Donor Blood Units Research Articles

Gambaran Motivasi Donor Darah pada Pendonor Sukarela di Unit Donor Darah PMI Kabupaten Sleman Tahun 2021

Blood donation is an activity to donate blood for blood transfusion purposes. A person who is a donor needs to know the motivation of blood donors to become a sustainable voluntary donor. This study aims to determine the motivation of blood donors to voluntary donors in the Blood Donor Unit PMI Sleman in 2021. This study is a descriptive study with a sample of 100 voluntary donors. The sampling technique is quota sampling by analyzing the frequency distribution data and the percentage of each variable. The results showed that the characteristics of voluntary blood donors at the PMI Blood Donor Unit in Sleman Regency in 2021 were the majority of the late adolescent age group (17-25 years) as many as 45 people (45%), male sex 60 people (60%), education high level (academic/college) 73 people (73%), and not working (student) 36 people (36%). The most dominant motivation for blood donation for voluntary donors at the PMI Blood Donor Unit in Sleman Regency in 2021 is because they want to help 99 people (99%). The motivation of donors at UDD PMI in Sleman Regency is quite good. For this reason, it is recommended to increase socialization to the community regarding the importance of routinely donating blood.

Immunohematological Parameters of Male and Female Blood Donors at Kenyatta National Hospital

Background: Immunohaematological reference intervals are critical in making accurate decisions in research, diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic outcomes. Consequently any gender – based disparities in the intervals need to be determined and so reflected when utilizing the ranges. This cross-section study to determine male and female immunohaematological reference intervals was conducted on suitable blood donors attended to at Kenyatta National Hospital blood donor Unit between 2018 and 2019.
 Objectives: To determine gender-based means, medians, 2.5 th and 97.5 th interquartile ranges of: CD4+ lymphocytes, red cell values, white cells absolute and differential counts and thrombocyte counts in suitable blood donors.
 Methods: A total of 108 (53.5%) female and 94 (46.5%) male volunteer blood donors aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited consecutively as they consented. Bootstrap methods were used to calculate means, medians and confidence intervals. The enrollees’ social demographic characteristics including: level of education, occupation, alcohol - drinking and smoking habits were captured using a questionnaire form. Immediately after blood donation five milliliters of blood samples for CD4+ analysis and haemogram were drawn from the pilot tube of the blood bag by injecting the cap of ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA)-containing vacutaners with the donation needle. Analyses were done within 8 hours of sample collection using standard laboratory methods. The fit of the observed data distribution was determined using Shapiro – Wilk test with P > 0.05 indicating Gaussian distribution. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 21. Means, medians and 2.5 th and 97.5 th interquartiles were determined. Gender – based differences were compared using Mann Whitney U test with P < 0.05 being considered significant.
 Results: The male enrollees had a mean age of 31.91 years, while females’ mean age was 31.85 years. The majority of enrollees had tertially education with most males being in business and in formal employment; while most females were in business. Males demonstrated significantly higher mean values than females in: red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (HB) and eosinophils (E). Significantly lower mean values in males than in females were demonstrated in: white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (N), Lymphocytes (L), monocytes (M), CD4+ cells and Platelets (P).
 Conclusion: There exists significant gender-based differences in immunohaematological reference ranges that may lead to biased conclusions in laboratory diagnosis and research.

Immunochromatographic and microscopic detection of Plasmodium falciparum in recipients of P. falciparum-infected donor blood.

Blood transfusion practice is an essential medical intervention; however, it poses problems of transmissibility of infectious diseases including malaria. This study was designed to determine the potential of transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) by detecting malaria antigens and parasites in recipients of infected donor blood. After successful blood transfusion, remnants of transfused blood were screened for Plasmodium falciparum HRP2 antigen and parasitemia using CareStart malaria RDT and 10% Giemsa stain microscopy respectively according to established protocols. Recipients of microscopy detectable P. falciparum in infected blood who tested negative for malaria by both microscopy and mRDT prior to receiving infected donor blood were followed up weekly for 35 days. Donor P. falciparum antigenemia and parasitemia were 12.1% and 8.4%, respectively, while the prevalence of blood recipient parasitemia was 3.2%. Blood stored for 2–5 days recorded mean parasitemia higher than those stored for a day and after 5 days. Additionally, parasitemia was observed in all follow-up days with marginally high frequencies in days 7, 14, and 35. There was no association between the attributes (storage days, blood group, and parasite count range) of the infected donor blood units and the characteristics of blood recipients with post-transfusion parasitemia. This study provides baseline data on TTM in Ghana. However, further studies should establish the genetic relatedness of the implicated parasites since new infections and/or recrudescence of previous infections could account for this observation.

C-Reactive Protein Levels in Male and Female Blood Donors at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Background: C-reactive protein is an inflammatory marker and has found a wide clinical application in monitoring disease progress, effectiveness of treatment and post-operative complications. Determination of gender – based reference intervals of this protein would be of great value in eliminating any biases in results interpretation. It was in this endeavor that this cross-section study was conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital, blood donor unit, between 2018 and 2019. Objectives: To determine gender-based means, medians and 2.5 th and 97.5 th interquartile ranges of C-reactive protein (CRP) in suitable blood donors attended to at the blood donor unit of Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Methods: A total of 108 (53.5%) female and 94 (46.5%) male volunteer blood donors aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited consecutively as they consented. Their social demographic characteristics were captured using a questionnaire form. Immediately after blood donation five milliliters of blood samples for CRP determination were drawn from the pilot tube of the blood bag by injecting the cap of an Ethylene dopamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) vacutainer with the donation needle. Extracted plasma samples were stored frozen at -70 0 C till analysis. Analysis was done using standard laboratory methods. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 21. Bootstrap methods were used to calculate means, medians and confidence intervals. The fit of the observed data distribution was determined using Shapiro – Wilk tests with P > 0.05 indicating Gaussian distribution. Means, medians and 2.5 th and 97.5 th interquartiles were determined. Gender – based comparison of the medians were done using Wilcoxon rank-sum test with, p< 0.05, considered significant. Results: The male enrollees had a mean age of 31.91 years, while females’ mean age was 31.85 years. C-reactive protein demonstrated non-parametric distribution. Females’ medians were higher than males’ (11.7 mg/l vs. 4.4 mg/l, p< 0.01) Conclusion: The females have significantly higher CRP median values than males in health.

Nucleic Acid Test versus Enzyme Linked Section Immunosorbent Assay for Screening of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Donated Blood Units: A Comparative Study at a Blood Centre in Western Rajasthan, India

Introduction: With a population of 1.3 billion people and a frequency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (0.17-0.29%), Hepatitis B Virus (3-4%), and Hepatitis C Virus (0.09-15%) in the general population, maintaining blood safety is a difficult undertaking in India. The fourth-generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), which can be used in place of Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAT) testing in situations with limited resources, has been recommended as the minimal HIV test to increase the safety of blood transfusions. Aim: To compare the fourth generation ELISA with NAT in the screening of transfusion transmissible HIV infection in blood donors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Blood Centre, Department of Immuno-Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and Associated Groups of Hospitals, in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. A total of 2000 voluntary and replacement blood donors were recruited consecutively between January 2020 to December 2021 (two years), and their samples were screened using fourthgeneration ELISA. All of these samples were sent to AIIMS in Jodhpur for NAT to identify HIV RNA, HCV RNA and HBV DNA. Results: In this study, when the fourth generation ELISA negative samples were subjected to NAT, no sample was found to be reactive for HIV in NAT, i.e. there was no NAT yield for HIV. Conclusion: As a bare minimum, the fourth-generation ELISA test should be used for blood donor screening and can be considered a cost-effective and reliable test in a resource limited setting. However, additional tests can be advocated for an additional layer of blood safety.

Analysis of Packed Red Cell (PCR) storage time against changes in routine blood values in the blood donor unit of Indonesian Red Cross Society Medan City

Background: Unit for Blood Donors, The Indonesian Red Cross Society of Medan City has established a two-day maximum storage period for PRC that has been processed from Whole Blood (WB). The quality of the blood is affected by how long the PCR is stored. Objective: To analyze the effect of Packed Red Cell (PRC) storage time on changes in routine blood values. Method: This type of research is a quantitative analytical study with comparative numerical more than two groups to analyze the storage time of PRC blood on changes in routine blood values. Result: 40 study participants participated in the investigation. Leukocytes, hemoglobin, and haematocrit were the measured parameters. The value of the erythrocyte decreases with storage time. The value of the erythrocytes was lower when compared to the storage of erythrocytes on day 11 than it was on day 1 of storage. When the hemoglobin examination findings have a p-value of less than 0.05, this means that the haemoglobin against PRC storage on day 1 and day 1 differ significantly. If the storage time is prolonged, the haemoglobin value will rise. P-value 0.05 for the findings of the analysis of haematocrit levels shows a significant difference between PRC storage on days 1 through day 11 and haematocrit, with the haematocrit value rising as storage duration increases. Conclusion: Haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, there was a significant increase in changes and erythrocytes during the eleven-day storage process, a significant decrease but still within normal limits

Hasil Prevalensi Sifilis Reaktif Metode Chlia dalam Donor Darah UDD PMI Lombok Barat

Background: Syphilis is a chronic and systematic disease caused by Treponema Pallidum. Syphilis transmission through sexual intercourse, can also occur vertivally ftom mother to fetus in the womb or at birt, through blood products and sometimes also transmitted through medical devices. WHO estimates that more than one million people worldwide diagnosed with Sexually Transmitted Diseases every day. Method: The research is a descriptive survey with Cross Sectional design. The data is taken from West Lombok Indonesian Red Cross Blood Donor Unit screening laboratory of period 2020. Result : The data showed the amount of syphilis reactive donors are as many as 36 people. The data showed the highest cases among blood dorors are of the age group 40-50 years as many as 12 people or 33,3% of the total syphilis reactive donors with the most cases only being male as many as 36 people or 100% of the total syphilis reactive blood donors. Implication : Theimplication of this study are: First, prevention efforts against risky sexual behavior so that the incidence of syphilis may decrease. Second, reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases through blood transfusions Novelty: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of syphilis examination results in blood donors at UDD PMI west Lombok in 2020

Assessment of hepatitis B surface antigen negative blood units for HBV DNA among replacement blood donors in a hospital based blood bank in Nigeria.

Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the greatest threats to blood safety all over the world. The laboratory algorithm based on only the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) leaves a gap for infected HBsAg negative donors to donate blood during the "window period" (WP) and late stages of infection. To estimate the frequency of the presence of HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in HBsAg negative blood units screened using two different assays for HBsAg in a high endemic region. Frozen serum aliquot of 100 replacement blood donors who donated blood units that were HBsAg negative were retrieved and tested for HBV DNA. Sample positive for HBV DNA was sequenced by Sanger's method, genotyped and the viral load was determined. One sample (1%) was positive for HBV DNA. The HBV viral load of the sample was 768,000 IU/ml. The partial S-gene of the Hepatitis B virus isolated was genotype E using the NCBI viral genotyping tool. There is still a risk of HBV infected blood unit escaping detection when donor testing is limited to HBsAg screening. The use of NAT which can substantially reduce HBV infected blood donors from the donor pool should be considered.

A window of opportunity: systems thinking for prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn with transfusion policy.

A window of opportunity: systems thinking for prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn with transfusion policy.

GAMBARAN KEJADIAN FILARIASIS BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK PADA PENDONOR DARAH DI KOTA DAN KABUPATEN PEKALONGAN

The Descriptions of Filariasis Incidence Based On Characteristics Blood Donors in Pekalongan City and Regency Background : Pekalongan City and Regency are still endemic areas of Filariasis in Indonesia with Microfilaria Rate > 1%. Screening tests on donor blood at local blood donor units for filariasis have not been carried out, it is necessary to screen blood donors for safety of blood products and as an evaluation of Filariasis Mass Drug Administration Programs. Objective : This Research are the descriptions of Filariasis Incidence based on Characteristics Blood Donors by screening using the ELISA method. Methods : This Research is an observational descriptive Cross Sectional design, with a total sample of 84 donors. Results : Filariasis positive results were obtained in Pekalongan City by 13 (31.0%) and in Pekalongan Regency by 15 (35.7%). Conclusion : Based on the results of screening using ELISA, there were still 28 positive filariasis from a total of 84 samples.

SERO PREVALENCE OF TRANSFUSION TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (TTI) IN VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONORS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AT SRINAGAR

Introduction: Blood transfusion plays an vital role in patients management and is live saving in my instances. it plays a pivotal role as a specialized modality of treatment and saves millions of lives worldwide each year and reduces morbidity. Stringent screening of blood not only ensure safe supply of blood and blood products, but also gives us idea about prevalence of ttis among general population
 Objective: to determine the serroperavalance of tti among blood donors in lalded hospital
 Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out over a period of 3 years from January 2017 to December 2019.serum samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen ,antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 and 2 ,hepatitis c virus and syphilis in department of transfusion medicine was carried out
 Result: The result shows that 55 (3.72%) of the blood donors had TTIs. The prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Malaria, Syphilis and Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), was found to be 31(0.21%), 23 (0.15%), 01 (0.0.006%), 01 (0.006%) and 02 (0.0.23%) respectively. None were positive for malaria.
 Conclusion: Transfusion Transmittable Infections pose a threat to patients admitted in any health care facility and if not carefully screened for will cause significant morbidity. Careful screening of all donor blood units in the blood bank of a hospital is absolutely necessary to prevent any untoward incidence of TTI in patients admitted to a health care facility
 Keywords: Transfusion, Sero-Prevalence, Donors, Transfusion Transmissible Infections.

Blood Allocation with Replacement Donors: A Theory of Multi-unit Exchange with Compatibility-based Preferences

In 56 developing and developed countries, blood component donations by volunteer non-remunerated donors can only meet less than 50% of the demand. In these countries, blood banks rely heavily on replacement donor programs that provide blood to patients in return for donations made by their close relatives or friends. These programs appear to be disorganized, non-transparent, and inefficient. We introduce the design of replacement donor programs and blood allocation schemes as a new application of market design. We formulate a general blood allocation and replacement donation model. Within this framework, we introduce optimal blood allocation mechanisms that accommodate fairness, efficiency, and other allocation objectives, together with endogenous exchange rates between received and donated blood units beyond the classical one-for-one exchange. Additionally, the mechanisms provide correct incentives for the patients to bring forward as many replacement donors as possible. This framework and the mechanism class can also apply to general applications of multi-unit exchange of indivisible goods with compatibility-based preferences beyond blood allocation.

Evaluation of cellular changes in blood stored for transfusion at Bungoma County Referral Hospital, Kenya.

Introductionduring the storage of transfusion blood, it may undergo a series of cellular changes that in speculation could be the reason behind the risk of using prolonged stored blood. It's important therefore to monitor the cellular changes that may reduce its survival and function. The objective was to assess the cellular changes in whole blood stored for transfusion at Bungoma county referral hospital.Methodsa single center, prospective and observational study design involving 20 randomly selected donor blood units in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA-1) anticoagulant was employed, cellular changes were evaluated for 35 days. The changes were tested using the Celtac F Haematology analyzer. Statistical Analysis of variance was employed in the descriptive statistics. All the investigation was executed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS V.23). Results were regarded as significant at P<0.05. Results were presented in tables and charts.Resultsat the end of the 35 days blood storage at blood bank conditions, WBC, RBC, platelets counts and MCHC decreased significantly (P<0.0001, =0.0182, <0.0001, =0.0035). The MCV, HCT and MCH increased significantly (P <0.0001, =0.0003, =0.0115) while HGB had insignificant variance (P =0.4185).Conclusionplatelets, WBC, RBC counts, and indices are significantly altered in stored blood especially when stored over two weeks based on most of the cellular components analyzed in this study. The study, therefore, recommends the utilization of fresh blood to avoid the adverse outcome of cellular changes of reserved blood.

Biochemical changes in whole blood stored for transfusion at Bungoma County Referral Hospital, Kenya.

BackgroundDuring storage, transfusion blood may undergo a series of biochemical changes that could pose risks to patients when used. It is important therefore to monitor biochemical changes that may reduce survival or function of stored blood cells.ObjectiveThis study assessed biochemical changes in whole blood stored for transfusion at Bungoma County Referral Hospital in the western region of Kenya between February 2019 and August 2019.MethodsA prospective study design involving 20 randomly selected donor blood units in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine anticoagulant was employed. Biochemical changes were evaluated for 35 days. Potassium and sodium levels were tested using the HumaLyte Plus5 analyser. Blood pH level was estimated using the Hanna pH meter.ResultsAt the end of the 35 days of storage under blood bank conditions, the mean potassium level significantly increased from 7.31 mmol/L at baseline to 20.14 mmol/L at week 5 (p < 0.0001), and the mean sodium level significantly decreased from 150.72 mmol/L at baseline to 121.56 mmol/L at week 5 (p < 0.0001). The pH level decreased insignificantly from 7.48 at baseline to 7.38 at the end of week 1 (p = 0.0757) but decreased significantly to 6.15 at the end of week 5 (p < 0.0001).ConclusionPotassium increased and sodium concentrations decreased significantly from the first week of blood storage. The pH decreased significantly from the second week of storage. Therefore, aged blood should be avoided to circumvent potential adverse outcomes from biochemical changes and stored blood should be tested before use.

Relationship between selected circulating cytokines and haematological parameters in Plasmodium falciparum infected donor blood

Background: Plasmodium falciparum infection in donor blood has been severally reported. However, the impact of parasitaemia on cytokinaemia in stored blood has not been explored. This study, therefore, evaluated the impact of P. falciparum parasitaemia in donor blood on selected circulating cytokines and haematological parameters. Methods & Materials: Two groups of donor blood units were used for the study; those infected with P. falciparum parasites (n = 55) (range: 115–877 parasites/μl) and those without infection (n = 110). At day 0 (baseline), 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, absolute leukocytes and erythrocytes counts and concentrations of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10 and IL-6 levels in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) anticoagulated donor blood were assessed using automated haematology analyzer and sandwich enzyme immunoassay respectively. Results: At baseline, the mean TNF-α (33.81 pg/mL vs 22.70 pg/mL), IL-12 (28.39 pg/mL vs 16.15 pg/mL), IL-10 (51.04 pg/mL vs 18.95 pg/mL), and IL-6 (71.03 pg/mL vs 30.89 pg/mL) levels were significantly higher in malaria-infected donor units. Significant rate of increases was observed in TNF-α (192.0%day-7 to 433.3%day-35), IL-12 (94.0%day-7 to 419.47%day-35) and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (429.11%day 7 to 1883.54%day 35) in infected donor blood. Conceptually, transfusing a single 500 ml of malaria-infected blood stored for 21 days could lead to infusing 190 ng, 71.6 ng, or 48.2 ng of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12 respectively. Significant changes in TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio in infected donor blood were observed at day 7. Whereas, TNF-α and IL-12 negatively correlated with total absolute leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts, it was positively related to monocytes at day 7 to day 35. Moreover, in malaria infected units, at days 7-35, TNF-α and IL-12 were significantly inversely related to RBC and RBC indices. Conclusion: Banking of malaria-infected donor units may lead to infusion of large quantities of inflammatory cytokines with potential adverse immunological response in recipients.

The Prevalence of Transfusion-transmitted Infections among Blood Donors in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

ObjectivesBlood bank centers routinely screen for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to ensure the safety of blood supply and thus prevent the dissemination of these viruses via blood transfusion. We sought to evaluate the detection of transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) markers using standard serological methods and nucleic acid testing (NAT) among blood donors in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.MethodsDonated blood units were assessed for the presence or absence of HBV, HCV, and HIV using two screening method: serology and NAT. Reactive blood samples were then subjected to serological confirmatory and NAT discriminatory assays.ResultsA total of 9669 donors were recruited from September 2017 to June 2018. Among these, 36 donors were reactive either for HBV, HCV, or HIV by serological testing and eight by NAT screening. However, only 10 (three for HBV and seven for HCV) donors tested positive using serological testing and five (two for HBV and three for HCV) by NAT discriminatory assays. Note that all five NAT positive donors detected in the NAT discriminatory assays were confirmed to be serologically reactive. Therefore, the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV was 0.03%, 0.1%, and 0.0%, respectively, in our donor pool.ConclusionsBoth serological and NAT screening and confirmatory assays should be used routinely to reduce the risk of infection transmission via the transfusion of blood and blood components.

Blood Donors' Age, Haemoglobin Type, G6PD Status, and Blood Group Impact Storability of CPDA-1 Banked Whole Blood: A Repeated-Measure Cohort Study in Cape Coast, Ghana.

Background The high prevalence of haemoglobin variants and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase disorder (G6PDd) in sub-Saharan Africa means that substantial proportions of donor blood units carry these red cell abnormalities. Aim This study investigated the impact that inherited haemoglobin variants and/or G6PD status have on whole blood banked at 4–6°C for 35 days. Method This repeated-measure cohort study was undertaken on 103 donor blood units collected into blood bag containing CPDA-1 anticoagulant. On days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 35, full blood count, osmotic-induced haemolysis, and plasma K+ levels were estimated. Also, on day 0, G6PD status, haemoglobin variants, % foetal haemoglobin, and blood group of donor units were determined using methaemoglobin reductase, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, modified Bekte alkali denaturation assay, and slide haemagglutination test, respectively. Result Overall, although plasma K+ levels increased during storage, donor units from individuals ≥20 years, G6PD normal, Hb AC, or blood group B had comparatively higher percentage change in plasma K+ during storage. Osmotically induced haemolysis of donor units was significantly decreased in Hb AC (compared with Hb A or AS) donor units on days 7, 14, 21, and 35 (p < 0.0001 in each case). G6PDd donor units had comparatively reduced osmotic-induced lysis compared with G6PD normal units, reaching a statistical significance on day 35 (p = 0.043). Also, Hb AC units had comparatively nonstatistically higher plasma K+ at all time points (compared with Hb A or AS). Furthermore, whereas donor units from individuals ≥20 years showed significantly higher median free haemoglobin on day 21 (compared to donor <20 years), when donor units were stratified per Hb variants, only Hb AS units had median free haemoglobin below the 0.8% threshold after 35 days' storage. Conclusion Age of donor, blood group, Hb AC variant, and G6PD status may be important considerations in the storability of whole blood.

KUALITAS PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI KANTOR UTD PMI KOTA PEKANBARU

Blood donor activities are specifically the responsibility of the Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Unit Pekanbaru City. In addition, there is also the authority of the hospital to form a Blood Bank and for certain cases special handling becomes the authority of the central government. Given the importance of blood for humanitarian missions, it is necessary to have the active involvement of all elements of society to donate blood regularly. From the observations made, it was found that problems were still found by people who were confused in administrative matters. Then there are still many Pekanbaru City residents who have never done blood donor activities, not all agencies that require employees to do blood donations. Therefore it is necessary to do qualitative research to overcome these problems using the Lijan Sipoltak theory. The informants used were blood donor and community apparatus units. As a result, the quality of public services has run according to applicable regulations but still needs improvement.

Improved access to better HLA-matched hematopoietic cells for allogeneic transplant: analysis of donors and cord blood units selected for Canadian patients in 2018.

Patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) often require use of an unrelated donor or cord blood unit (CBU). An understanding of evolving practices in graft selection is needed for optimization of donor recruitment and cord blood collection. Each donor workup (WU) requested in 2018 involving a Canadian (CDN) patient and unique donor product or CBU was reviewed (n = 598). Degree of HLA match; product origin (domestic or international [INT]); and non-HLA factors including donor age, sex, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and ABO compatibility were analyzed for WUs that proceeded to transplant (n = 414). We also analyzed changes compared to a similar analysis performed in 2013. The majority of transplants used matched unrelated donors (MUDs; n = 323; 78%) and were most often young (≤35 years), male, INT donors (n = 136). The proportion of transplants involving MUDs, as opposed to mismatched unrelated donors or CBUs, increased by 12.4% compared with 2013. When young, male, CDN MUDs were identified in patient search reports but not selected, CMV mismatching and ABO incompatibility were most likely to have influenced the decision to use an INT MUD. Consistent with global trends, CBU transplants decreased compared to 2013; however, the degree of HLA matching improved significantly, and 27% of transplanted CBUs were procured from the Canadian Blood Services Cord Blood Bank. Access to MUDs and better HLA-matched CBUs by CDN patients has increased since 2013. Ongoing recruitment of young registrants and cord blood donors with diverse HLA haplotypes will support selection of donors with optimal non-HLA characteristics.

Red cell genotyping in Thailand: trends for blood transfusion in Asian populations

Numerous molecular techniques have been employed to determine well‐matched blood units for patients in need, particularly those requiring blood transfusions within 3 months and presenting positive DAT results. Only specialized reference laboratories use commercially available kits for red cell (RC) genotyping due to their expense and requiring extremely sophisticated instruments. Moreover, regarding complicated cases, particular typing reagents may be unavailable or insufficient. Therefore, identifying and confirming the compatibility of the blood units donated would require more time. This article aims to review the present uses of RC genotyping in Thailand and their significant contributions to transfusion practices in Asian populations. RC genotyping using PCR‐sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) and multiplex PCR (M‐PCR) has been established and used in patient and donor populations. The results of genotyping acquired by PCR‐SSP and M‐PCR were precise and in agreement with serological techniques. Predicted phenotypes of clinically significant blood group systems have been used to determine the compatibility of RC units among Thai patients having multiple antibodies. As a result, one additional advantage is the expanded storing of donated, frozen rare blood types. RC genotyping for high‐ and low‐prevalence antigens among differing Asian ethnicities requires consideration. RC genotyping employing these advanced PCR techniques could provide testing results that are both reliable and appropriate to screen suitable donor blood units in complex cases or patients presenting rare blood types. In addition, comparable strategies could be employed in other Asian populations using limited resources.