Doses Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Propolis from Mount Lawu: Dose-Dependent Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in a Rat Model of Wound Healing

Background: Chronic wounds present a significant healthcare challenge, necessitating the exploration of effective adjuvant therapies. Propolis, a natural product derived from beehives, has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of Mount Lawu propolis extract on oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of wound healing. Methods: A completely randomized experimental design was employed using male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Granulation tissue wounds were induced, and the rats were treated with varying doses of ethanol extract of Mount Lawu propolis. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess the expression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the wound tissue. Results: The results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent decrease in MDA and IL-6 expression in the propolis-treated groups compared to the control group. The high-dose propolis group exhibited the most substantial reduction in both MDA and IL-6 levels. Conclusion: Mount Lawu propolis extract exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for chronic wound management.

Effect of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Soursop Leaves administration on Malondialdehyde Levels of Alloxan-Induced Rat Endocrine Cells

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) contain many antioxidant compounds such as phenols and flavonoids that play an active role in inhibiting oxidative stress and can inhibit damage and death in cells, tissues, or organs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soursop leaf ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction effect on malondialdehyde levels and the quantity of pancreatic endocrine cells in male rats (Mus musculus) induced with alloxan. Method, the test animals were divided into seven groups (n=4). The normal control group was only given feed, the negative control group was given CMC-Na solution, the positive control group was given vitamin C dose of 50 mg/kg.BW, treatment group I was given soursop ethanol extract dose of 50 mg/kg.BW, treatment group II was given soursop ethanol extract dose of 100 mg./kg.BW, ethyl acetate fraction treatment group III was given soursop ethyl acetate fraction dose of 25 mg/kg BW, and treatment group IV was given soursop ethyl acetate fraction dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Results showed that the administration of ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW showed the most effective potential significantly (p<0.05) in reducing malondialdehyde levels and cell death. In conclusion, administering ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves to rats which experiencing oxidative stress in their pancreas can stimulate and increase regeneration of endocrine cell in all rat groups. This is proven by a decrease of malondialdehyde levels and the number of necrosis cell necrosis. 1

Natriuretic and Saluretic effects of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb Seed Extracts in Rats

The study aimed to explore the diuretic effects of extracts of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb seed, a member of the Caesalpiniaceae family, using an acute rat model. Dehydrated rats were administered single dose of the extracts, prepared in both aqueous and ethanol forms, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg orally. Additionally, rats were given 25 mg/kg of frusemide and hydrochlorothiazide as standard diuretic drugs orally, for comparative analysis. A control group received oral administration of normal saline at a dose of 25 ml/kg. The metabolic cages were used to house the rats in pairs and urine output was measured at intervals of 5 hours and 24 hours. The results showed that higher doses of both extracts substantially raised the volume of urine output. This diuretic effect was observed gradually within 5 hours and sustained throughout the 24 hour study period. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg dose of ethanolic extract exhibited a diuretic effect comparable to that of frusemide. Analysis of urine samples revealed a significantly elevated Na+, K+ and Cl- with the ethanolic extract of C. bonduc seeds. However, neither dose of the extracts significantly altered the pH nor specific gravity of urine during routine urinalysis. The findings suggest that extracts from C. bonduc seeds possess diuretic properties, supporting their traditional use in managing urinary problems. Further exploration is necessary to pinpoint the active phytoconstituents accountable for these observed effects.

Evaluation of ethanolic extract of Piper methysticum leaves on anxiolytic activity of mice

The ethanol extract of Piper methysticum, commonly known as kava, has shown promising results in reducing anxiety. Studies suggest it may have anxiolytic effects, potentially offering a natural alternative to conventional anxiety treatments. The ethanolic extract of Piper methysticum can increase the duration of action. It can also increase the time spent in open arm, entry in open arm (in elevated plus model) as well as increase the time spent in light field (in Light Dark field) thus we can conclude that it can also possesses Anxiolytic action. The ethanolic extract of Piper methysticum possesses an anxiolytic like activity without sedative side effect. The corticosterone level in mice is increased when they got anxiety. So when the plasma corticosterone level of mice is checked in control group its turn out to be 10.28±0.52. It gets decreased with increase in doses. When treated with low dose of Aqueous extract is 7.28±1.44 is less effective than low dose of Ethanolic extract that is 6.22±1.28. Same as that high dose of extract shows the corticosterone level was 6.24±2.28 which was also less effective than high dose of ethanolic extract which was 5.52±0.32. Most effectively stress was decreased when treated with the Standard drug (Alprazolam) which shows plasma corticosterone level was 1.24±0.36. The mice of Piper methysticum extract (300 &600 mg/kg/ p.o.) treated group showed significantly (p<0.05) increased in body water intake as compared to the control group. Results showed that synthesized extract is very effective for the treatment of anxiety. Keywords: Piper methysticum; anxiolytic activity; Anthraquinones; Light Dark model

THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA LAM. LEAF ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED RAT

Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) or Indian jujube or ber is one Indonesian endemic plant which widely used as a traditional remedy in Indonesia and other Asian countries. Bidara leaves are commonly used as a remedy for diarrhea, liver diseases, and diabetes. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of bidara leaves (Z. mauritiana Lam.) on alloxan-induced male Wistar strain rat’s (Rattus norvegicus) liver. This is an experimental study with a randomized pretest-posttest with a control group design. This study involved 24 male Wistar strain rats (R. norvegicus) which were divided into 6 separate groups induced with alloxan and each group received a different intervention accordingly. Data in this study shows that ethanol extract of bidara leaves contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycoside compounds. This study also found that ethanol extract of bidara leaves at doses as low as 150 mg/kgBW managed to decrease the blood glucose, SGOT, and SGPT levels better than negative control and as effective as metformin. Escalation of SOD activity was also found to be directly proportional to dose increase, however, the highest concentration of MDA was also found in the highest dose of ethanol extract of bidara leaves. It can be concluded that ethanol extract from bidara leaves has anti-hyperglycemic (p<0.001) and hepatoprotective (p<0.05) effects, but the antioxidant properties cannot be determined according to this study’s data.

Antipyretic activity test of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) against peptone-induced male white mice

Fever increases body temperature above normal (98.6°F/ 37°C). To treat complaints of fever, antipyretic drugs are given. Papaya leaves are believed to have antipyretic effects. The purpose of this study was to test the antipyretic activity and effective dose of ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) against peptone-induced mice. The test animals were grouped into 5 groups consisting of group I (negative control) CMC Na 0.5%, group II (positive control) paracetamol drug 65 mg/KgBB mice, group III papaya leaf ethanol extract 140 mg/KgBW mice, group IV papaya leaf ethanol extract 280 mg/KgBW mice, and group V papaya leaf ethanol extract 560 mg/KgBW mice, with peptone fever inducer 10 mL/kgBW subcutaneously. The body temperature of the test animals was observed every 30 minutes for 240 minutes after peroral administration of the preparation, then obtained data on T0, Tdemam and body temperature measurements at each time. The data was then used to calculate the AUC and the average AUC calculation data was analyzed by Shapiro wilk test and One way Anova test. The results of the study of ethanol extract of papaya leaves have antipyretic effects, namely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. Papaya leaf ethanol extract has the most effective antipyretic activity, namely a dose of 560 mg/kg BW, which is comparable to the positive control of paracetamol.

The Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Olive Leaf on Aluminum Phosphide-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rats

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a treatment for aluminum phosphide (ALP) poisoning, which is known as “rice tablet”. Methods: In the present study, the impact of different doses of ethanolic extract of olive leaves (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on ALP (120 mg/kg)-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated in anesthetized-gastrotomized adult male Wistar rats. Thirty-five rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7) as follows: control (AC) and treatment groups [ALP+Olea100 (AO100), ALP+Olea 200 (AO200), and ALP+Olea 400 (AO400)]. Physiological data including blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), as well as oxidative stress markers were measured in heart tissues. Results: ALP-intoxication led to perturbed normal ECG and increased oxidative stress. Administration of olive leaf extract at various concentrations, however, mitigated bradycardia after 90 minutes, following ALP-intoxication (in AO200), hypotension (in AO100), and cardiac conduction disturbances (decreased QTC in the AO200 30 (P<0.05), 60 (P<0.001), and 90 (P<0.05) minutes after intoxication) and decreased PR 60 (P<0.05) and 90 minutes (P<0.01) after intoxication. This was compared with baseline as well as detrimental changes in cardiac electrophysiology [mitigated ST-segment elevation in AO200 and depressed T-wave in the AO200 (P<0.05) and AO400 (P<0.01) groups 90 minutes after intoxication] Conclusion: Based on these authentic results, it seems that olive leaf extracts can be useful in reducing the severity of symptoms in ALP-poisoned individuals and could be utilized in a poisoning emergency.

HYPNOTIC-SEDATIVE ACTIVITY TEST OF 70% ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) IN MALE WHITE MICE SWISS WEBSTER STRAIN

Humans who use medicines for insomnia may experience a variety of adverse effects, including dependence. Traditional medicine frequently uses lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to treat various conditions, including sleep difficulties. Terpenoids, which are secondary metabolites found in lettuce plants, are to blame for this. This study aimed to see if an ethanolic extract of lettuce leaf had any sedative-hypnotic activity in Swiss Webster strain male white mice induced by phenobarbital at a dose of 90 mg/KgBB intraperitoneally. In this study, the post-test-only control strategy was employed. The animals were divided into six groups (n = 4): negative (aqua dest), positive (Na-CMC 0.5%), comparison (diazepam 1.3 mg/KgBB), and ethanolic extract of lettuce leaf at doses of 300 mg/KgBB, 400 mg/KgBB, and 500 mg/KgBB. The parameters observed in this study were a combination of parameters from previous studies, namely the number of falls, sleep onset, and sleep duration in mice. The data obtained were then processed statistically using the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and post-hoc test follow-up analysis with the LSD (least significant difference) test. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of lettuce leaves at 300, 400, and 500 mg/KgBB had a sedative-hypnotic effect. Doses of 300 mg/KgBB only increased sleep duration. In contrast, 400 and 500 mg/KgBB increased the number of falls, rapid sleep onset, and increased sleep duration, significantly different from positive controls (p<0.05). The effective dose of ethanolic extract of lettuce leaf as a sedative-hypnotic was 400 mg/KgBB.

Anti-obesity effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of the ethanolic extract of figs from Ficus hispida using high fat-fed wister rats

Obesity is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases and a substantial threat to public health. We investigated the effects of figs sourced from Ficus hispida on a high fat-fed experimental rat model. We found that a 500-mg dose of ethanolic extract of figs (EFH) reduced oxidative stress markers nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), which were increased in high fat-fed rats. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), found elevated in high fat-fed rats, were also normalized to nearly regular levels by fig treatment. Administration of EFH further reduced fat deposition and expression of adipogenic genes leptin, fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SERBP-1c). Our results suggest that figs have significant effects on reducing oxidative stress and mitigating obesity-associated liver and adipose tissue abnormalities via suppressing adipogenesis. Thus, we propose that F. hispida has potential benefits in reducing obesity.

Curcuma aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract: A potential therapeutic agent against HepG2 Hepatoma cells

Curcuma aromatica, a Vietnamese medicinal plant, exhibits diverse therapeutic applications including blood loss, blood stasis, bloody urination, bloody vomiting, irregular menstruation, epilepsy, and cancer treatment. C. aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract and curcumol content have been shown strong inhibition of cancer growth. HepG2 cells were exposed to different doses of ethanol extract and curcumol extract. The degree of cell growth inhibition was determined using the WST-1 assay, and Hoechst 33258 spectrofluorometric assay, while the rate of cell death by apoptosis was assessed using the annexin-propidium iodide double-staining assay. Flow cytometry was employed to study the cell cycle, while the transwell assay was used to assess cell migration and invasion. The expression of bax and bcl-2 genes was analyzed using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. C. aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract (CE) consisted of a total phenolic content value of 15.02±0.18 (mg/g extract) and a curcumol level of 849.8 ± 23.73 (?g/g extract). The growth of HepG2 cells was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by C. aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract. Following a 72-hour exposure to an (CE) concentration of 100 ?g/mL, the inhibition rate was measured to be 34.559 ± 0.456 %, the IC50 value was determined to be 44.79 ?g/mL and the inhibition of curcumol was 50.961± 0.641 %, and the IC50=93.48. The application of CE induced late apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The CE also induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) in HepG2 cancer cells, effectively suppressing their growth, movement, and invasion by controlling the synthesis of Bcl-2 mRNA. This work gives novel insights into the antihepatoma action of (CE) and establishes a foundation for the development of preliminary anticancer medications.

Assessment of hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Vitis vinifera leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rats

Background: Vitis vinifera is known for its antimicrobial activity; however, the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts of aerial parts has also been reported, but the nephroprotective and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extracts have not yet been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate Vitis vinifera's hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities against CCl4-induced toxicity in rats. Methods: Two doses of ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated and compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Biochemical blood parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), bilirubin, urea, uric acid, total protein and creatinine, and histopathologic changes of liver and kidney were studied and evaluated. Results: Vitis vinifera reduced the elevated blood levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea, and creatinine, with the ethanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being more effective. The histopathologic evaluation suggested that Vitis vinifera decreased hepatic and renal necrosis induced by CCl4. The more significant dose resulted in reductions in AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, and bilirubin of 54, 27, 56, 36, and 17%, respectively. Ethanolic extract 200 mg/kg/day also shows a reduction in elevated levels of Creatinine, Urea, Uric Acid, and Total Protein by 61%, 58%, 29%, and 9%, respectively. Conclusion: Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of ethanol extract of Vitis vinifera were demonstrated, with ethanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being the most effective. This presents scientific evidence for using medicinal plants such as Vitis vinifera in managing liver and kidney disorders.

1H-NMR-Based Chemometric Analysis of Echinacea Species to Predict Effectors of Myeloid Progenitor Stimulation

Echinacea, a herbaceous, perennial flowering plant from the Compositae (Asteraceae) family, exhibits stimulating effects on myeloid progenitors (CFU-GMs) in rat bone marrow, as demonstrated in our previous study using a 75% (v v−1) ethanol extract of aerial parts. Expanding on this work, we have investigated eleven different Echinacea samples that belong to three species for their myeloid progenitor-stimulating activity. Simultaneously, we employed 1H-NMR spectroscopy (400 MHz, 0.02–10.02 ppm) and chemometric analysis to predict constituents responsible for activity. Female Sprague–Dawley rats received oral doses of ethanol extracts (0–200 mg extract dry weight kg−1 body weight) of Echinacea for seven days. Bone marrow cells were then cultured with CFU-GM growth factors. Extracts showing a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in CFU-GM, compared to the control, were considered active. Significant CFU-GM increases were observed in rats treated with seven Echinacea samples, ranging from 39% to 91% higher than the control, while four samples were inactive. All five Echinacea purpurea samples showed myeloid progenitor-stimulating activity, while one sample each of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida also exhibited the same activity. By applying orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to the 1H-NMR spectra, we identified specific spectral bins (0.70–1.98 ppm aliphatic and 6.38–7.76 ppm aromatic) correlating with myelopoiesis stimulation. These findings highlight the potential of chemometric analysis using 1H-NMR spectroscopy to infer the chemical classes that could be responsible for the bioactive properties of complex herbal mixtures, like Echinacea.

Metabolite profile of Passiflora mollisima leaf using UHPLC-ESI-MS and its potential anxiolytic activity in mice

Background: Traditionally, extracts of Passiflora mollisima leaves are used as anxiolytics, but the existing metabolites are unknown. Objectives: To identify by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS some of the metabolites and the anxiolytic activity of the leaf extract. Materials and Methods: The extract was subject to UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and administered intraperitoneally (VIP) to 4 groups of mice: G1: white group 0.1mL of saline solution, G2: positive control group 1mg Kg¯¹ of diazepam and to treatment groups, namely, G3 50 mg Kg¯¹ and G4 100 mg Kg¯¹ and anxiety levels were evaluated with the light/dark transition test for mice. Results: Six flavone C-glycosides were tentatively identified, namely vicenin 2, lucenin 2, schaftoside, orientin, vitexin, and glucopyranosyl methyl luteolin. Lower levels of anxiety were observed in animals of groups G3 and G4 based on the number of transitions, with a mean of 11±2 and 21±2, respectively, compared to G1, which was 2±1 (p<0.05). The groups displayed a significant difference among them (p<0.05). There was an increase in the total time spent in darkness in G3 and G4 Passiflora-treated mice with a mean of 70±8 and 113±8 respectively, compared to G1, which was 8±1 with a p<0.05. Conclusion: The metabolites identified have biological activities, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. The results of the effects of the 50mg Kg¯¹ and 100 mg Kg¯¹ doses of ethanolic extract of Passiflora mollisima leaves significantly decreased anxiety levels (p<0.05). This information contributes towards its further use in a therapeutic, clinical setting.

Anti-inflammatory activity of An Ethanol Extract of Pucuk Merah (Syzigium myrtifolium Walp.) in vivo

Compared with classical Utilization of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties, it needs to be done to find alternative treatments with relatively more minor side effects, such as Syzygium myrtifolium walp. This study aims to determine the effective dose of ethanol extract of pucuk merah as an anti-inflammatory in 30 male white rats of the Wistar strain. Testing the extract's anti-inflammatory effect was measured by measuring the edema volume on the soles of the rats' feet after being induced with 1% carrageenan with a pletismometer. The test animals were divided into six treatment groups, namely group 1 negative control (Na CMC 1%), group 2 positive control (Na Diclofenac 50 mg/KgBW), group 3 (dose of pucuk merah leaves extract 75 mg/KgBW), group 4 (quantity of pucuk merah leaves extract 100 mg/kgBW), and group 5 (amount of pucuk merah leaves extract 125 mg/kg BW), with observation times of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. The results showed that rats in group 5 with a dose of pucuk merah (125 mg/kgBW) had the best anti-inflammatory effect, with an anti-inflammatory potential of 97% compared to diclofenac sodium.

Effect of Ethanolic Fraction of Anogeissus Leiocarpa on Renal Function in Wistar Rat

Objective : This study investigated the effects of acute administration of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa on renal function in Wistar rats.
 Materials and Methods : Wistar albino spawn and Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark were used as biological material for this study. The method employed was to administer single doses of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark orally. Urine and blood samples were collected followed by measurement of renal markers (blood and urine urea and creatinine levels, urea and creatinine clearance).
 Results: Serum urea and creatinine levels were unchanged compared with controls. In contrast, extract and furosemide caused a significant (p < 0.001), dose-dependent increase in urinary creatinine. Ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa, at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg bw, significantly increased creatinine and urea clearance and thus glomerular filtration rate.
 Conclusion : Levels and clearances of urea and creatinine, kidney biomarkers, were not altered. This study shows that the extract is not nephrotoxic.
 Keywords : Anogeissus leiocarpa, glomerular filtration rate, nephrotoxic, urea, creatinine

Anti-Arthritis Effect of Ethanol Extract of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Leaves Against Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Model in Mice.

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a well-known oleaginous plant used as food source and traditional medicine by indigenous people for a long time. This study was conducted to evaluate anti-arthritis effect of ethanol extract of Sacha inchi leaves and provide scientific evidence to develop the new anti-arthritis remedy from Sacha inchi. Rheumatoid arthritis model was established by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into right hind footpads of mice and three doses of ethanol extract of Sacha inchi leaves (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) were used for treatment. The severity of arthritis was evaluated by measuring the ankle diameter and arthritic score, hematological and biochemical parameters (erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor). The pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) and the histology change of joint were also examined. All three doses of extracts significantly alleviated ankle diameter and arthritic score. Furthermore, the extracts could ameliorate the alternation of inflammatory cytokines as well histological features of CFA-induced mice. The efficacy of extract dose of 300 mg/kg body weight is comparable with reference drug (Mobic, 0.2 mg/kg body weight). This study indicates Sacha inchi leaf extract as the promising remedy for treatment of arthritis.

Linta meliala,roito yuliana UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIDIARE EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN GAGATAN HARIMAU (Vitisgracilis BL) PADA TIKUS JANTAN PUTIH

Abstract Diarrhea is the abnormal passage of loose or watery stools, with a frequency of more than three times a day. Diarrhea can be caused by bacteria. Gagatan Harimau leaves are known to have antibacterial properties. This research was conducted using an experimental method in the field of pharmacology at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deli Husada Health Institute Delitua, using 25 rats induced with castor oil and divided into 5 treatment groups: negative control (1% CMC Na), positive control (Loperamide HCl), and treatment groups with ethanol extract of Gagatan Harimau leaves at doses of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW), 100 mg/kg BW, and 200 mg/kg BW. The sample used was Gagatan Harimau leaves (Vitis graillis BL), which were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol as the solvent and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening results of Gagatan Harimau leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins. The results of the antidiarrheal effect test showed that the ethanol extract of Gagatan Harimau leaves at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW had antidiarrheal effects on male rats. The 200 mg/kg BW dose of ethanol extract showed the most effective antidiarrheal effect compared to the 50 and 100 mg/kg BW doses. The extract from Gagatan Harimau leaves (Vitis gracillis BL) exhibited antidiarrheal effects on male white rats induced with castor oil.

EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND NEUROLEPTIC POTENTIAL OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF ADENIUM OBESUM

The term psychosis refers to illnesses that impair the mind and cause a loss of touch with reality. The present research focuses on screening of phytochemicals and neuroleptic potential of leaves extract of Adenium Obesum in animal models. Leaves of Adenium obesum were obtained from the Saharanpur, UP region and these were identified and authenticated by a botanist at BSI, (Prayagraj) Allahabad. The leaves were washed making dust-free and dried at room temperature or shade. The dried leaves were rendered into coarse powders and then finally into fine ones. The powder was weighed and soaked into hydroalcoholic solution consisting ethanol+ distilled water (1:1) for fifteen days with gradual stirrings. A rotating evaporator is used to dry the brownish until a semisolid extract was obtained. Animal House, Department of Pharmacy, Glocal University Saharanpur (UP) was provided Wistar rats of either sex weighing 130–160g. Animals were divided in 4 groups (n=6) i.e., group1 administered only normal saline daily for 21 days, group 2 administered pregabalin (10mg/kg) orally, for 21 days, group 3 administered hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (HLAO) at dose of 200mg/kg orally, for 21 days and group 4 administered hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (HLAO) at dose of 400mg/kg orally up to 21 days. Screening of phytochemicals and then neuroleptic activity of Adenium Obesum by screening models i.e., Apomorphine-induced stereotypy, Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and Climbing behavior test was evaluated. In results, Adenium obesum has prominent neuroprotective effect at lower and higher doses (200mg/kg & 400mg/kg). But response was based on dose levels. It exhibited a significant neuroprotective behavior it might be due to better release of constituents from the leaves of Adenium obesum plant. In conclusion, Adenium obesum has potential neuroprotective behaviour at the all the doses used but highest was observed at higher dose of ethanolic extract that might be due to better solubility and constituents release from the A. obesum leaves in extraction. Future research suggests, to identify and isolate the responsible element for the pharmacological potential and make the suitable dosage form.

Effect of Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper Crocatum) on Blood Glucose Levels and Kidney Histopathology in Streptozotosin-Nicotinamide Induced Streptozotosin-Nicotinamide Rats

Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus which results in changes in the structure and function of the kidneys. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) can be used as a treatment for diabetic nephropathy, which has antioxidant properties. This study aims to determine the optimal dose of ethanol extract of red betel leaves, the effect of ethanol extract of red betel leaves on blood glucose, improvement of kidney function and kidney histopathology in STZ-NA induced rats. This study used 30 male white rats of the Wistar strain, 5 groups were conditioned to experience hyperglycemia and waited for three weeks after induction of STZ-NA via intra peritoneal 60 mg/kg BW and 120 mg/kg BW. After it was stated that the rats had diabetic nephropathy, they were given an oral test preparation. Parameters measured were blood glucose, BUN, and renal histopathological tests. Data analysis used the ANOVA method followed by the LSD Post Hoc test. The test results of antihyperglycemic activity and improvement of kidney function stated that the ethanol extract of red betel leaves at doses of 125 mg/kg BW and 250 mg/kg BW had a significant difference between the normal group, negative control and positive control, but at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW there was no difference significantly with the positive control where the ethanol extract of red betel leaves has the same effect as the positive control. The results of the renal histopathological test at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW were significantly different from the normal control, negative control, positive control, but at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW there was no difference from the positive group.

Assessment of the Fungicidal and Nematicidal Potential of Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Plant Nematode

The primary concern was the removal of numerous soil fumigants and nematicides due to their potential risks to human and environmental safety. Fungal pathogens can cause serious diseases in humans and animals. Among these, root-knot nematodes such as Meloidogyne incognita and Tylenchulus semipenetrans pose a significant threat, leading to substantial damage and yield reduction in various economically important plants. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the fungicidal and nematicidal activities of the ethanol extract (EE) and lupeol (L), the major isolates from the aerial parts of Reichardia tingitana L. Roth (Asteraceae), against Aspergillus flavus and plant-parasitic nematodes. Antifungal actions of EE (10-120 ppm) and L (23.4-281.2 µM) were evaluated through in vitro and in vivo growth assays, spore germination inhibition assays, and the efficacy of inhibiting pod and kernel infection. Nematicidal activity of EE and L was tested by preparing cultures containing egg masses of nematode species M. incognita from infected eggplants and T. semipenetrans from infected citrus roots, using concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 ppm. Results showed that R. tingitana (EE) and (L) exhibited nematostatic or nematicidal effects on nematode viability, egg hatch in vitro, and development and reproduction in vivo. Lupeol was particularly effective in inhibiting the colonization of A. flavus in peanuts. EE and L demonstrated high toxicity against nematodes in laboratory exposure and were effective in controlling nematode infestation in eggplant roots for 45 days. Improvement in plant growth parameters, including shoot and root length and weights, varied and was proportional to the doses of EE and L treatments. The antifungal and bio-nematicide effects of the ethanol extract from the aerial parts of R. tingitana were superior to those of lupeol, which could be attributed to the synergistic effect of phytochemicals in the ethanol extract. Both EE and L have potential applications as antifungal and bio-nematicide agents.