Doped Polypyrrole Research Articles

Paratacamite doped polypyrrole for effective hydrogen storage

Paratacamite doped Polypyrrole (PDPpy) is synthesized by wet chemical method employing CuCl2 as oxidant. BET, optical and structural analysis revealed mesoporous polymer doped with [Cu2(OH)3Cl]. Electrochemical analysis of PDPpy in 0.01 M H2SO4 indicated excellent hydrogen storage ability and steady hydrogen evolution kinetics. The maximum capacity of hydrogen storage is found be 59.1 mAh/g via galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments. Optical studies confirmed the stability of the PDPpy after HER. Plausible mechanism for hydrogen storage and evolution is deduced from 1HNMR and XPS analysis. Analogous studies have been carried out in Polypyrrole (Ppy) synthesized using FeCl3 and Ammonium per disulphate (APS) oxidants to understand the ability of hydrogen storage in the absence of paratacamite.

The evaluation of Temperature effect on Peak-to-Peak Line Width (ΔHpp) of conjugating polymer Polypyrrole (Ppy)

The magnetic properties of the neutral and doped polymer polypyrrole (Ppy) nanostructure has been successfully synthesize via chemical method. The nanostructured powder was investigated using electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. The board ESR signal was attributed to the existence of unpaired electrons. The g-factor of pure Ppy decreased with increasing temperature while that of doped (Ppy) was found to increase linearly from 1.9504 to 1.9925 within a temperature range of 298K - 473 K. This could be due to polaron species formation. The current results demonstrated that polypyrrole (Ppy) could be considered as a good candidate for many applications especially in organic photovoltaic and gas sensors.

Structural and Electronic Properties of PPy-DBSA/Zirconium Oxide Composites

The composites of doped polypyrrole (PPy) with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles have been prepared by in-situ polymerization method. The structural properties of synthesized polypyrrole and PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD pattern show that PPy-DBSA is intercalated into the layers of ZrO2 successfully and thus the degree of crystallinity increases due to crystalline nature of ZrO2. FTIR analysis indicated that there is a strong interaction between PPy-DBSA and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Electronic properties (dielectric and conductivity) of PPy and PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 composite have been investigated between frequency ranges from 20 Hz to 1M Hz. Higher dielectric constants and dielectric losses of PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 composites than those of synthesized PPy and PPy-DBSA were found. As the content of ZrO2 increased, the dielectric constant and loss also increased. The value of dielectric constant for all samples is very high at low frequency but decreases with increase in frequency. Synthesis of PPy-DBSA-ZrO2 composite materials with a large dielectric constant is essential for the improvement of a novel generation dynamic RAM and in charge storage devices.

On-Chip Electrochemical Sensing of Propylparaben as an Endocrine Disruptor Model Using a Disposable Gold Platform Modified with Phosphomolybdate Doped Polypyrrole and Nanodiamond

Herein, an electrochemical sensor based on a bilayer composite of phosphomolybdate doped polypyrrole (PPy-PMo12) and nanodiamond (ND) at a disposable gold chip (GCHIP) has been introduced for detection of propylparaben (PP). Electropolymerization was employed for deposition of PPy-PMo12 layer on a pre-casted ND layer at the GCHIP. The morphology and microstructure were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical behavior of PP at the modified electrode was studied and all the influential parameters were optimized. The calibration curve showed to be linear in the range of 5 to 200 μM of PP. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method were obtained to be 2.1 and 7.1 μM, respectively. Also, reproducibility of the sensor (RSD%) was 4%. The proposed sensor was employed for detection of PP in unspiked and spiked shampoo samples which yielded recoveries in the range of 93.6–104.4%.

Electrosynthesis and DSC Characterization of Doped Polypyrrole Films with Sodium Salicylate and Sodium Ibuprofen on the Mg Alloy AZ31

In this work we investigate the effect of the incorporation of salicylate and sodium ibuprofen in the electrodeposition mechanism and thermal properties of polypyrrole films deposited on the magnesium AZ31 alloy. The identification of adsorbed species on the surface of the electrode is performed by means of Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, while the thermal properties of the doped polypyrrole films are characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results obtained demonstrate the chemisorption of a Mg-salicylate complex on the surface of the AZ31 alloy as well as the formation of a Mg-ibuprofen complex that hinders the access of the pyrrole monomer to the surface of the electrode and affects the polymerization mechanism at concentrations of ibuprofen in the medium > 20 mM. The DSC thermograms demonstrate a reduction of the Tg of the polymer with the incorporation of ibuprofen, which corresponds to a change in the conformation of the polypyrrole.

Synthesis of Nitrate Doped Polypyrrole Conducting Polymer Membrane and Fabrication of Passive Sampler to Determine Diffusion of Nitrate and Chloride Through Membrane in Aquatic Ecosystem

Nitrate is the most considerable substance in the hydrosphere and high concentration of nitrate can be harmful to the healthy life of creatures and human being. The removal of nitrate from the water is very essential. Therefore this study was focused to synthesis the nitrate doped polypyrrole polymer membrane (PPy-N) and the diffusion of nitrate in the presence of high chloride concentration through the membrane for samples obtained in 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th days in synthetic freshwater was also studied. Passive samplers have been developed in order to assess water quality over the period of time they have been deployed and also to simplify sampling and sample preparation processes. Nitrate doped polypyrrole film was synthesized through chemical polymerization process using Pyrrole and HNO3. The characterization of the membrane was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The amount of nitrate and chloride diffused through a nitrate doped polypyrrole films (PPy-N1) were determined using cadmium reduction method and chloride ion selective electrode technique respectively. In order to improve the diffusion of nitrate through the membrane, the laboratory filter paper was used to prepare another nitrate doped polypyrrole films (PPy-N2). The same techniques that used for PPy-N1 were used to determine diffused nitrate and chloride through PPy-N2 membrane. The results revealed that, membrane PPy-N2 has exhibited 13.102 ± 0.469 %, 42.969 ± 5.107 %, 55.932 ± 1.579 %, 64.096 ± 2.171 %, and 77.826 ± 1.752 % diffusion of nitrate and 36.989 ± 3.177 %, 43.922 ± 1.823 %, 46.223 ± 0.817 %, 49.042 ± 0.908 %, and 49.679 ± 0.119 % diffusion of chloride through the membrane after 5 days, 7 days, 9 days, 11 days and 13 days respectively. Whereas membrane PPy-N1 exhibited that 11.497 ± 0.715 %, 14.899 ± 1.431 %, 33.932 ± 0.469 %, 35.066 ± 0.592 %, and 42.917 ± 1.875 % diffusion of nitrate and 25.612 ± 1.683 %, 38.959 ± 1.201 %, 36.075 ± 2.151 %, 37.004 ± 2.989 %, and 38.495 ± 1.341 % diffusion of chloride after those days respectively.

Smart Gardening IoT Soil Sheets for Real-Time Nutrient Analysis

Agriculture sector has been greatly influenced by the recent advances in electrical engineering. Nitrogen (N), from fertilizer, remains one of the largest input to surface and groundwater contamination, resulting in environmental and human health degradation. This paper explores the use of wireless potentiometry in field settings for in situ N monitoring. We report a disposable IoT gardening soil sheet, capable of analyzing real–time soil nitrate concentration during leaching and irrigation events. The nitrate doped polypyrrole ion selective electrode (N-doped PPy ISE) sensor array sheet features a fault tolerant circuit design multiplexed to an oxidation and reduction potentiometer that can rapidly detect nitrate levels in soil leachates. Measurement data are transmitted via Waspmote ZB Pro SMA 5dBi radio, 6600mAh rechargeable battery, 7.4-volt solar panel, and a Meshlium ZigBee PRO access point to cloud server and mobile device. This paper investigates the gardening IoT sheets as a viable tool for in situ nitrate mapping, and to potentially help everyday home and commercial gardeners reduce excessive fertilizer application.

Electronic properties of the polypyrrole-dopant anions ClO4- and MoO42-: a density functional theory study.

The conductive properties of polypyrrole chains doped with ClO4- or MoO42- anions and the existence of polarons and bipolarons in these doped polypyrrole chains were investigated by performing computational calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). Doping with these anions was found to decrease the band gap of the polypyrrole. Theoretical calculations revealed that changing the type of oxidative agent applied does not affect the conversion of polypyrrole into a conducting polymer, but the conductivity of the doped polypyrrole does depend on the ratio of oxidant to polypyrrole.

Modification of ZnIn2S4 by anthraquinone-2-sulfonate doped polypyrrole as acceptor-donor system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

Abstract Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline was investigated by functional modified ZnIn 2 S 4 via anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) doped polypyrrole (PPy). The best photocatalytic activity of AQS/PPy-ZnIn 2 S 4 composite photocatalyst was obtained when the weight ratio of AQS/PPy versus ZnIn 2 S 4 was 1.0% and the molar ratio of PPy to AQS was 40. After 3.0 h photocatalytic reaction, more than 98% tetracycline was removed and almost 2.0 times higher of NPOC (non-purgeable organic carbon) removal rate was obtained compared with pure ZnIn 2 S 4 . Active species trapping experiments demonstrated that O 2 − played a major role rather than the OH and photogenerated holes. The AQS doped in PPy matrix behaved as electron acceptor-donor mediator which facilitated the formation of O 2 − . Two kinds of solid phase extraction (SPE) methods were developed before gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis and eight intermediates were detected. The degradation of tetracycline originated from the photogenerated holes via loss of some functional groups and then aromatic ring was destroyed by the oxidation of active species O 2 − and OH via hydroxylation reaction.

Preparation of doped polypyrrole composites as effective chromium ion absorbents

A novel Co3O4‐ and AgCl‐doped three‐dimensional architectures polypyrrole (PPy/Co3O4/AgCl) composite was demonstrated as an excellent adsorbent to remove chromium effectively by an in situ oxidation polymerization using FeCl3 as the oxidant. The achieved adsorption capacity was 69.9 mg g−1. The as‐synthesized PPy/Co3O4/AgCl composite is suitable for chromium adsorption in a wide pH range. A chemical rather than a physical adsorption occurred for these adsorbents as revealed by a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic study. The results of the adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption process was similar to the Langmuir isotherm adsorption. Furthermore, the PPy/Co3O4/AgCl composite exhibited a high stability for chromium adsorption during recycling tests process. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:4416–4424, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effectively incorporating iron, nitrogen, and sulfur functionalities on carbon surface for a superior electrocatalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction

We demonstrate here a Fe, N, and S functionalized carbon (Fe/N/S-C) derived from an iron incorporated and p-toluenesulfonate doped polypyrrole precursor on a carbon support as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Such a strategy could effectively suppress the formation of inferior activity metal species and less active oxidized type sulfur species. The as-synthesized Fe/N/S-C catalyst exhibited a highly catalytic activity for ORR which is comparable to the state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C catalyst at low overpotential range while have a better catalytic activity at the fuel cell operation potential range. In addition, this catalyst showed a higher durability and better tolerance to alcohol fuel than Pt/C catalyst.

Perchlorate ion doped polypyrrole coated ZnS sphere composites as a sodium-ion battery anode with superior rate capability enhanced by pseudocapacitance

ClO4−doped polypyrrole coating acts as a conductive buffer layer maintaining the structure integrity and provides extra specific capacity.

Poly (phenazine 2,3-diimino(pyrrole-2-yl)) as Redox Stimulated Actuator Material for Selected Organic Dyes

The use of polymers as actuator materials has been reported extensively in the recent years. Polymers based actuators have specifically drawn attention of scientists as valves for drug delivery applications. This spurred us on for studying the actuation properties of doped polypyrrole based phenazine derivative and its drug delivery application using cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We investigated the flexibility provided by molecular hinged linking molecule (phenazine) in an accordion type polymer- poly(phenazine 2,3-diimino(pyrole-2-yl)) doped with polyvinyl sulfonic acid (PVSA) with the objective of getting insights about generation of conformational changes required for the introduction of large space volume for actuation. The actuation thus developed was tested on redox dyes such as pyrocatechol violet and methyl orange for their controlled adsorption and release from the doped polymeric material to assess its potential as a smart drug delivery device.

Doping Polypyrrole Films with 4-N-Pentylphenylboronic Acid to Enhance Affinity towards Bacteria and Dopamine.

Here we demonstrate the use of a functional dopant as a fast and simple way to tune the chemical affinity and selectivity of polypyrrole films. More specifically, a boronic-functionalised dopant, 4-N-Pentylphenylboronic Acid (PBA), was used to provide to polypyrrole films with enhanced affinity towards diols. In order to prove the proposed concept, two model systems were explored: (i) the capture and the electrochemical detection of dopamine and (ii) the adhesion of bacteria onto surfaces. The chemisensor, based on overoxidised polypyrrole boronic doped film, was shown to have the ability to capture and retain dopamine, thus improving its detection; furthermore the chemisensor showed better sensitivity in comparison with overoxidised perchlorate doped films. The adhesion of bacteria, Deinococcus proteolyticus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, onto the boric doped polypyrrole film was also tested. The presence of the boronic group in the polypyrrole film was shown to favour the adhesion of sugar-rich bacterial cells when compared with a control film (Dodecyl benzenesulfonate (DBS) doped film) with similar morphological and physical properties. The presented single step synthesis approach is simple and fast, does not require the development and synthesis of functional monomers, and can be easily expanded to the electrochemical, and possibly chemical, fabrication of novel functional surfaces and interfaces with inherent pre-defined sensing and chemical properties.

Preparation, characterization, and dynamic adsorption–desorption studies on polypyrrole encapsulated TiO2 nanoparticles

ABSTRACTBinary doped polypyrrole (PPy) encapsulated Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 as oxidant in presence of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as surfactant. Both FeCl3 (oxidant) and camphorsulfonic acid (surfactant) also act as dopant and hence thus prepared polypyrrole/Titania (TiO2@PPy) is termed as binary doped nanocomposite i.e. FeCl3 dopes polypyrrole by oxidation mechanism while camphorsulfonic acid dopes polypyrrole by protonic doping mechanism. The TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and inductance‐capacitance‐resistance (LCR) measurements. The results indicated that the structural and electrical properties of the TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were significantly influenced by the extent of TiO2 nanoparticles loading of polypyrrole. The direct current (DC) electrical conductivity of the as‐prepared TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites was higher than that of PPy. As‐prepared TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were also studied for their dielectric losses for alternating current (AC) which is useful characteristic for their application in the fabrication of charge storing devices. TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites showed synergistic effect of combining components in improving their alcohol sensing properties. This improvement may be attributed to the adsorption on and desorption from alcohols TiO2@PPy interface of the nanocomposites and alcohol vapors causing decrease in depletion region. The TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were observed to show better reproducibility of electrical conductivity and fast self‐recovery during the alcohol vapor sensing process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43411.

Sulphate Doped Polypyrrole Encapsulated Tin Composite for the Lithium Ion Battery Anode

Tin is considered as a promising candidate for the lithium ion anode which is synthesized by co-precipitation technique using stabilizing agents such as C-TAB. The conducting Sn-sulphate doped polypyrrole is synthesized by polymerization of pyrrole monomers in the nano tin particles dispersed in 0.1% PVP + water medium using ammonium per sulphates as a polymerizing as well as doping agent. The XRD, SEM and TEM analysis confirms the formation of polypyrrole coated on tin nano particles to form a composite. Pulverization effect of tin metal electrode is the highly significant challenge to solve while charge-discharge process, thus while lithium insertion and desertion process the polymer based conductive material like polypyrrole (conductive polymer) coated on tin nano particle holds the active material to avoid isolation from the conductive matrix, which act as a current collector. The coating thickness is being optimized by the various weight ratios of polymer to tin nano particles from 5 to 20%. The thickness of the coating is analyzed by SEM and TEM; the electrochemical behavior is investigated by EIS and charge-discharge studies. 80:20 ratio of tin-polypyrrole composite gives almost 100% capacity retention at the rate 400 mA g-1 and delivers initial specific discharge capacity of 878 mAh g-1 Figure 1

Binary doped polypyrrole and polypyrrole/boron nitride nanocomposites: preparation, characterization and application in detection of liquefied petroleum gas leaks

We report an electrical conductivity based rapid response liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor using binary doped polypyrrole and polypyrrole/boron nitride (PPy/BN) nanocomposites as the conductive material.

Embedding of IrQ(ppy)2 organometallic compounds in polypyrrole conducting polymer for OLED’s applications

Conducting polypyrrole:IrQ(ppy)2 thin films were obtained by electrochemical method which ensure uniform dispersion of the organometallic in the polymer matrix. A thin layer of about 50nm polypyrrole:IrQ(ppy)2 thin films were deposited on the ITO/glass substrate and used for spectroscopic, structural, and electric characterization. The photoluminescence spectrum of polypyrrole:IrQ(ppy)2 have shown the two main emissions of IrQ(ppy)2 at 2.44eV (508nm) and 2eV (620nm) besides of the polypyrrole weak emission centered at 2.55eV (485nm). The electric conductivity of the doped polypyrrole thin layer has almost the same conductivity with the undoped polypyrrole thin film suggesting an homogenous polypyrrole:IrQ(ppy)2 composite which can be used as emissive layer in the OLED’s structures.

Polypyrrole/poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) quasi-solid gel electrolyte for iodine-free dye-sensitized solar cells

Conducting polymer gel electrolyte is synthesized using the Cl− doped polypyrrole (PPy)/1-buty-2,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide (BDI)/poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene)(PVA-EL), which yield an overall energy-conversion efficiency of about 4.72% comparable to the liquid electrolyte 4.69% under irradiation at 100 mW cm−2 AM 1.5. The introduction of PPy and PVA-EL into the BDI (which dissolves in the dimethylsulfoxide) increases the ion conductivity and effectively decreases the charge transfer resistance in the PPy gel electrolyte/TiO2/dye interfaces. With the change of the PVA-EL composition, PPy gel electrolyte exhibits independence of the content of PVA-EL, which means ion conductivity of PPy gel electrolyte as a dominant role for the contribution of cell performance. Employing intensity-modulated photo-voltage spectroscopy, intensity-modulated photo-current spectroscopy, and charge-extraction measurement, it demonstrate that the effective charge collection in PPy gel electrolyte devices rather than liquid electrolyte one is occurred due to the larger diffusion coefficient and long electron lifetime, resulting in the higher-efficiency solar cell.

Carbonizing Products of the Fe/Co Doped Polypyrrole as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Carbonizing Products of the Fe/Co Doped Polypyrrole as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction