Doses Of Mineral Fertilizers Research Articles

Humus is a guarantor of the stability of agroecosystems

The paper studies the processes of transformation of the molecular structure of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) of leached chernozem under the influence of fertilizers and meliorant. The research was carried out under the conditions of many years of stationary experiment of the Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science and Agroecology of the FSBEI HE Voronezh SAU. Samples of leached low-humus thin heavy-loamy chernozem were analyzed. The isolated and purified preparations of HA and FA were studied on a SM2203 spectrofluorimeter in the ultraviolet and visible ranges. The paper also presents the results of determining the most important physical and chemical properties of soil variants using various fertilizer and meliorant systems. Limed variants have optimal indicators. Based on the analysis, it can be assumed that the FA molecules of the variant with a double dose of mineral fertilizers on the background of manure differ in a developed aliphatic part, have many auxochromic substituents. HA of the same variant are characterized by a high condensation of nuclear structures. The HA and FA molecules of the variant with the joint application of fertilizers and meliorant have a more complex structure of the nuclear and peripheral parts. According to the results of calculations of extinction coefficients, it was found that liming contributes to the accumulation of more mature forms of humic acids.

Features of accumulation and consumption of soluble carbohydrates by plants of soft winter wheat varieties

The results of three-year research (2016–2019) conducted in the fields of the State Enterprise Experimental Farm "Dnipro" of the SЕ Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine with soft winter wheat was presented. The soft winter wheat was placed on black fallow (on background of N30P60K30) and after sunflower (on background of N60P60K60). It was found that winter wheat plants had a not the same ability to accumulate soluble carbohydrates in years with different weather conditions. The analysis of plant samples showed that the largest number of these substances had synthesized in the autumn 2017. It was found that in the plots with black fallow during the period from November 20, 2017 to January 10, 2018, the amount of soluble carbohydrates (total amount of mono- and disaccharides) in the tillering nodes of winter wheat plants of Uzhynok variety decreased from 41.2 % to 34.7 % (by 6.5 %), Nyva Odeska variety – from 43.9 % to 32.7 % (by 11.2 %), Kokhanka variety – from 45.0 % to 42.6 % (only by 2.4 %). From January 10 until the resumption of spring vegetation, the carbohydrates were consumed most intensively by plants of the Uzhynok and Kokhanka varieties. It was found that despite the lower doses of mineral fertilizers applied to presowing cultivation, winter wheat plants accumulated more soluble carbohydrates in all years after black fallow than after sunflower. On average for three years of research, the highest consumption of sugars during the winter both in leaves and in tillering nodes, regardless of the forecrop, was observed in plants of the Uzhynok variety. It was found that the winter wheat plants of Kokhanka variety consumed soluble carbohydrates more economically than the Uzhynok and Nyva Odeska varieties, and grew more intensively in early spring. The content of sugars in the tillering nodes of Kokhanka variety during resumption of spring vegetation was 28.4 % for black fallow and 25.9 % after non-fallow forecrop. Key words: winter wheat, variety, soluble carbohydrates, forecrop, background of nutrition.

Agrogenic transformation (degradation) of chernozems of the Central Chernozem Region

Modern agriculture is impossible without the use of high balanced doses of mineral fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers in the modern volumes of their application are a powerful anthropogenic factor that increases the level of supply of agricultural crops with nutrients, but did not ensure the stability of yields. The long-term use of high doses of fertilizers does not allow to reach a deficit-free balance of fertilizer elements in agriculture and crop production. Studies of many scientists have shown that the long-term use of mineral fertilizers, in addition to the direct effect, causes a number of side effects, and contributes to the development of pronounced acidification of soils. This effect is observed in all agricultural zones, regardless of soil types. It is more pronounced on initially genetically acidic sod-podzolic and gray forest soils, but also on chernozems, which were considered resistant to acidification development. The consequences of soil acidification are manifested in the mobility and, as a result, the availability of fertilizer elements. Nevertheless, the main effect of soil acidification when using fertilizers is the lack of absorbed bases, which causes their progressive degradation. The acidification effect can be compensated by regular (once per rotation) liming.

Maize grain yield formation depending on macro- and microfertilizers

The research results of the foliar fertilization influence with different levels of mineral nutrition on the maize grain yield were presented, and the economic efficiency of growing of grain products was clarified. It was found that when increasing the mineral fertilizer dose from N30P30K30 to N45P45K45 and N60P60K60, the height of plants increased by 3 and 7 cm, the leaf surface area of one plant – by 4.8 and 10.9 %, respectively. Due to foliar fertilization, the height of plants increased by 2–5 cm, and the leaf area changed insignificantly. Depending on the background of mineral nutrition, it was accounted 98–99 ears per 100 maize plants, and in the case of foliar fertilization – 98–100 ears. The maize grain yield on the background of N30P30K30 was 7.56 t/ha, on the background of N45P45K45 and N60P60K60 – 8.65 and 8.68 t/ha, respectively. In the control variant (without spraying) the yield was 7.77 t/ha, and when plants fertilizing with urea (15 kg/ha) – 8.09 t/ha. The grain yield in the variants with maize plant fertilizing with a mixture of urea and micronutrients reached to 8.30–8.78 t/ha. The prime cost of 1 ton of maize grain when growing on the background of N30P30K30 was 1808 UAH, with increasing the fertilizer dose to N45P45K45 and N60P60K60 – 1781 and 1903 UAH, respectively. In the control variant, it was equal to 1828 UAH, in the variants under maize fertilization with urea (15 kg/ha) or a mixture of urea and micronutrients – 1827–1836 UAH. The conditional profit on the background of N30P30K30 was 21878 UAH/ha, it enlarged to 24264–25265 UAH/ha in the case of fertilizer dose increasing. In the control variant (without spraying) the conditional profit was equal to 22310 UAH/ha, when plants were fertilized with urea (15 kg/ha) – 23257 UAH/ha, with a mixture of urea and micronutrients – 23823–25155 UAH/ha. The highest level of profitability (163.9 %) was on the background of N45P45K45; the impact of foliar fertilization on this indicator was insignificant. Key words: maize, fertilizers, foliar fertilization, grain yield, economic efficiency.

Use of an environmentally oriented organic mineral fertilizer from liquid waste of pig farms in the cultivation of wheat

The article presents the results of a field vegetation experiment in the Rostov region on the cultivation of spring wheat of the “Zlata” variety with the use of an environmentally oriented organic mineral fertilizer from liquid waste of pig farms by the method of split plots with a randomized placement of variants in repetitions, the repetition of the experiment is three-fold. The agrochemical indicators of the soil before and after wheat cultivation at the horizons of 0-20 and 20-40 cm are given. The scheme of carrying out the experiment, including different doses of organic mineral fertilizer application and a plan for cutting plots, is indicated. During the growing season, constant observations of the plants were carried out together with the care. The dynamics of the growth of wheat biomass in different periods of time from planting and its yield are presented. The influence of different doses of ecologically oriented organic mineral fertilizer from pig manure on the yield of spring wheat is estimated. According to the results of experimental data, the effective dose of organic mineral fertilizer application from pig manure was established-2t/ha. The yield of grain crops (wheat) per hectare was determined-49.2 c / ha. The spring wheat variety “Zlata”, which is unusual for the Rostov region, gave a high yield when applying an environmentally oriented fertilizer, which proves its value both in agronomic and ecological terms. The absence of toxic effects on the soil of organic mineral fertilizers for heavy metals (copper, nickel. cadmium, lead), an increase in humus from 5.43% to 5.52%. The assessment of the nutrient reserves in seeds and the effect of organic mineral fertilizer doses on the quality of spring wheat grain of the «Zlata» variety is given. The highest amount of gluten-40.03% - was observed when using the fertilizer at a dose of 2 t / ha.

Assessment of the safety of chicory root crops during winter storage

Relevance and methods. For the production of chicory seeds, care must be taken not only to obtain a high-grade source material, i.e. varietal seeds and masterbatch root crops, but also to store the resulting root crops in winter with minimal losses. The main requirement for growing mother chicory root crops is the placement of crops on fertile soils that are clean of weeds. Installed. That on podzolized loams the best dose of mineral fertilizers for this crop is N45P120K60, where an increased dose of superphosphate increases the yield and rootability of Queen cells, increases seed productivity for the second year. Materials and methods. The purpose of this work is to analyze the safety of root crops of chicory root and the degree of their damage by root rot during winter storage in plastic bags in burts. The purpose of the study is to identify the best way to store the mother chicory root crops and the effect of reproduction on the rootability of root crops in winter. Questions of storage of the mother material of root chicory were studied in the laboratory of selection and seed production on the example of the Petrovsky variety in 2017-2019. The material for research was the families of chicory of the Petrovsky variety in the control and elite nursery. Results. The obtained data show that when evaluating and selecting families for the purpose of obtaining highly productive seed material, the safety of root crops in long-term winter storage should be taken into account. If its values are low, the entire family should be completely excluded from the process of primary seed production. In selection and seed-growing work, a mandatory component of the assessment should be the safety of root crops during long-term winter storage.

TORTA DE FILTRO E MICRONUTRIENTES NO PLANTIO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta da cultura de cana-de-açúcar à adubação mineral, torta de filtro e Nutry Cana Micronutrientes, no sulco de plantio e via foliar. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em blocos casualizados, onde foram estabelecidos 5 tratamentos de adubação de plantio (T0, T2, T3, T4 e T5) com cinco repetições. Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento da cultura aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o plantio, e a produtividade 12 meses após o plantio, período em que se compreende a maturação fisiológica da cultura. Foi possível atingir produtividades elevadas de cana-de-açúcar reduzindo a dose recomendada de fertilizantes minerais, complementando com a adubação orgânica proveniente da torta de filtro, e a aplicação de micronutrientes via tolete e via foliar. A cana-de-açúcar mostrou resposta positiva quanto à aplicação em conjunto desses fertilizantes, onde foi verificado um ganho de 27,6 Kg nos colmos por metro linear no tratamento T5, maximizando o efeito sobre a produtividade e reduzindo os custos com fertilizantes minerais.
 

Some aspects of obtaining the radiologically safe vegetable products in the conditions of Ukrainian Polissia

Considering the urgent need for rehabilitation ofthe Chоrnobyl-affected agricultural lands of Ukrainian Polissia and maximization of the restoration of agricultural production in this area, the issue of reorganization of vegetable growing as one of the most radioecologically problematic in the region deserves to be specially highlighted. The study aimed to determine the influence of species and varietal characteristics, as well as soil, fertilizers, and irrigation on the accumulation of 137Cs by vegetable crops in the remote period after the Chornobyl accident. The research was conducted during 2008–2012 in the II, III, and former IV radioactive contamination zones on the territory of Chernihiv, Kyiv, and Zhytomyr regions. The soil cover of the studied area is represented by sod-podzolic sandy and peat-swamp soils. The most common for the region and recognized species and varieties of vegetables were studied, the list of which was determined by a questionnaire: cucumber; zucchini; pumpkin; scallop; red beet; garden carrot; red cabbage; Savoy cabbage; white cabbage, potatoes of different maturity groups, parsley. Soil and plant samples were taken during the industrial ripeness and the flowering (for potatoes) phases of vegetables. To study the effect of elevated doses ofmineral fertilizers and moldon the value of the 137Cstransfer factor from soil to potato tubers, a complex of mineral fertilizers was used: ammonium nitrate (34% N), tagged superphosphate (19% P2O5), potassium sulfate (50% K2SO4) and hummus made from hog manure. Acceptable levels of soil contamination with 137Cs were calculated by the formula based on the transfer factors and the effectiveness of agricultural measures conducted. The peculiarities of 137Cs accumulation in vegetable products depending on the species, variety, soil, fertilizer, and irrigation have been analyzed and the corresponding acceptable levels of soil radioactive contamination have been determined. The most severe restrictions to vegetable production in radioactively contaminated areas have been set forleaf vegetables, as well as for growing on peat-swamp soils. It has been confirmed that the greatest reduction in the 137Cs intake by vegetables is achieved by irrigation with fossil groundwater. The research findings make it possible to calculate the maximum acceptable levels of 137Cs soil contamination for growing different recognized varieties of vegetables under different fertilizer combinations and irrigation for a certain soil type. Guidelines for vegetable production on radioactively contaminated soils have been proposed, taking into account the varietal characteristics of the crop, fertilizer, and irrigation.

Reaction of fiber flax varieties to seeding rates, sowing time and optimization of mineral nutrition on sod-podzolic medium- cultivated soils in the Pskov region

The article presents the results of scientific research for 2014-2019 on the reaction of early-maturing fiber flax varieties (Linum usitatissimum L.) of the Pskov selection Peresvet, Kvartet, Voskhod and Dobrynya to growing conditions: sowing time, seeding rates (16, 18, 20, 22, 24 million pieces of germinating seeds per 1 ha), doses of nitrogen fertilizers (0, 15, 30, 45 kg of active ingredient (a. i.) per hectare. The hydrothermal coefficient (GTC) for the growing season varied from 0.98 to 1.94. The optimal seeding rate for fiber flax of the Peresvet variety is 22 million pcs /ha, and for the Kvartet variety − 20 million pcs /ha. With these seeding rates the yield of flax fiber was 21.9-20.6 hundred kilograms (centners) per hectare, respectively, that significantly exceeded the yield of fiber with the minimum seeding rate of 1,0-1.7 hkg/ha, respectively, with LSD05 = 0.7-0.9 hkg/ha. The maximum yield of seeds in both varieties was obtained at the minimum seeding rate. The optimal sowing period for the Peresvet variety was the third period (May 8-17th, 2014-2016) and the second period for the Kvartet variety (May 11-20th, 2017-2019). The yield of flax fiber for these varieties significantly exceeded the 1stsowing period by 0.7-2.3 hkg/ha, respectively (LSD05 = 0.6-0.8 hkg/ha ) and amounted to 23.0-21.1 hkg/ha , that of seeds – 9.8-9.1 hkg/ha. The optimal nitrogen doses for R40K60 background are for Voskhod and Kvartet varieties 15 kg a. i./ha, and for the Dobrynya and Peresvet varieties − 30 kg a. i./ha. The yield of flax fiber for them exceeded the control by 1.5-1.3 hkg/ha, respectively (LSD05 = 0.6-0.8 hkg/ha) and 2.7-2.5 hkg/ha (LSD05 = 1,0-0.9 hkg/ha). The payback of 1 kg of nitrogen by flax fiber increase in all varieties was the highest with the minimum dose of N15. Among the varieties, it ranged from 8 to 12.7 kg/kg. The specific removal of food elements per 1 ton of flax straw and flax fiber recommended for use in determining the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of flax fiber, has been determined.

ВЛИЯНИЕ АГРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЕМОВ НА АЗОТНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ЧЕРНОЗЕМА ТИПИЧНОГО

In the conditions of a southwest part of CBR Russian Federation increase in content of alkaline-hydrolyzable and nitric nitrogen and also strengthening of nitrification ability of the soil in the black-soil typical is caused, mainly, by application of the increasing doses of mineral fertilizers, a manure after-action, use of long-term herbs in a crop rotation as predecessors of a winter wheat, and application, mostly, of plowing in the system of the main processing of the soil. The most noticeable variation of contents in the soil of alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen is noted for a layer of earth 20-50 cm, and nitrification ability of the soil – in a layer of 0-20 cm. The most significant increase in its contents in a layer of earth of 0-20 cm at a combination of mineral fertilizers and a manure is characteristic of nitric nitrogen, especially on plowing. The tendency to increase in content of nitrates in underlying layers is caused by application of the raised dose of mineral fertilizers under a winter wheat – N120P120K120 N60 (saturation of 1 hectare of the crop rotation area in a grain-grass-tilled crop rotation of N84P124K124 and in a grain-tilled crop rotation of N120P124K124) and an after-action for the fourth year of 40 and 80 ton/hectare of a manure (saturation of 8 and 16 ton/hectare).

The effect of azotovit and phosphatovit on the yield of vetch oats

In the Novgorod region, the effectiveness of the integrated use of new microbiological preparations of Azotovit, Phosphatovit and mineral fertilizers has been investigated. The purpose of the experiment was to increase the yield of green mass of oatmeal mixture. Field experiment took place in 2017-2019 on sod-podzolic light loamy, clay-laden soil. Of the varieties recommended for cultivation in the North-West region, the following objects of research were used: spring vetch Lyudmila and oats of spring variety Borrus. Three methods of applying micronutrient fertilizers were tested: presowing treatment of seeds; foliar treatment in the phase of branching the wiki and tillering of oats; seed treatment presowing + foliar in the phase of branching the vetch and tillering of oats on two backgrounds of mineral nutrition - background 1 – N82P105К70 and background 2 – N41P53К35. The highest yield of green mass of oatmeal mixture (on average over 3 years) – 42.4 t/ha (6.8 t. units/ha) and digestible protein of 0.85 t/ha were obtained with a dose of mineral fertilizers per calculated yield N82P105K70 during seed treatment before sowing with microbiological fertilizers (Azotovit, Phosphotovit), as well as spraying the ground vegetative part of the vetch (in the branching phase) and oats (in the tillering phase). Doses: Azotovit –1.0 l/ha + Phosphotovit – 1.0 l/ha. At the same time, the energy intensity of production of one ton of feed units in this embodiment was 2.2 GJ. In addition, energy efficiency was 4.7 units, and the increase in soil energy potential was 15 GJ/ha.

Ecological Evaluation of the Content of Heavy Metals in Soils of Agrocenosis of Western Siberia

In stationary field experiments in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, it was shown that long-term agricultural use of soil without the use of fertilizers caused a decrease in the soil content of heavy metals related to plant micronutrients — Cu, Zn, Co; the level of Pb, Cr, Sr has changed slightly. It was established that the long-term application of high, agronomically justified doses of mineral fertilizers, accompanied by a significant increase in the yield of cultivated crops, did not lead to an increase in the content of HM in the soil, compared with not fertilized areas. It was revealed that the unbalanced use of fertilizers, not ensured by the growth of crop productivity, contributed to the accumulation of HM in the soil. The necessity of monitoring the agro-ecological state of soils of agrocenoses in order to identify both excessive accumulation of heavy metals and micronutrient deficiency is substantiated.

Justification of production indicators of organic fertilizer based on sapropel

The problem facing agricultural scientists is the search for effective ways to develop sapropel for fertilization to increase crop production by increasing soil fertility. One of the most important reserves of organic raw materials are the reserves of lake sapropels. It has been established that sapropel deposits, depending on the depth, have different values of agrochemical and physical properties. Having processed the empirical values of the sapropel characteristics in accordance with the requirements of the technological parameters, we obtained the optimal depths of the layer for industrial development. Its efficiency can be increased when applied together with lower doses of mineral fertilizers. To improve the technological process for the production of sapropel fertilizers, it is necessary to take into account that sapropel should be extracted from a scientifically substantiated layer of the deposit and in its natural state sapropel is not a full-fledged fertilizer; its effectiveness can be increased because of application together with mineral fertilizers. Mixing is one of the most important operations in fertilizer production technology and for this purpose; it is advisable to use a drum mixer.

Гумусованість і фізико-хімічні властивості чорноземів Лісостепу за мінімізації обробітків і біологізації системи удобрення

Goal. To determine the ways of restoration of the fertility of typical and podzolic chernozems at long-term use with minimal tillage and biologization of crop fertilizer systems in short crop rotations of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative-calculation, and statistical. Soil samples according to the variants of stationary experiments were taken from depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. The content of total humus, hydrolytic acidity, and the amount of absorbed bases were determined in them. Results. The research was carried out in 2 long stationary experiments to study the impact of tillage and fertilizer systems on the content and reserves of humus and indicators of physicochemical properties of the soil. The use of straw and green manure on podzolic chernozem instead of manure helped to increase the content and stocks of humus. The combination of manure, straw, green manure, and half of the dose of mineral fertilizers with the use in the crop rotation of tillage with periodic plowing under sugar beets formed the highest reserves of humus in the 0–45 cm soil layer. For typical chernozem, the best results of humus state were fixed at shallow tillage and use of straw, green manure, and mineral fertilizers. Conclusions. Minimization of tillage and biologization of the fertilizer system in short- crop rotations of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe contributed to the increase of humus reserves, improvement of physicochemical properties of typical and podzolic chernozems, which led to the restoration of their fertility. The highest fertility of typical chernozem was restored by shallow tillage with different depths using a straw, greens, and mineral fertilizers. The highest fertility of the podzolic chernozem was restored by shallow tillage with periodic plowing and application of manure or straw and straw and green manure and complete mineral fertilizer.

Rice growth and development depending on cultivation conditions in the Tersko-Sulak sub-province of Dagestan

The purpose of the current research is to study of the biological characteristics of rice growth and development, as well as the productivity of the new promising varieties in the Tersko-Sulak sub-province; to identify the optimal doses of mineral fertilizers and the best forecrops for the cultivation of these varieties by herbicide-free technology; to recommend the varieties identified by grain productivity and quality for regionalization in the republic. The novelty of the research is that for the first time in the RD conditions there have been studied the biological characteristics of growth and development, as well as the productivity of new promising rice varieties ‘Flagman' and ‘Kuboyar' in comparison with the standard variety ‘Regul' spread in the republic. The rice cultivation contributes to productivity increase of saline lands and the development of soils in the solonetz complex. The conditions of the Tersko-Sulak sub-province, the presence of large rivers (Terek, Sulak), a favorable thermal regime make it possible to obtain here high yields of rice meeting the requirements of agricultural technology. The ability of rice to withstand soil salinity from 0.05 to 1.5%, depending on the nature of salinity, makes it possible to significantly increase the productivity of saline lands, the area of which is more than 50%. There have been studied two forecrops (winter wheat, alfalfa), four doses of mineral fertilizers (N110P50K70, N140P80K100, N77P35K49, N98P56K70) and three rice varieties ‘Regul', ‘Flagman', ‘Kuboyar'. For two years of research, the variety ‘Flagman' sown after alfalfa with a dose of mineral fertilizers N98P56K70 produced the largest yields of 6.79 t/ha in 2018 and 6.85 t/ha in 2019, which was on 1.81 t/ha and 1.32 t/ha more than in the variant without fertilizing. The varieties ‘Regul' and ‘Kuboyar' with the same doses of mineral fertilizers produced the average yields of 5.76 and 6.20 t/ha, respectively. The highest efficiency of mineral fertilizers was established where the soil was well supplied with organic matter, i. e. when the varieties were sown after alfalfa.

Soil Fertility, N2 Fixation and Yield of Chickpea as Influenced by Long-Term Biochar Application under Mung–Chickpea Cropping System

A research study was established at the research farm of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar during winter 2018–2019. Commercial biochars were given to the experimental site from 2014 to summer 2018 and received 0.95, 130 and 60 tons ha−1 of biochar by various treatments viz., (Biochar1) BC1, (Biochar2) BC2, (Biochar3) BC3 and (Biochar4) BC4, respectively. This piece of work was conducted within the same study to find the long-term influence of biochar on the fertility of the soil, fixation of N2, as well as the yie1d of chickpea under a mung–chickpea cropping system. A split plot arrangement was carried out by RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) to evaluate the study. Twenty-five kilograms of N ha−1 were given as a starter dosage to every plot. Phosphorous and potassium were applied at two levels (half (45:30 kg ha−1) and full (90:60 kg ha−1) recommended doses) to each of the four biochar treatments. The chickpea crop parameters measured were the numbers and masses of the nodules, N2 fixation and grain yield. Soil parameters recorded were Soil Organic Matter (SOM), total N and mineral N. The aforementioned soil parameters were recorded after harvesting. The results showed that nodulation in chickpea, grain yield and nutrient uptake were significantly enhanced by phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizers. The application of biochar 95 tons ha−1 significantly enhanced number of nodules i-e (122), however statistically similar response in terms of nodules number was also noted with treatment of 130 tons ha−1. The results further revealed a significant difference in terms of organic matter (OM) (%) between the half and full mineral fertilizer treatments. With the application of 130 tons ha−1 of biochar, the OM enhanced from 1.67% in the control treatment, to 2.59%. However, total and mineral nitrogen were not statistically enhanced by the mineral fertilizer treatment. With regard to biochar treatments, total and mineral N enhanced when compared with the control treatment. The highest total N of 0.082% and mineral nitrogen of 73 mg kg−1 in the soil were recorded at 130 tons ha−1 of biochar, while the lowest total N (0.049%) and mineral nitrogen (54 mg kg−1) in the soil were recorded in the control treatment. The collaborative influence of mineral fertilizers and biochars was found to be generally non-significant for most of the soil and plant parameters. It could be concluded that the aforementioned parameters were greater for treatments receiving biochar at 95 tons or more per hectare over the last several years, and that the combination of lower doses of mineral fertilizers further improved the performance of biochar.

Influence of long-term use of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of winter rye grain

The studies were carried out in 2018-2019 in the conditions of the Kirov region on sod-podzolic middle loam soil formed on the eluvia of Perm clays. The range of fertilizer doses in the long-term stationary experiment varied from 30 to 150 kg a.i. (active ingredient). With increase in fertilizer doses, the yield of winter rye of Grafinya variety grew from 3.44 t/ha at the dose of P 60 K 60 to 5.94 t/ha at the dose of N 150 P 150 K 150 . Significant addition of grain yield was obtained in all variants except P 60 , K 60 and K 120 . Maximum addition of grain yield to the control without fertilizers were obtained in variants with application of 120 and 150 kg a.i. /ha NPK − 3.87-4.11 t/ha (LSD 05 = 1.2 t/ha). In 2019 the yield of rye varied from 2.65 t/ha in the control variant to 7.08 t/ha by application of a maximum dose of N 150 P 150 K 150 . In 2018 it varied from 1.01 t/ha to 4.81 t/ha, respectively, which was 1.5-2.6 times less, as during the period of grain formation that year the amount of precipitation was 135% from the norm. The highest payback of 1 kg a.i. of mineral fertilizers was obtained by application of ammonium nitrate N 60 −42.5 kg of grain. Test weight of grain was significantly higher under favorable growing conditions of 2019 and varied from 696 to 728 g/l. With the increase in doses of mineral fertilizers, there was a tendency to decrease the test weight of grain. The 1000-grain mass of winter rye did not depend on the use of fertilizers and was in the range of 28-33 grams. The content of raw protein in the grain grew with increasing doses of fertilizers, but mainly the grain of the third class of quality with the protein content of 88.1 to 110 g/kg was obtained. Bakery qualities depended on the conditions of moisture supply during grain maturation: in 2018 grain of the second and third commodity classes was obtained, in 2019 – that of the fourth class. If full fertilizer was applicated in the dose N 30 Р 30 К 30 , prime cost of 1 ton of grain was 3.663 rubles with a total profitability of 91.1 %. Application of ammonium nitrate alone in the dose of N 60 provided profitability of 156.2 %.

The strawberry yield and the contents of the main macronutrients in the soil of plantations with different fertilizer and drip irrigation

The purpose of research was to determine the optimal method of applying mineral fertilizers with drip irrigation in strawberry plantations and the level of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in sod-podzolic mediumloam soil. The studies were carried out on strawberries of Honeyoe and Troitskaya varieties, the experiment was two-factor, the replicates were isolated. The determination of NPK in soil and pH were performed according to the generally accepted recommendations for sod-podzolic soils. Weather conditions during the years of research were sufficiently diverse and determined the irrigation rates of plantings. The results showed that the maximum yield of strawberries (13.3 t / ha) is possible with combined fertilization in reserve and with fertigation, but with fertigation, the yield is stable and varies least of all. The highest content of alkaline hydrolysable-nitrogen and plant-available potassium in the average over the years of research was observed in the variant with fertilization in reserve. It has been established that the most optimal way to fertilize strawberries with drip irrigation is a combined application. Drip irrigation accelerates the mineralization of organic nitrogen. Doses of mineral fertilizers should be increased with the age of plantings, while taking into account the level of basic macronutrients in the soil.

Legal protection of natural resources from the negative impact of agricultural activity

The article considers the existing mechanisms of legal regulation of the impact of agricultural activities on the environment, as well as the preservation of natural resources necessary to ensure quantitative and qualitative employment in crop production and animal husbandry in agriculture. The position that the quality and level of development of agricultural production directly depends on the state of natural resources is confirmed. The generalization is made that the development of special legal regulation of greening of the norms of the domestic agrarian legislation at obvious strengthening of influence on environment of negative influence of processes of agricultural production does not lose urgency. The following proposals for improving certain provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030» are provided. Legislative consolidation of measures is proposed: reduction of negative impact on the environment of the results of intensification of processes in agriculture; technological development of agricultural production in the field of crop production through the introduction of technologies for biologization (greening) of agriculture and ensuring the production of organic agricultural products; increasing the productivity of arable land and obtaining high and stable yields of the crop industry, provided that sufficient doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, etc. Defined as a prospect for further research – the study and borrowing from domestic legislation of best practices of legal regulation of agricultural relations in the European Union.

ВПЛИВ МІНЕРАЛЬНИХ ДОБРИВ НА ВОДОСПОЖИВАННЯ ТА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ

Визначальна роль у збільшенні обсягів виробництва продовольчого зерна належить пшениці ози-мій (Triticum aestivum L.). Метою досліджень було з’ясувати вплив різних норм мінеральних добрив, диференційованого застосування азоту на водоспоживання посівів пшениці озимої та рівень зернової продуктивності. Під час проведення досліджень використано такі наукові методи: аналіз, синтез, польовий, статистичний. Результати досліджень свідчать, що різні дози мінеральних добрив та диференційоване використання азоту як вагомих чинників упливу на активність ростових процесів зумовили зростання коефіцієнта кущіння на 14,6–34,7 %, висоти рослин 2,9–8,7 %, кількості зернин у колосі на 1,8–10,1 % порівняно з варіантом без внесення добрив. Встановлено, що мінеральні добрива підвищують ефективність використання доступної вологи ґрунту на формування врожаю пшениці озимої, зокрема сумарне водоспоживання становило 539–579 м3/т, що на 46–86 м3/т або 7,4–13,8% менше, ніж у контролі. Відзначено тенденцію щодо більш раціонального використання вологи на утворення одиниці врожаю основної продукції за умови перенесення частини азоту із основного вне-сення в ранньовесняне підживлення. Виявлено, що за рахунок використання мінеральних добрив у те-хнології вирощування пшениці озимої досягається істотне підвищення урожайності зерна культури порівняно з варіантом без добрив. Величина додаткового врожаю зерна пшениці на експерименталь-них ділянках по відношенню до контролю становила 0,45–0,92 т/га або 8,8–17,7 %. Найкращі умови мінерального живлення, які забезпечили максимальну урожайність пшениці озимої 6,11 т/га, форму-валися за умови внесення добрив у нормі N80P90K50+N30. Відзначено стійку тенденцію щодо підвищен-ня продуктивності посівів пшениці озимої за умови різночасного використання мінерального азоту добрив.