Double Bath Research Articles

Cryogenic and safety design of the future high field cable test facility at Fermilab

The HFVMTF (High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility) is a new experimental facility under development at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) to test large superconducting magnets (up to 20 tons weight and 1.3 m diameter) in a double bath superfluid helium cryostat (1.9 K and 1.2 bar). Coupled with a superconducting dipole magnet fabricated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), this facility will be able to test future high-temperature superconductor (HTS) cables under a background magnetic field of 15 T for fusion magnets. This paper describes the design of the cryostat and its 1.4-meter diameter lambda plate, as well as the different components for a safe operation of the facility, even during critical events such a magnet quench or a vacuum breaking situation. The project is funded by US DOE Offices of Science, High Energy Physics (HEP), and Fusion Energy Sciences (FES).

Electroless Ni–B Coating Formed from a Stabilizer-Free Double Bath

Electroless Ni–B Coating Formed from a Stabilizer-Free Double Bath

Samples of Kalemişi Work of the Çinili Bath Restoration with Zeyrek

Zeyrek Çinili Hamam, mimarisi, geleneksel ısınma sistemi ve süsleme elemanları
 açısından önem arz eden çifte bir hamamdır. 2010 yılında başlanan Çinili Hamam Koruma-
 Onarım ve Rehabilitasyon Projesi sonucunda yapının hamam işlevi ve ortaya çıkan
 kalemişleri korunacaktır.
 Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa’nın İstanbul’da tesis ettiği evkafına gelir getirmesi amacıyla
 bu yapı inşa edilmiştir. Zeyrek Çinili Hamam’ın bir inşa veya ihya kitâbesi olmamasına
 rağmen, Hassa Başmimarı Sinan tarafından inşa edildiği konusunda bir tereddüt bulunmamaktadır.
 Mimar Sinan’ın yaptığı yapıların listesini veren tezkirelerde ve Barbaros
 Hayrettin Paşa’nın vakfiyesinde hamamın adı geçmektedir. Mimar Sinan, Türk klasik
 hamamlarının temel ilkelerine bağlı kalmak koşuluyla, hamam mimarisi plan şemasında
 her zaman yeni arayışlar içinde olmuştur.
 Restorasyon çalışmaları sonucunda hamamın erkekler ve kadınlara ait soyunmalık
 kısımlarında yapıya ayrı bir boyut kazandıran kalemişleri gün ışığına çıkarılmıştır. Cibali
 yangınları sonrasında gerçekleşen onarımlarda yapılan ilk katman kalemişleri 1850
 senelerine aittir. Günümüze ulaşan en nitelikli kalemişleri ise 1850-1890 yılları arasına tarihlenir. 19. yüzyıla tarihlenen ve iki dönem şeklinde uygulanan kalemişleri bu makale
 ile ilk kez literatüre kazandırılmaktadır. Alt bölümlerin bezemeleri birbiri üstüne uygulanmış
 katmanlar halinde iken duvarların üst bölümlerinde ve kubbe geçişinde yer alan
 siyah-beyaz kalemişi ise tek katman halindedir. Klasik Dönem yapılarına 19. yüzyılda
 eklenen kalemişleri ile bu bezemeler arasında karşılaştırma yapılarak, benzerlikler örnekleri
 ile ortaya konulmuştur.

Design of the cryostat for High Field Vertical Magnet Testing Facility at Fermilab

High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility (HFVMTF) is a joint project between the Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) and the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES). Its construction is currently under way at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). As a part of the project a new double bath superfluid helium cryostat has been designed. The cryostat can accommodate magnets with up to 20 tonne weight and 1.3 m diameter. This paper discusses challenges and solutions for cryostat, lambda plate and heat exchanger design, and presents results of performance analysis.

Effect of Scouring & Bleaching (Single Bath & Double Bath) on Jute Fiber with the Variation of Concentration, M:L Ratio & Time and their Comparison

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of scouring and bleaching processes using caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide on silver obtained from jute 3rd drawing frame, focusing on the removal of chemical impurities such as hemicellulose, wax, and lignins. Methods: Silver fibers were subjected to scouring and bleaching treatments where parameters such as concentration, liquor ratio (M ratio), and duration were systematically varied. Caustic soda was employed as a scouring agent to remove impurities, followed by hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent to purify the fibers further. Results: Prior to treatment, the breaking load of untreated fibers was measured at 85-90 grams per single fiber. Post-treatment, a significant reduction in breaking load was observed, resulting in a strength loss of 15-20 grams per fiber, corresponding to approximately 20% of the original strength. Similarly, a notable reduction in fiber weight was noted after chemical treatment. Conclusion: The substantial loss in fiber strength post-treatment suggests the aggressive action of caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide on the fibers, effectively removing targeted impurities such as hemicellulose, wax, and lignins. Optimization of process parameters such as concentration and duration can potentially mitigate the strength loss while achieving desired levels of fiber purity. These findings underscore the importance of carefully balancing chemical treatments to enhance fiber quality while minimizing detrimental effects on mechanical properties. Future studies could explore alternative treatments or modifications to mitigate strength loss, further optimizing the scouring and bleaching processes for industrial applications.

Ecofriendly Fire Retardant and Rot Resistance Finishing of Jute Fabric Using Tin and Boron Based Compound

Treatment with sodium stannate followed by treatment with boric acid imparts jute fabric wash fast fire resistance property as indicated by its Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value and 45° inclined flammability test results. The treatment was carried out by impregnation of sodium stannate followed by impregnation with an aqueous solution of boric acid and drying. Application of sodium stannate (20%) and boric acid (20%) treatment on jute fabric showed balanced flame retardancy property (LOI value 34) with some loss in fabric tenacity (loss of tenacity is 14.5%). Treated fabric retained good fire retardant property after three consecutive washing. Treated fabric also possessed good rot resistance property as indicated by soil burial test and strength retention after 21 days soil burial was found to be 65%. It is found that of sodium stannate and boric acid combination by double bath process form a synergistic durable fire-retardant as well as rot resistant when impregnated on jute material, which is considerably greater than the use of either sodium stannate or boric acid alone. TGA, FTIR and SEM analysis are also reported to support the results and reaction mechanism.

Synergistic effect of silica sol and K2CO3 on flame-retardant and thermal properties of wood

In this study, silica sol (SiO2 sol) and K2CO3 were used as flame retardants for wood. The synergistic effect of SiO2 sol and K2CO3 on the flame retardancy, leaching resistance, and thermal properties of wood was investigated. The limiting oxygen index results revealed a significant improvement in the flame retardancy and leaching resistance of the wood sample treated with K2CO3 and SiO2 sol using the double bath technique. The thermal analysis results showed that the synergistic effect of K2CO3 and the SiO2 sol effectively prolonged the degradation of the wood sample during the charring stage and improved the stability of the char residue. The thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis and scanning electron microscopy results showed that K2CO3 catalyzed the degradation reaction of the wood sample at lower temperatures resulting in an increase in the water and carbon dioxide output, and the SiO2 sol formed a compact and melted barrier on the surface of the char residue, which hindered the transfer of heat and combustible gases in the condensed phase. Thus, the combination of K2CO3 and SiO2 sol proves to be a promising flame-retardant system for wood.

The Research on Adsorption of MB by SPES Microspheres and SPES Microspheres Wrapping Titanium Dioxide

The polyethersulfone(PES) and sulfonated polyethersulfone(SPES) microspheres which all wraps titanium dioxide could be prepared by solvent evaporation method of double emulsion systems(W1/O/W2) or coagulation bath method. The results on the adsorption performance of methylene blue(MB) by PES and SPES microspheres wrapping titanium dioxide, SPES microspheres excluding titanium dioxide and the comparison of the isothermal and dynamic adsorption of SPES showed that, the adsorption performance of MB by SPES wrapping titanium dioxide is better than PES wrapping titanium dioxide, and the SPES excluding titanium dioxide is better than which wraps titanium dioxide.

Investigation on the thermal decomposition and flame retardancy of wood treated with a series of molybdates by TG–MS

A flame-retardant wood was prepared using a series of insoluble molybdates through the double bath technique. The flame retardancy of the wood samples was studied with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) method. The relationships between the flame-retardant performance and the thermal property of wood were studied by the thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry (TG–MS) analysis methods. The results showed that the insoluble molybdates, which were precipitated into the wood by the double bath technique, can obviously improve the flame retardancy of wood. Similarly, the transition metal molybdates showed higher flame-retardant efficiency than the main group metal molybdates do, which probably due to the thermal barrier effect that Fe2(MoO4)3 acts during the combustion of the samples. At the same time, Fe2(MoO4)3 catalyzed the dehydration and carbonization reactions of wood, and caused an increase in the amount of char produced, and an improvement of the stability of the char residue. Moreover, the mass spectrometry results indicated that the excess transition metal ions speed up the deep decomposition of the char residue, and resulting in the smoldering of wood.

Structural Interventions for Conservation of the 15<sup>th</sup> Century Tahtakale Bath, Tire, Turkey

Tahtakale Bath, which is located in the town of Tire in the province of İzmir, Turkey, was constructed in the 15th.century and is one of the outstanding existing examples of Ottoman period baths. The building, which was designed as a double bath, was considerably damaged because of inaccurate interventions after losing its original function, lack of maintenance and natural circumstances. The parts which were reused have considerably lost their original characteristics. This study aims to introduce the construction technique of Tahtakale Bath, which was studied in the scope of a restoration project, and to present the studies on the determination of structural problems, structural strengthening decisions and implementations. Strengthening implementations were carried out in the bathing spaces of the men’s section and felt workshop of the building depending on decisions of the restoration project. The original construction technique and materials of the walls, superstructure and architectural details of the building were consolidated by appropriate restoration decisions and implementation works.

Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Wood Treated with a Series of Stannates

A flame retardant wood was prepared using a series of insoluble stannates through the double bath technique. The flame retardancy of the wood samples was studied with the LOI method. The relationships between the flame-retardant performance and the thermal property of wood were studied by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The results show that the insoluble stannates, which were precipitated into the wood by the double bath technique, can obviously improve the flame retardancy of wood. Na2SnO3 can catalyze the intermolecular dehydration reaction and increase the stability and amount of the char residue, and the metal ions not only catalyze the intermolecular dehydration reaction in the second stage but also changed the degradation reaction of the char residues in the third and fourth stages.

Quantum frustration of dissipation by a spin bath

We investigate the evolution of a central spin coupled to a spin bath without internal dynamics. We compare the case where a single bath couples to one component of the spin with that of two competing baths coupling symmetrically to orthogonal spin components. It is found that the central spin dynamics is enhanced in the latter case, which may be interpreted as a frustration of dissipation. The quantum purity of the spin decays in both cases, exponentially for a single bath and algebraically for a double bath. We conclude that the symmetric double coupling frustrates dissipation and slows down decoherence.

Ni 80Fe 20/Cu/Co/Cu] spin-valve multilayers electrodeposited on NiFe buffer layers

[Ni 80Fe 20/Cu/Co/Cu] n spin-valve multilayers were fabricated on n-Si(111) substrates by double bath electrodeposition. A well-defined periodical structure has been demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy morphology shows that the electrodeposited NiFe buffer layer was continuous with a nominal thickness over 25 nm. XRD and atomic force microscopy results reveal that NiFe buffer layer has a significant effect on the texture and microstructure of spin valves. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of spin-valve multilayers was tested by four probe technique. The maximum room temperature GMR ratio of 5.4% was achieved at the range of 1.8–2.8 kA/m with a sensitivity of up to 2.5%/(kA/m) for NiFe(25 nm)/[Cu(3.6 nm)/Co(1.2 nm)/Cu(3.6 nm)/Py(2.8 nm)] 30. GMR performance is proved to be highly related to the thickness of each component layer. It is considered that the variation in sublayer thickness will change the coercivity difference between adjacent magnetic layers, which drives the antiparallel alignment process of magnetizations.

Electrochemical Preparation and Giant Magnetoresistance Effect of Spin-valve Multilayers

[Ni_(80)Fe_(20) /Cu/Co/Cu]_n spin-valve multilayers were fabricated onto n-Si(111) substrates covered with NiFe buffer layers by means of double bath potentiostatic electrodeposition. The electrochemical conditions were determined. A well-defined superlattice structure was characterized by high-angle X-ray diffraction, and the influence of NiFe buffer layer upon the orientation of crystalline growth was studied. Magneto-transport properties of the spin valves were investigated by four-probe technique. Hysteresis loops were tested by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. With the increase of the Cu layer thickness (t_(Cu)), giant magnetoresistance(GMR) ratio showed a periodical oscillation at first and achieved the maximum at tCu=3.6 nm, then declined gradually. With the increase of the Co and NiFe layer thickness, GMR ratio rose at first, and dropped after the peak point. The maximum room temperature GMR ratio of 5.4% was obtained with a sensitivity up to 0.2%·Oe~(-1) and a saturation field of 350 Oe for NiFe(25 nm)/[Cu(3.6 nm)/Co(1.2 nm)/Cu(3.6 nm)/NiFe(2.8 nm)]_30 structures.

Propriospinal neurons contribute to bulbospinal transmission of the locomotor command signal in the neonatal rat spinal cord.

This study examines whether propriospinal transmission contributes to descending propagation of the brainstem locomotor command signal in the in vitro neonatal rat spinal cord. Using double bath partitions, synaptic transmission was suppressed in the cervicothoracic region while monitoring locomotor-like activity on lumbar ventral roots evoked by either chemical or electrical stimulation of the brainstem. Locomotor-like activity induced by electrical stimulation was more stable (cycle period coefficient of variation (CV) 11.7 +/- 6.1%) than the rhythm induced by chemical stimulation (CV 31.3 +/- 6.4%). Ca(2+)-free bath solution, elevated Mg(2+) ion concentration, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists (AP5 and/or CNQX), and the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine, were used in attempts to block synaptic transmission. Each of these manipulations, except muscarinic receptor blockade, was capable of blocking locomotor-like activity induced by brainstem stimulation. However, locomotor-like activity induced by higher intensity electrical stimulation of the brainstem (1.2-5 times threshold) was relatively refractory to synaptic suppression using AP5 and CNQX, and Ca(2+)-free solution was more effective if combined with high Mg(2+) (15 mm) or EGTA. Enhancement of neuronal excitation in the cervicothoracic region, using Mg(2+)-free bath solution, facilitated brainstem activation of locomotor-like activity in the lumbar cord, consistent with a propriospinal mechanism of locomotor signal propagation. Blockade of brainstem-induced locomotor-like activity was related to the number of cervicothoracic segments exposed to synaptic suppression, being most effective if five or more segments were included. These results provide direct evidence that propriospinal pathways contribute to bulbospinal activation of the locomotor network in the in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-spinal cord preparation, and suggest that a propriospinal system is recruited in parallel with long direct projections that activate the locomotor network.

Niğde/Bor Hamamları

The city which showed a big architectural improvement after coming into domination of Karamanogullari, also continued that rise in Classic Ottoman period. Two baths were built in the city due to that improvement. Karamanoglu Ibrahim Bey had the first of them, which is known as Old Bath (Ibrahim Bey Bath), built in 1460s. The construction was built as double bath which is formed of two separate buildings for men and women that is adjacent together on a specific axis arrangement. Both of the sections consist of soyunmalik(apoditerium), iliklik(tepidarium) and sicaklik(caldarium), and water warehouse adjacent with sicaklik which line up on the same axis. Differently, an interval given place between soyunmalik and sicaklik for men. Sicaklik, which is the most important place of the Turkish baths, was built as crosslike four eyvan (eiwan) and corner halvet(sudatorium) in men section, and halvet which is lined on both sides of a rectangle place in women section. The second construction known as New Bath (Sokullu Mehmet Pasa Bath) was built between 1575-80. Like the first one the New Bath was also built as double bath which is formed of two separate buildings for men and women that is adjacent together on a specific axis arrangement. Both of the sections consist of soyunmalik, iliklik and sicaklik, and cistern adjacent with sicaklik which lines up on the same axis. Sicaklik was arranged as crosslike four eiwan and corner celled. Women section of double bath built New and Old baths kept smaller in comparison with men section and their entrance was pulled back considering women priva. Both of the baths located in Bor, reflect all of the characteristics of classic Turkish baths with architectural and other peculiarities.

無電解Ｎｉ‐Ｐ‐ＳｉＣ／ＰＴＦＥ多層めっき皮膜の摩擦摩耗特性

Friction and Wear properties of electroless Ni-P-SiC/PTFE multilayer deposits prepared by double bath method were evaluated by using a horizontal reciprocating friction and wear test apparatus. The multilayer deposits, consisting of SiC and PTFE particles, were found to exhibit excellent self-lubricating and wear characteristics under dry condition.

The practical realisation of zinc–iron CMA coatings

Abstract A detailed study of the production opportunities for composition modulated alloy electrodeposits by pulsed current techniques with Zinc-Iron alloys is reported. It is shown that by using a chloride solution, with the additional capability of variable agitation rates, a full range of alloy compositions is possible with nanometre layering attainable using single or double bath methods. Furthermore, by the use of a high concentration of ammonium chloride ostensibly as `conductivity' salt, the mechanism of deposition may be modified through control of a thin cathode oxide/hydroxide film.

Comparative study of the magnetoresistance of electrodeposited Co/Cu multilayered nanowires made by single and dual bath techniques

Multilayered Co/Cu wires were produced by electrodeposition in nanoporous membranes, with layer thickness in the range of 3 to 100 nm. These samples exhibit a giant magnetoresistive effect with current perpendicular to the plane of the layers (CPP-MR), which can be interpreted in the framework of Valet and Fert's expressions of the two currents model. The results are in accordance with those found for sputtered samples, except the large Co resistivity values shown by our samples, limiting our CPP-MR to 30%. In order to avoid codeposition of Cu in the Co layers, an alternative technique, involving two separate Co and Cu baths, has been used. Layered Co/Cu wires with thickness down 10 nm were produced. The study of the temperature variation of the resistivities revealed that the interface resistance severely decreases in the samples produced by the double bath technique compared to the single bath, limiting the magnetoresistance to 10%.

Use of hollow polysulfone fibres in the process of dehydrating acetic acid by evaporation through a membrane

By use of the double coagulation bath method, membranes have been made from polysulfone having an effective selective layer thickness of 2.5 µm. The limiting size of hollow fibres is as follows: external diameter, 1 mm; internal diameter, 0.6 mm. It was not possible to obtain a surface layer free of defects on increasing the diameter. In the membranes prepared, more than 50% of the resistance to mass-transfer is concentrated in the porous layer. It has been found that the selective layer of the membrane has a critical thickness (which depends of the nature of the polymer, the solvent, and other factors), below which selectivity begins to decrease. In evaporation through a membrane, a dependence of the result of studies on the internal diameter — hollow fibre length was discovered. In an experiment on evaporation through a membrane at 36 K, for the system 80% acetic acid — water, using hollow fibres a selectivity of 116 and a flux of 0.1 kg/m2 were obtained.