Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Research Articles

Influence on electrochemical impedance and photovoltaic performance of natural DSSC using Terminalia catappa based on Mg-doped ZnO photoanode

In this paper, we report the successful fabrication of a novel dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSCs) using Mg doped ZnO as photoanode and natural dye Terminalia catappa as sensitizer. We synthesized Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles at different Mg concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) by employing a simple solvothermal route. The structural, morphology, composition and optical investigations of synthesized Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles are carried out using XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX, TEM, SAED, FTIR and UV–visible measurements. The XRD results confirmed the formation of hexagonal-wurtzite structure for the Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles and increase of crystalline size with increasing dopant concentration up to 6% is observed. FESEM analysis indicated a gradual change in the surface morphology with increasing Mg concentration and the size of the nanoparticles are slightly reduced at higher Mg concentration. The HRTEM images and SAED pattern also confirmed the formation of wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO. The band gap energies calculated from the UV–visible spectra using Tauc's plots indicated decrease of band gap energy with dopant concentration. The DSSCs fabricated using Mg doped ZnO photo-anodes and Terminalia catappa sensitizer showed higher efficiency at higher Mg concentration and observed increase in efficiency is discussed based on slower charge carrier recombination and higher carrier life time as evidenced from the electrochemical impedance analysis.

Properties of Ti doped ZnO nanoparticles under solid state reaction method involving vacuum annealing

The present study deals with synthesis of titanium doped zinc oxide (Ti:ZnO) nanoparticles (NP) using solid state reaction and subjected to vacuum annealing. The Ti doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared at different titanium concentrations (Ti = 0%,1%, 3%, 5% & 7%) and studied the role of Ti on physical properties of the Ti:ZnO nanoparticles. The prepared titanium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were subjected to various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV–Vis-spectrophotometer (UV–Vis–NIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Keithley source meter to study the structural, optical, surface, spectroscopic, elemental and electrical properties, respectively. From the XRD studies, it was found that the Ti:ZnO NP were in hexagonal structure with average crystallite size of 39 nm. The SEM images confirms the formation of the clusters in spherical shape. The EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of the host (Zn & O) and dopant (Ti) elements in the synthesized nanoparticles. The functional groups were confirmed from FT-IR spectrum. The valence states of the elements such as Ti, Zn and O were studied and found as Ti+3, Zn+2 and O−2. The electrical properties of the bulk Ti:ZnO NP were studied using Keithley source meter.

Combustion synthesis of calcium doped ZnO nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

ZnO nanoparticles are one of the prominent photocatalysts for environmental applications due to its high redox ability, nontoxic and higher stability. This report explains the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by a simple solution combustion method using zinc nitrate hexahydrate as an oxidizing agent and incense stick powder as fuel at 400 °C. Several techniques were adopted for the characterization of the obtained product. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that a lower concentration of fuel gives pure ZnO and a higher concentration of fuel results in calcium doped ZnO with a cubic phase having a crystallite size of 32–28 nm. UV–vis spectrum shows that as the fuel concentration increases, band gap decreases and reaches to 3.33 eV for 3 g of fuel. Spongy networks with many pores wereobserved in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed the average particle size of Ca doped ZnO NPs is about 20 nm. Pure and Ca doped ZnO nanoparticles were examined for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV light irradiation. The results prove that Ca doped ZnO nanoparticles show good photocatalytic activity.

Yttrium doped ZnO nanofillers reinforced epoxy coating for anticorrosion application

In the present study, synthesized pure and Yttrium (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mM) doped Zinc Oxide (YZO) nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. X-ray diffractogram asserts the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO nanoparticles. The average crystallite size was found to be 22–17 nm. The hexagonal shape, surface morphology, particle size and elemental composition of the samples were analyzed by FESEM, HRTEM and EDAX. The anticorrosive property of nanoscopic size (17 nm) YZO/epoxy nanocomposite was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique in both neutral and acidic media. Epoxy/YZO nanocomposites were prepared using different loadings (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 wt%) of yttrium doped ZnO nanoparticles. The results obtained confirm that 0.10 wt% is the optimum concentration to get superior anticorrosion activity Epoxy/YZO nanocomposites were applied on mild steel substrates. The acquisition of yttrium doped ZnO nanofillers into the plain epoxy coating materially increased the charge transfer resistance Rct by 3.5 times in oxalic acid solution as against epoxy/ZnO coating. This encapsulates that the YZO nanoparticles are a potential anti-corrosive filler in coat on mild steel.

Intrinsic defect-induced magnetism and enhanced photocatalytic activity in Zn1−xZrxO (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) nanoparticles for spintronic device and photocatalytic application

In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique with and without Zr4+ doping. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). A rietveld refinement analysis was performed using fullprof software on the XRD patterns of ZnO and Zr4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles, analysis showed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size between 19 and 15 nm. SEM were employed to examine the surface morphology. TEM used to determine the particle size and size distribution histogram. SAED pattern confirmed the single-crystalline wurtzite structure. The compositional stoichiometry was verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). The PL spectrum reveals UV emission at the near band edge, as well as defect-related blue and green emission. In the PL spectrum, the green emission of Zr doped ZnO nanoparticles correlates strongly with their magnetic properties.An oxygen vacancy defect was confirmed by EPR studies for Zr doped ZnO nanoparticles. Sample (x = 0.03) exhibited very high coercivity value due to higher oxygen vacancies (Vo). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the oxidation state of Zn and Zr4+ atoms exist as Zn2+ and Zr4+ in the ZnO structure respectively. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to quantify the magnetic properties. Field-dependent magnetization measurements show diamagnetic behavior for pristine and Zr (x = 0.01 mol) doped ZnO. However, other doped samples (x = 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 mol) exhibited ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature due to intrinsic defects (Zni and Vo). A UV–visible absorption spectrum was used to determine the energy band gap. Compared with pristine ZnO nanoparticles, doped samples exhibit a redshift in absorption edge. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of synthesized samples was determined by degrading the dye methylene blue (M.B.) in the presence of sunlight. An extensive evaluation of the effect of Zr concentrations on photocatalytic degradation was conducted. Zr4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit emission peaks detected at 424, 446, and 573 nm. These emission peaks result from electron movement from the deep donor level, zinc interstitial (Zni), and oxygen vacancy(Vo), which ultimately leads to higher photocatalytic efficiency.

Photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities of pure and Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesised by Annona Muricata leaf extract

ABSTRACT The present work aim to investigate the photocatalytic, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Zn1-xMnxO (x = 0.0, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) nanoparticles synthesised using the leaf extract of Annona Muricata via green synthesis method. The effect of Mn doping in the obtained nanopowder were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques. XRD pattern confirms hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO nanoparticles. Incorporation of Mn into the ZnO host lattice was confirmed by XPS measurement. Morphology of nanoparticles shows irregular, spherical shapes with agglomeration. Presence of Zn, Mn and O elements in the EDAX reveals the perfect nature of nanostructures. The synthesised pure and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were found to be significant antibacterial activity against gram positive Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial pathogens as well as the fungal strain of Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger. The minimum zone of inhibition observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens confirms better antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. The Mn-doped nanoparticle shows comparatively enhanced removal of methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG) and Congo red (CR) dye under sunlight. These results indicates the green synthesised pure and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles have valuable applications in environmental and biomedical fields.

Chromium doped ZnO nanoparticles for energy storage, gas and humidity sensing and spin based electronic devices applications

This work was suggested to study the impact of Cr ions doping on the structural, optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The Zn1-xCrxO (with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.14 wt %) samples were fabricated by the co-precipitation technique. The obtained samples were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometer, Ac measurements and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). As a key results of all the mentioned above tools we can be summarized them as following; XRD patterns showed the presence of wurtzite (hexagonal) crystal structure with secondary phase formation in all doped samples. Also, it was found that as Cr ions were increased the particle size showed gradually decreasing in the samples that doped with Cr ions content of (0.06 and 0.1 wt %), while at 0.14 Cr content a slight increase was observed. The FTIR spectroscopy spectra showed the existence of chromium ions in the structure of ZnO nanoparticles. UV–vis spectra showed a red shift in the centers of the absorption bands. The energy band gab was found to be increased from 3.84 to 4.02 eV with increasing Cr content. The dielectric parameters such as, dielectric constant ({varepsilon }^{^{prime}}) and dielectric loss (mathrm{tan}delta), were investigated as a function of frequency and Cr doping content. The results showed increasing values of {varepsilon }^{^{prime}} at lower frequencies especially with high Cr doping content, whereas mathrm{tan}delta gives a higher value for the blank sample at a lower frequencies and decreased as the doping of Cr concentration increased. The ac conductivity (σac) for Cr doping samples showed increasing values, especially the sample of 0.14 wt % Cr concentration. In addition, the Cr doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. All the results obtained from the different techniques were considered promising for different applications i.e. energy storage devices, gas and humidity sensing and spin based electronic devices applications.

Influence of Positive Ion (Al3+, Sn4+, and Sb5+) Doping on the Basic Resistance and Sensing Performances of ZnO Nanoparticles Based Gas Sensors

Despite potential advantages of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs)-based gas sensors, the limitation of very high baseline resistance is still unsatisfactory for practical application. By means of element doping, the performance of metal oxide materials used as gas sensors can be optimized. Herein, different cations (Al3+, Sn4+, and Sb5+) doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized and used as the acetone sensing materials. Results show that the resistance of sensors based on Sn4+ doped ZnO was significantly reduced (from 5.18 to 0.28 MΩ) at 270 °C without sacrificing the acetone sensing responses. In addition, the gas sensor also exhibited the fast response/recovery time (1/10 s) and great long-term stability. The electron compensation and improved adsorbing oxygen ability for the Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles contributed to the relatively low resistance and enhanced acetone sensing performances.

Characterization and antibacterial activity of Ti doped ZnO nanorods prepared by hydrazine assisted wet chemical route

In this study, a simple hydrazine assisted wet chemical method was used to prepare pure and Ti doped ZnO nanorods . The structural properties of pure and Ti doped ZnO nanorods were investigated by XRD analysis. Williamson-Hall (W–H) method was used to determine the crystallite size , strain and dislocation density of the samples. TEM analysis revealed rod like morphology for Ti doped ZnO nanoparticles . The presence of elements such as Zn, Ti and O of the doped sample was confirmed by EDS. XPS spectrum suggests that Ti 4+ ions well substitute Zn 2+ ions in doped nanocrystal . The Raman study further established the formation of ZnO wurtzite structure in both pure and Ti doped ZnO nanorods. The band gap of pure and Ti doped ZnO nanorods were estimated by the Tauc relation as 3.03 eV and 2.91 eV respectively. From the PL spectra, it is observed that the intensity of the polychromatic defect emissions of Ti doped ZnO nanorods is higher than pure ZnO, with some additional defect emissions. The antibacterial activity of Ti doped ZnO nanorods slightly decreased against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria when compared to pure ZnO. • Synthesis of pure and Ti doped ZnO nanorods by a facile hydrazine assisted wet chemical method. • Confirmation of substitution of Ti 4+ ions into Zn 2+ ions in doped nanocrystal from XPS spectrum. • The band gap of pure and Ti doped ZnO nanorods were estimated by the Tauc relation as 3.03 eV and 2.91 eV. • Intensity of the polychromatic defect emissions of Ti doped ZnO nanorods is higher than pure ZnO. • The antibacterial activity of Ti doped ZnO nanorods is slightly lower than pure ZnO and higher than certain doped ZnO nanostructures.

Versatile eco-friendly electrochemical sensor based on chromium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for determination of safinamide aided by green assessment criteria

Safinamide, a highly selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, is currently used as a monotherapy or as add-on therapy to levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A selective, ecofriendly, voltammetric method was developed for the determination of safinamide. A new nanotechnology-based sensor was fabricated and fully characterized using different techniques (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction). The designed electrode, chromium doped-zinc oxide nanoparticles/modified carbon paste electrode, displayed a wide dynamic linear range 0.5 – 20 µg/mL alongside a good sensitivity with an LOD of 162 ng/mL. The inclusion of the electrode with chromium doped zinc oxide nanorods (Cr/ZnO-NPs) increases its surface area, the number of active sites available for interaction with Safinamide. The best sensitivity was achieved using an optimum electrode composition 11 % chromium efficiently incorporated into ZnO nanoparticles relative to carbon paste. The good sensitivity could be attributed to increase in the electrode surface area which in turn linked to doping with chromium. Hence, doping of chrome augment the surface area, thus chromium doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit high surfacearea, and good thermal stability, which is a remarkable nanomaterial characteristic. The developed method exhibited high selectivity for the determination of Safinamide in presence of its co-administered drug (l-Dopa). The fabricated sensor was utilized in Safinamide quantitation in commercial tablets, and human plasma. Method greenness was validated using Analytical Eco-Scale methodology.

XRD STRUCTURE STUDY ON NICKEL DOPED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY COPRECIPITATION METHOD

Nickel-doped Zinc Oxide (Zn(1-x)Ni(x)O) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method. The structure and characteristic of synthesized Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles ware analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Crystallite sizes and lattice strain of all samples were calculated using the Scherrer’s formula, Uniform Deformation Model (UDM) and Halder-Wagner (H-W) method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed hexagonal cubic structure of Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Also, the crystallite size of the nanoparticles reduces as the nickel concentration increase. The result showed the average crystallite size calculated by Scherrer’s formula (25-29 nm) was smaller than crystallite size using UDM method (51-63) the largest average crystallite size and H-W method (42-47 nm). The lattice strain increases with decreasing crystallite sizes value. The crystal size Ni- doped ZnO nanoparticles decreased with increasing dopant concentration.

Enhanced ferro magnetism of (Cu, Fe/Mn) dual doped ZnO nanoparticles and assessment of in-vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity for magnetically guided immunotherapy and hyperthermia applications

Cu and Fe/Mn dual doped ZnO magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) had been synthesized by sol-gel method. Characterization of synthesized MNPs showed the fine and significant size of MNPs, it had ferromagnetism property at room temperature, and (Cu, Fe) dual doped MNPs were found to have maximum saturation magnetization with larger hysteresis area. In-vitro cytotoxic assessment of these MNPs revealed that 20 ng of Cu doped ZnO MNPs are nontoxic to human PBMC with 60% viable cell count, whereas Fe dopant increases cell viability by 5% in the same concentration. These MNPs showed a significant (20–25 mm ZOI) antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. Particularly Fe dopant showed increased antimicrobial activity against gram-positive (B. subtilis), whereas Mn dopant doesn't have considerable antimicrobial activity. Having known that these MNPs are biocompatible with the ferromagnetic property they may be considered for magnetic guided immunotherapy and hyperthermia applications.

Nanocomposites based on doped ZnO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications

Drug-resistant bacteria have become a worldwide health issue, and metal oxide nanoparticles could represent a viable alternative to pharmaceuticals for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. In this work, cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm) and erbium (Er) doped ZnO nanoparticles were developed to fabricate 3D-printed composite scaffolds for bactericidal applications. The nanoparticles were prepared by a combustion-assisted method at low temperatures. The hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the average crystallite size was ~10 nm. The bioactivity of these nanoparticles was evaluated by culturing them with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The resulting bacterial kinetic growth curves showed superior antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, killing almost 92% of the bacteria, and intermediate activity against E. coli. The antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was studied to assess their potential for biomedical applications. The bacterial kinetic growth results were utilized as data in an artificial neural network (ANN), which resulted in a model capable of forecasting bacterial growth with high precision (90%).

Enhancing the Efficiency of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) by Nanostructured Ag‐doped ZnO Electrodes

AbstractSilver (Ag) ‐ doped ZnO nanoparticles (0 % to 20 %) were synthesized by the microwave method. The structural, optical, and electrochemical properties were observed through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX), UV‐Visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence, and Cyclic‐Voltammetry (C−V) techniques. The platinum metal counter electrode was replaced by using dip coating, spin coating, and electrochemical method electrodes. The best current‐voltage performance was exhibited by the 5 % Ag‐doped ZnO DSSCs constructed by the electrochemical method counter electrode with a conversion efficiency (η) of 6.19 %, open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.58 V, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 19.12 mA/cm2 and fill factor of 55.08 %. This performance is superior to the counter electrodes made from the spin coating (1.45 %) and dip coating (0.91 %). The higher catalytic behavior of the electrochemical method counter electrode and appearing plasmons peaks in all Ag‐doped ZnO nanoparticles influence the enhancement of current density and overall conversion efficiency.

Decolorisation of Congo red synthetic solution using Fe doped ZnO nano particles and optimization using response surface methodology

Sorption potential of synthesized nano particles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Particles were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDX. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined as a function of contact time, pH (2 to 9), Initial concentration C0 (10, 20, 30, 50 mg/L), temperature T (283 to 323 K) and dosage (0.5 to 3 g/L). In order to find the adsorption characteristics isotherms applied to experimental data are Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Harkin–Jura. The thermodynamic properties of the sorption (ΔHo, ΔSo and ΔGo) were obtained at different temperature and results show that adsorption was exothermic nature, spontaneous, more favorable at lower temperature under examined conditions. The above-mentioned process variables were performed and compared with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) values.

Structural and optical investigations in undoped and rare-earth doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for photon upconversion based applications

The present work reports comprehensive investigations of the physical properties of undoped and rare-earth (RE3+) doped ZnO based upconversion nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis of these nanoparticles reveals the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The induced-strain value of the RE3+ doped ZnO nanoparticles increased by almost one order of magnitude, and their mean particle size reduced from 36 nm to 17 nm. The scanning electron microscopic images showed that the particles retained the spherical shape in the undoped and doped conditions. The elemental maps confirmed the uniform distribution of the RE3+ dopants. The recorded absorbance spectrum for the doped nanoparticles showed significant absorption in ultraviolet and near infra-red regions owing to the band-band transitions and the deep defect level transitions that are induced due to intrinsic and extrinsic defect states. A detailed analysis of the defect states of these samples is described based on the Urbach energy studies. An intense peak observed at 980 nm suggests the possibility of photon upconversion in the doped nanoparticles. A simplified energy diagram (as depicted below) has demonstrated the multi-photon absorption and possible upconversion mechanisms. The optical absorption spectrum of RE3+ doped ZnO nanocrystals encourages the promising application of these materials in diverse fields, particularly in biomedical and photovoltaic applications.

Synthesis and characterizations of phosphorus doped ZnO nanoparticles

We reported the synthesis of phosphorus doped ZnO nanoparticles for a concentration of P ranging from 2 to 8%by a sol–gel processing technique. The structural and optical properties of these nanoparticles were characterised by different techniques. The structural study confirms the presence of hexagonal wurtzite phase with average crystallite size around 30nm. However, the optical study was shown a high absorption in the UV range and an important reflectance in the visible range. The optical band gap of P-ZnO samples were varied between 3.32 and 3.28 eV. The aim of this work is to study the effect of phosphorus doping on the structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles.

A Study of Zn-Ca Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Properties

This study aimed to develop Ca2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and investigate their antibacterial properties against microorganisms of dental interest. Zn-Ca NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method with different concentrations of Ca2+ (1, 3, and 5 wt. %) and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The Kirby–Bauer method was used to measure antibacterial effects. NPs showed the wurzite phase of ZnO and bandgap energies (Eg) from 2.99 to 3.04 eV. SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 80 to 160 nm. The treatments that presented the best antibacterial activity were Zn-Ca 3% and Zn-Ca 5%. ZnO NPs represent an alternative to generate and improve materials with antibacterial capacity for dental applications.

Resultant peak dissection by match 3 in XRD of Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles

Pure nanomaterials have limited applications, so to enhance the quality of the material, dopants play an important role in the application. It is important to find out whether the crystal structure of the dopant is rearranged or it preserves its crystal structure even after it is being doped in the pure material. Zinc Oxide has hexagonal structure and MgO has cubic structure. When Mg is doped in ZnO at various temperatures, MgO rearranges itself and it also has hexagonal structure in some cases and in other cases, it preserves or changes its crystal structure other than hexagonal structure represented as secondary peaks. Match 3 tool has been used for Mg doped ZnO at 500OC wherein MgO has rearranged itself into hexagonal structure and ZnO has rearranged itself into cubic structure. EDAX studies confirm that the synthesized material contains only Zn, O and Mg which confirm that the secondary peaks are due to structural interchange and not due to any other impurities.

Electrochemical determination of paracetamol at Cu doped ZnO/Nanoparticle with TX-100-surfactant MCPE: A cyclic voltammetric technique

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO/NPs) and Copper doped ZnO nanoparticles (Cu-ZnO/NPs) were prepared using the co-precipitation method and their characterizations were done with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The prepared Cu-ZnO/NPs were used for the modification of the carbon paste electrode (CPE), the Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Triton-X 100 (TX-100) surfactants were immobilization on the surface of Cu-ZnO/MCPE, the TX-100 modified electrode improved the more redox property with increasing the peak current for Paracetamol (PA) compare to Cu-ZnO/CTAB/MCPE. From the pH study confirms that the equal number of electrons and protons transfer mechanism involved at the MCPE. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique demonstrated the oxidation of both PA and Adrenaline (AD) was found to be adsorption controlled. The electrochemical response of PA and AD was linear in the µM concentration range and the limit of detection and limit of quantification was found to be 4.6 µM and 16.2 µM for PA and 3.9 µM and 13.2 µM for AD respectively, the effect of interference study was examined by using the differential pulse voltammetric technique (DPV), the Cu-ZnO/TX-100/MCPE shows an excellent selectivity towards PA in presence of different AD concentration. In present study commercial PA tablet also studied.