, Korea has legally required public museums to participate in evaluation and certification since 2017 and national museums since 2020. If museum accreditation is considered as a signal that a museum will provide a desirable experience, it might be able to secure visitors by responding to it. This raises the question of whether efforts to improve museum quality, as represented by accreditation, lead to increased museum attendance. To examine the impact of accreditation on the number of visitors to national and public museums, the study conducted a double difference analysis and a panel analysis between the years 2013-2021. The study found that the Difference in Difference analysis did not show a significant difference in the number of visitors to museums before and after accreditation, but the fixed effect analysis showed that the number of visitors to public museums increased significantly in the year of accreditation and then decreased significantly in the following year. The study result suggests that accreditation had a temporary signaling effect, but it did not fundamentally change attendance. There is a need for increased publicity about certification and measurement of the effectiveness of certification in attracting visitors, as well as increased incentives for museums to participate in certification.