Dos Pinhais Research Articles

Parameterization of Bernard’s Mathematical Model to Estimate Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves in the Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais Sub-basins Belonging to the Upper Iguaçu River Basin, Brazil

Abstract The main objective of this research was to generate the parameters of a mathematical model for predicting precipitation behavior in the Curitiba and São Jose dos Pinhais sub-basins, which belong to the upper Iguaçu basin. Initially, a time series of pluviographic records from five meteorological stations was acquired. These data underwent goodness-of-fit tests and probability distribution function analyses, revealing that the Gumbel distribution provided the best fit for the data from all five analyzed stations. Subsequently, the Gumbel distribution and the polynomial regression method determined the relationship between precipitation, intensity, duration, and frequency (IDF). IDF curves for different return periods were plotted using this established model as a function of precipitation event duration. The results showed that the Curitiba station recorded the highest rainfall (146.2 mm) within 24 hours in February 1990. Statistical analysis based on the Mann-Kendall test indicated that the rainfall values from the five stations analyzed exhibited a homogeneous distribution. These findings reveal that the future IDF curves will rise as time goes by, and a possible climate change may occur, which could be due to the various factors that affect the climate. In conclusion, this research successfully derived the parameters necessary for calculating the intensity of future precipitation events across different durations and return periods for the five stations analyzed.

RELATIONSHIP OF OLDER PEOPLE IN THE RURAL AREA OF SOUTHWEST PARANÁ (BRAZIL) WITH INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTS)

There are many challenges hinder the digital inclusion of people over 60. It is understood that the logic of inventions is to contribute to society. However, over the years, as technological evolution becomes necessary and develops rapidly, some generations, among them older people, need help keeping up with or adapting to them. Through exploratory research with a qualitative approach, where bibliographical research and the application of a questionnaire were used, we selected older adults of both sexes, in which we sought to analyze the appropriation and use of ICTs by older adults affiliated with the Cooperative Cresol União dos Pinhais, located in Coronel Vivida, a city in the mesoregion of Southwest Paraná, describing their main challenges facing digital inclusion. In general, the interviewees demonstrated the appropriation of ICTs, even with some difficulty and technical and skill challenges. However, they are aware of the importance of improving the use of the tools for their cognitive development and other potentialities related to decision-making in their rural property.

What Is the Contribution of Community Programs to the Physical Activity of Women? A Study Based on Public Open Spaces in Brazil.

Community programs can facilitate the access of vulnerable subgroups to physical activity (PA). This study analyzed the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, public open spaces (POS) usage, and women's PA. The 155 participants were assiduous in taking part in PA classes in POS in São José dos Pinhais, Brazil. The accelerometer-based PA measures identified four outcomes: (1) daily light-intensity PA (LPA), (2) daily moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), (3) LPA in POS, and (4) MVPA in POS. Linear regression, and the Durbin-Watson and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for data analysis in STATA software. The main results showed that the weekly frequency (β: 10.9, p < 0.01) and intensity of the main activity in the POS (β: 22.4, p < 0.05) were related to daily MVPA. Economic level and length of stay in the POS were positively related to the LPA performed (p < 0.05). Weekly frequency (β: 2.4, p < 0.01), length of stay (β: 11.0, p < 0.01), and intensity of PA practiced in the POS (β: 5.9, p < 0.05) showed a positive relationship with MVPA in the POS. In conclusion, there was a positive relationship between some analyzed variables and PA of different intensities, especially the consistent relationship between weekly frequency of POS usage and MVPA. Participation in structured PA classes in a community program can contribute to an increase of 47 min of daily MVPA.

Rapid Immune Tests SARS-COV-2 – An Experience in Beira Baixa

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 affects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, causing severe infections. Since it is a pathology with a high level of transmissibility, it becomes central to mass testing. In addition, there was also a need to monitor the epidemic through serological tests. Objective: Evaluate the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the community residing in Beira Baixa through immunological screening tests. Materials and methods: Analytical, cross-sectional, and observational study, whose sample consists of 206 individuals. Data collection took place between February and April 2021, in the laboratories of the Dr. Lopes Dias Higher School of Health. Verbal informed consent, a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data and the serological test were applied. Results: Of the total number of participants, 15.5% admitted to having had COVID-19, of which 0.5% suspected they had been infected and 84% said they had never been infected. Regarding the presence of antibodies, 2.9% of the tests performed were positive for the presence of IgM's while 30.1% were positive for the presence of IgG's. Regarding vaccination, at the time of the investigation only 10.2% of the participants were vaccinated, of which 9.7% had IgG antibodies. Conclusion: Rapid serological tests can provide information about the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, thus being a very advantageous tool for immunity studies.

Perfil físico e motor de crianças entre os 6 e os 10 anos de idade em função dos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória

Abstract This study aimed to compare the physical profile and motor profile of children from 6 to 10 years old, according to their level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Participated 2036 children from 6 to 10 years old from São José dos Pinhais - PR. Assessed variables were stature, corporal mass, Body mass index (BMI), physical fitness (PF), and gross motor coordination (GMC). The CRF was assessed by the total distance during the 6 minutes walking test. A battery of tests KTK evaluated the GCM. The children were classified according to their levels of CRF (low-moderate-elevated). Differences between groups were tested using ANOVA one way. Data analysis was made in the SPSS software, with a meaningfulness of 5%. Children with low levels of CRF showed higher values of adiposity. On the PF tests, children with low levels of CRF showed higher values of prehension and worse performance in the other tests. Regarding GMC, children with low levels of CRF had lower coordinative performance. Meaningful differences were found in the comparisons between different groups (low-moderate, low-elevated) with an advantage in the results in moderate levels of CRF. Obtaining average levels of CRF can bring protective benefits in other variables in children's growth process and development during infancy. Evaluating the CRF doesn't only get a momentary evaluation. Still, it can also do the monitoring of an essential variable of health, as well as indicate a predisposition about other physical-motor variables.

Primeiro relato de Cerchysiella insularis (Howard, 1897) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitando Lobiopainsularis (Castelnau, 1840) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) em morangueiro

ABSTRACT: Strawberry is one of the most socially and economically important small fruits in Brazil, with strong demand by the food industry driving high levels of production. However, phytosanitary problems, especially insect damage, can hamper strawberry cultivation. A pest of great concern is the strawberry sap beetle, Lobiopa insularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), which damages the fruits. Chemical control has not been effective against L. insularis, as it makes harvesting and marketing the product unfeasible. Parasitoids have been effectively utilized to control various strawberry pests and support sustainable production. We report the occurrence of the wasp Cerchysiella insularis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasite of L. insularis on strawberries in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. Samples of strawberries (San Andreas cultivar) attacked by L. insularis were collected from February to March, 2019. Lobiopa insularis larvae were individually placed in rearing pots, fed on San Andreas strawberries, and checked weekly for symptoms of parasitism or parasitoid emergence. Parasitism rates were 33.85% in March and 45.90% in February. The sex ratio varied between 0.88 and 0.86. All parasitized larvae were infested by C. insularis. The natural parasitism rate above 33% and high sex ratio of C. insularis in strawberry crops indicated that it may have the potential in the control of L. insularis.

Barriers to physical activity among adults in primary healthcare units in the National Health System: a cross-sectional study in Brazil.

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:Many factors may negatively impact physical activity (PA), but studies lack evidence of individual predictors of perceived barriers to PA among adults in primary healthcare units.OBJECTIVE:To analyze associations between sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), PA counseling and perceived barriers to LTPA among adult patients in primary healthcare units of the National Health System in Brazil.DESIGN AND SETTING:Cross-sectional study on a representative sample of adults in primary healthcare units in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil.METHODS:This study was conducted in 2019, among 779 adults (70% women). Barriers to LTPA, sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status, skin color, education and income), health conditions (body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary disease and medications), LTPA level and PA counseling received were measured using validated, standardized procedures. The data were analyzed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests.RESULTS:The most prevalent barriers were “feeling too tired” (53%) and “lack of time” (52%). PA counseling was inversely associated with “lack of time” (45% versus 57%; P < 0.001) but positively associated with “injury or disease” (38% versus 29%; P = 0.008). There was an inverse linear trend between the number of barriers and LTPA (walking and total) (P < 0.001). Most barriers differed in comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, LTPA and counseling (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The barriers vary according to the individual predictors. Counseling strategies need to be specific for each barrier and may be promising for promoting LTPA within primary healthcare.

Reflections on the adaptation of the Cobb-Douglas Function to work in circular economy starting with the implementation of a biodigester in São José dos Pinhais

A economia linear, o modelo dominante no mundo, não contribui para a sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social. As ações globais não têm sido suficientes para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável. O atual modelo econômico Cobb-Douglas opera em uma economia linear que não leva em conta os princípios da sustentabilidade; assim, dada a necessidade de operar em uma economia circular (EC), a função Cobb-Douglas deve ser adaptada. Observamos a necessidade de incluir os recursos naturais e a energia como insumos, e os resíduos gerados pela produção como saídas, no modelo Cobb-Douglas. Observou-se também que as políticas públicas devem contemplar modelos mais sustentáveis que favoreçam a promoção da EC. Neste trabalho, mapeamos o município de São José dos Pinhais (SJP), de acordo com a produção de resíduos orgânicos para a implantação de um biodigestor, e analisamos a equação geral dos fatores de produção (Schumpeter e Cobb-Douglas). Além disso, analisamos as ações ligadas ao meio ambiente constantes no Plano Plurianual (PPA) do município para o período 2018-2021, bem como a viabilidade da implantação de uma usina termelétrica de biogás. Finalmente, mostramos a importância das políticas públicas para ações de desenvolvimento sustentável nas cidades e a necessidade de transparência nos orçamentos municipais para garantir o acesso da população à informação. Concluímos que só é possível cumprir os princípios das Metas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (SDG) e da Governança Social Ambiental (ESG) com a inclusão de novos fatores de produção (reciclagem de resíduos, compostagem e energia) na função Cobb-Douglas operando em uma EC.

Sedentary Behavior Counseling Received from Healthcare Professionals: An Exploratory Analysis in Adults at Primary Health Care in Brazil.

Counseling by health professionals has promising results in behavior change and is recommended as part of integrated community interventions. However, the knowledge about sedentary behavior (SB) counseling is incipient. The study aimed to identify the prevalence and explore the associated factors with SB counseling received from healthcare professionals by adults in primary health care (PHC) in Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 that included a representative sample of 779 users in all 15 basic health units (BHU) in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná. We identified those who reported having received SB counseling during a consultation. The association between the sociodemographic factors, chronic diseases, access to health services, physical activity, SB, and counseling were analyzed using Poisson regression in a hierarchical model. The prevalence of counseling was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.1–14.7%); it was higher in women (PR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.10–2.83), those aged ≥60 yrs (PR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.14–2.98), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (PR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.31–5.17), who consume ≥3 medications (PR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.06–4.59), and those who spend a prolonged period of the day engaged in SB (4th quartile PR: 3.44; 95% CI: 1.88–6.31). The results highlight that SB counseling is underutilized and incipient in PHC. Understanding these results can help managers and healthcare professionals in BHU teams to implement and direct specific actions to reduce SB in adults through counseling.

Exposure to Public Open Spaces and Leisure-Time Physical Activity: An Analysis of Adults in Primary Health Care in Brazil.

Public open spaces (POS) enable many leisure activities. However, few studies have evaluated how different exposures to POS with structured physical activities (PA) could affect the leisure-time PA (LTPA) of adults with chronic diseases. This study aimed to analyze the associations between different exposures to POS and LTPA in adults in primary health care in Brazil. In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 615 users of 15 Basic Health Units in São José dos Pinhais. The POS exposure was measured by the presence and distance (GIS), and the usage and frequency of usage were self-reported. The IPAQ identified walking and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Data were analyzed with multilevel Poisson regression adjusted for the possible confounders (sex, age, economic level, chronic diseases). The prevalence of walking and MVPA ≥150 min/week was 12% and 14%, respectively. The usage of POS increased by 52% the likelihood of walking ≥10 min/week (PR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.02–2.21), while usage ≥2 times/week increased by 2 times the likelihood of this outcome (PR: 2.01; 95%CI: 1.28–3.05). The usage of POS increased by 2.7 times the likelihood of MVPA ≥10 min/week (PR: 2.73; 95%CI: 1.86–3.97), and usage ≥2 times/week increased by 3.5 times the likelihood of this outcome (PR: 3.45; 95%CI: 2.14–5.42). Finally, the usage of POS increased by 3 times the likelihood of MVPA ≥150 min/week (PR: 3.03; 95%CI: 1.92–4.74), while usage ≥2 times/week increased by 3.8 times the likelihood of this outcome (PR: 3.81; 95%CI: 2.19–6.38). In conclusion, only the usage of POS is positively associated with walking and MVPA in the leisure time of adult primary health care users.

First record of Mirinaba cadeadensis (Gastropoda: Strophocheilidae) in an anthropogenic shell mound from the Paraná coast, Southern Brazil

Mirinaba cadeadensis Lange de Morretes, 1952 is restricted to the Paraná state, and found at the municipalities of Morretes, São José dos Pinhais, Paranaguá, Matinhos, and Guaratuba, associated to the Serra do Mar mountains. In this paper, we report the first record of this species in an anthropogenic shell mound. Two shells of M. cadeadensis were located in the internal stratigraphic layers of the Boguaçu shell mound. This is also the first shell mound record for Mirinaba.

The government and the opposition: the dispute for the Additional Act in imperial Brazil

Published in the newspaper of the provincial government of Parana, the series of articles The government and the opposition was written in defense of the president of the province in the case of the judicial district of S. Jose dos Pinhais. Guided by the Ginzburg microhistorical approach, this research aimed to discover, based on four particular texts, whether it was possible to grasp general issues of Imperial Brazil. Reconstructing the public discussion to which these anonymous articles belonged led to realize that they were an episode of a broader novel on the interpretation of the Additional Act of 1834, the only constitutional reform of the Imperial Charter of 1824. Said Act represented a (federative?) pact between the crown and the provincial oligarchies. Although narrow and biased, the window opened by the four editorials allows to glimpse a lush interpretive garden: divided into party doctrines, with individual nuances, incoherencies and, most importantly, a constitutional custom. The imperial form of state, then, was designed according to a historically settled game of legal interpretation. Enviado el (Submission Date): 16/04/2020 Aceptado el (Acceptance Date): 23/06/2020

An Integrative Taxonomy of a New Species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with High Reproductive Capacity.

A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is described: Trichogramma foersteri sp. nov. Takahashi from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) a major soybean defoliating pest. The parasitoid was collected in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil, and molecular and morphological characters were used to confirm the identity of the new species. Preliminary biological data are provided to demonstrate its high capacity of parasitism. The new species is a potential candidate as a biological control agent against some lepidopteran-pests.

Análise espacial dos casos de HIV em adultos jovens e o acesso aos serviços públicos em um município do Paraná

This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of notified cases of HIV infection in young adults, from 2007 to 2016, and its relationship with accessibility to public health and social care services in a municipality in Paraná. This was an ecological study with georeferencing of notified HIV cases in young adults living in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, from 2007 to 2016. The study analyzed data from the National System of Notifiable Diseases. A total of 309 cases of HIV/ AIDS infection were reported, and of these, 251 cases were georeferenced using the QGIS software. The geolocation of the cases was performed using the Google Earth Pro software. Concerning the characterization of the cases, there were 147 (47.5%) people with HIV and 162 (52.5%) with AIDS. Regarding gender, 97 (31%) were female and 212 (69%) were male. Meanwhile, the distribution of public centers were among the health sector (43) and the social assistance sector (16). Since the health facilities are located in the center of the urban space, and all social care facilities are within the urban area, these locations cannot guarantee accessibility to individuals who reside in more peripheral urban and rural areas. Therefore, there is a need for decentralization of services to ensure access to health promotion and disease prevention actions.

Pluralidade cultural em escolas de São José dos Pinhais, Paraná

The cross-cutting themes should be taught in all the schools across the country; however these themes are not always discussed in an appropriate way, which would promote an integral education. These themes are subdivided into six (cultural plurality, sexual orientation, environment, health, market and consumption, ethics). This research has the proposal of verify if the cross-cutting themes are being taught in a satisfactory way in two different schools, public and private school, in Sao Jose dos Pinhais PR, 2018. The Article was made with the bibliographic research support, field research and a formulary about the chosen subject. For this, a field research was made and it was applied a form with eight questions related to the studied topic. The main results were that both schools are in accordance, promoting the immigrant students integration and also working with the plurality theme, so they reached the proposed objectives of the National Curriculum Parameters (NCP), obtain positive results in the community such as the respect of cultural diversity at school, so that the student can show and tell about his/her culture, which can be used as an artificial for meaningful activities in class. Concludes that, in the schools analyzed for this study, the development of the Cultural Plurality theme is done in a satisfactory way, according to NCP, in which teachers use methods such as cultural fairs and specific activities during classes.

Estratégias e serviços públicos municipais da cidade digital estratégica de São José dos Pinhais-PR

Os recursos da tecnologia da informação têm revolucionado a vida de pessoas, organizações, governos e, assim, o modo como as cidades fazem a gestão dos serviços públicos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os subprojetos de cidade digital estratégica da Prefeitura de São José dos Pinhais-PR, por meio de suas estratégias e serviços públicos disponibilizados digitalmente aos cidadãos e gestores públicos. O método de pesquisa consiste em estudo de caso com técnicas tanto quantitativas, pois expressam números, quanto qualitativas, ao analisarem os nomes e as temáticas municipais desses mesmos números, sendo pautado por um protocolo de pesquisa com 2 constructos e 10 variáveis. Os resultados auferidos demonstram que a administração pública municipal tem se preocupado com a adoção de iniciativas para facilitar a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, pois possui 16 estratégias e 31 serviços públicos fornecidos por meio da tecnologia da informação. A conclusão indica que os subprojetos encontrados contribuem com a gestão municipal e possibilitam que São José dos Pinhais seja entendida como uma cidade digital estratégica, apesar da inexistência de um projeto formal.

Insufficient physical activity levels and high screen time among adolescents: impact of associated factors

The scope of this study was to verify the impact of associated factors with insufficient physical activity levels and high screen time among adolescents. A cross-sectional and representative study was conducted with 899 public high school adolescents from São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. It involved measurement of physical activity levels and screen time and classification according to the norms of the World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The factors associated with insufficient physical activity levels and high screen time were gender, sexual maturation, social support and self-efficacy in terms of physical activity. Poisson regression was applied to test the associations. Population attributable fraction (PAF) and relative risk reduction (RRR) calculated the impact of associated factors with insufficient physical activity levels and high screen time among adolescents. In the combined presence of insufficient physical activity levels with high screen time, the female sex presented PAF = 13.04, a post-pubertal stage PAF = 9.91 and social support presented RRR = 31.00. The findings suggest that being female and post-pubescent are risk factors, while social support is a protective factor, for combined insufficient physical activity levels and high screen time among adolescents.

Urbanorum spp

Introdução: As enteroparasitoses são foco de investigações científicas no mundo todo. Urbanorum spp. foi reconhecido como parasita em 1994 no Peru, expandindo-se pela América do Sul. Relatado pela primeira vez no Brasil em 2018, Maranhão. Este relato apresenta o segundo caso no estado do Paraná. Relato de caso: Paciente masculino, 56 anos, 75kg, diabético, habitante de São José dos Pinhais, área urbana. Procura atenção primária por dor ao evacuar, tenesmo e cólica abdominal. Nega diarréia, febre, sangue nas fezes e viagem recente. Exame físico abdominal, hemograma e parcial de urina sem alterações. Parasitológico de fezes: Urbanorum spp. Prescrito Nitazoxanida 500mg 12/12h por 3 dias. Paciente retorna com melhora da sintomatologia e parasitológico de controle negativo. Conclusão: Atualmente a escassez de estudos primários prospectivos dificultam o delineamento clínico-epidemiológico e tratamento da parasitose. A disseminação do parasita entre extremos do país em curto intervalo de tempo, aliada à carência de saneamento básico criam um alerta para seu grande potencial epidêmico. Por isso, as políticas de saúde pública devem priorizar ações informativas e preventivas a fim de evitar surtos e complicações. A atenção primária à saúde é fundamental nesse contexto, justamente pela longitudinalidade e abrangência do cuidado.

Sexual Maturation, social support and physical activity in adolescents

To analyze the moderating effect of maturation on the association between social support, received from parents and friends, on physical activity level in adolescents. Cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 with a representative sample of 855 adolescents (54% girls) enrolled in public school of São José dos Pinhais, Brazil. Adolescents reported weekly attendance who received different types of social support for physical activity, which was classified into three categories (“never," "sometimes," "always"). The social support score from each source was computed and classified in tertiles ("low", "intermediate", "high"). The moderate to vigorous leisure time physical activity was evaluated with a valid questionnaire and the score was classified as ≥300 min/wk. The maturation was self-assessed by pubic hairiness by photos and classified as "pubescent" and "post-pubescent". The associations were tested with Poisson regression in STATA 14. The fact that parents "sometimes" (PR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.42-4.44) or "always" (PR: 4.60; 95% CI: 2.10-10.10) to attend the activities was positively associated with the physical activity of pubertal adolescents. While positive reinforcement for the activities ("always" commenting) was positively associated with the outcome in post-pubertal adolescents (PR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.01-6.71). The fact that friends "always" watch activities (PR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.01-5.76), the score "intermediate" (PR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.28-3.58) and "high" (RP: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.11-3.28) were positively associated with the physical activity of pubertal adolescents. Maturation shows a moderating effect in the association between the social support and physical activity.

A stranger in the family? On the social behavior of a leucistic collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) with pigmented conspecifics

Anomalous coloration is defined as the excess or deficit of pigmentation in some region(s) or throughout the entire body of an animal, and have been classified as piebalism, leucism, or albinism. The first record of anomalous coloration for the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) was a leucistic cub captured in dense ombrophilous Atlantic Forest in the municipality of Sao Jose dos Pinhais, state of Parana, southern Brazil, which was subsequently raised by residents until it was an adult. Collared peccarys’s behaviors are well documented in literature, but there is no published scientific information about the behavior of leucistic individuals. Here we report the second case of anomalous coloration of the collared peccary (P. tajacu) in Brazil and the Neotropical region, and comment on its social interaction with pigmented conspecifics. For a period of 27 months of monitoring, cameras trap captured 109 records (47 videos and 62 photos) distributed among 21 days. We retrieved 22 independent events from the records, of which 54.5% were of the leucistic collared peccary alone and 45.5% with it interacting with pigmented conspecifics. During interactions it displayed both affiliative and agonistic behaviors. Collared peccaries live in stable herds of five to 25 individuals, with temporary sub-herds of one to three individuals that forage separately for several hours during the day. Considering that animals with an absence of body pigmentation are more susceptible to predation, the survival of the leucistic collared peccary may be associated with its social interaction with pigmented conspecifics.