Dominant Role Research Articles

Structure and function role of soil nematode communities in different types of vegetation in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Indarti S, Utami SNH, Putra NS, Maharani R. 2024. Structure and function role of soil nematode communities in different types of vegetation in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2765-2772. Soil nematodes are crucial parts of the soil organism community and play a significant role in many ecological soil processes. It is necessary to pay greater attention to the lack of knowledge regarding the composition and role of the soil nematode community in different vegetations. Hence, the nematode structure community from minimal to soil stillages have been observed and compared from seven distinct types of vegetation. This study aimed to determine the soil nematode community structure, which includes the dominance, abundance, richness, diversity, and functional role of nematodes, as well as other chemical soil properties. Vegetation type represents soil management and has an impact on the life of soil organisms such as nematodes. A total of approximately 2328 soil nematodes were found, and 18 genera were identified. The Nematode Indicator Joint Analysis (NINJA) revealed that the vegetation type, land use, and soil chemical properties influence the nematode’s abundance, dominance, and structure differently. Through those results, the authors confirmed that soil nematodes in cultivated vegetation are dominated by the trophic groups of plant-parasitic nematodes and bacterivores. Conversely, predator, omnivores, and fungivores nematodes dominate in soil with minimal tillage. Overall, this study highlights the importance of soil nematode analysis in sustainable agricultural soil ecosystems.

The new production strategies employed among contemporary Jordanian music groups

This study aimed to explore the musical production strategies that emerged among new musical groups that emerged in Jordan since the beginning of the 21st century by studying four cases of Jordanian new music bands. The unprecedented emergence of the Internet and social media in the Jordanian daily-life context has freed the cultural scene and changed the dominant role of production companies. To achieve the study's object, the researcher employed observation and personal interviews for information collection. The study results showed that the four music bands use mainly social media and the Internet in production through several strategies developed by the bands and showed a clear success in using them as effective tools in Jordanian independent music production. Keywords: Jordanian new music bands, Independent music production, Music production strategies, Crowdfunding, Social Media.

A Hybrid Routing Pattern in Human Brain Structural Network Revealed By Evolutionary Computation.

The human brain functional connectivity network (FCN) is constrained and shaped by the communication processes in the structural connectivity network (SCN). The underlying communication mechanism thus becomes a critical issue for understanding the formation and organization of the FCN. A number of communication models supported by different routing strategies have been proposed, with shortest path (SP), random diffusion (DIF), and spatial navigation (NAV) as the most typical, respectively requiring network global knowledge, local knowledge, and both for path seeking. Yet these models all assumed every brain region to use one routing strategy uniformly, ignoring convergent evidence that supports the regional heterogeneity in both terms of biological substrates and functional roles. In this regard, the current study developed a hybrid communication model that allowed each brain region to choose a routing strategy from SP, DIF, and NAV independently. A genetic algorithm was designed to uncover the underlying region-wise hybrid routing strategy (namely HYB). The HYB was found to outperform the three typical routing strategies in predicting FCN and facilitating robust communication. Analyses on HYB further revealed that brain regions in lower-order functional modules inclined to route signals using global knowledge, while those in higher-order functional modules preferred DIF that requires only local knowledge. Compared to regions that used global knowledge for routing, regions using DIF had denser structural connections, participated in more functional modules, but played a less dominant role within modules. Together, our findings further evidenced that hybrid routing underpins efficient SCN communication and locally heterogeneous structure-function coupling.

An inquiry into the EU’s role in global domination: Thinking normative power through the Frankfurt School

An inquiry into the EU’s role in global domination: Thinking normative power through the Frankfurt School

An Assessment of the Nutritional Status and its Predictors amongst Women in a Rural Community of Dharwad Taluk, Karnataka, India

The connection between food insecurity and health is becoming more widely acknowledged, as it plays a major role in the onset and advancement of non-communicable illnesses. The family's overall well-being and health are directly impacted by the health status of the female. Rural women play a dominant role in the country’s economy and their nutritional status has direct bearing on the whole family. Hence the present study was conducted with the objective to assess nutritional status and to identify the predictors of poor nutrition among rural women of Dharwad taluk, Karnataka. The sample of the study included 500 rural women in the age group of 16-80 years. A self structured questionnaire, SES Agarwal 2005, Anthropometric measurements were used to assess BMI, Hb level, knowledge level and morbidity status. More than one third of the rural women were selected were in the age group of 40-80 years, were illiterates and involved in agriculture. Majority belong to social tribes and staying in nuclear families. Two third of the selected rural womenconsume non-vegetarian food. More than half of the families belonged to upper middle socio economic status. Majority of them had health related problems and were in mild to moderate anemia category. Low SES, low nutritional knowledge, non working status, morbidity condition, middle age group, anemia status and poor protein diet were found to be the risk factors of poor nutritional status among rural women. Low SES was found to be 2.6 times riskier; anemia condition was 4.68 times risk when compared to normal Hemoglobin level.

Investigating the Role of Amino Acids in Short Peptides for Hydroxyapatite Binding and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Aid Bone Regeneration.

Bone defects show a slow rate of osteoconduction and imperfect reconstruction, and the current treatment strategies to treat bone defects suffer from limitations like immunogenicity, lack of cell adhesion, and the absence of osteogenic activity. In this context, bioactive supramolecular peptides and peptide gels offer unique opportunities to develop biomaterials that can play a dominant role in the biomineralization of bone tissues and promote bone formation. In this article, we have demonstrated the potential of six tetrapeptides for specific binding to hydroxyapatite (HAp), a major inorganic component of the bone, and their effect on the growth and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We adopted a simplistic approach of rationally designing amphiphilic peptides by incorporating amino acids, Ser, pSer, Pro, Hyp, Asp, and Glu, which are present in either collagenous or noncollagenous proteins and render properties like antioxidant, calcification, and mineralization. A total of six tetrapeptides, Trp-Trp-His-Ser (WWHS), Trp-Trp-His-pSer (WWHJ), Trp-Trp-His-Pro (WWHP), Trp-Trp-His-Hyp (WWHO), Trp-Trp-His-Asp (WWHD), and Trp-Trp-His-Glu (WWHE), were synthesized. Four peptides were found to self-assemble into nanofibrillar gels resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the remaining two peptides (WWHJ, WWHP) self-assembled into nanorods. The peptides showed excellent cell adhesion, encapsulation, proliferation, and migration and induced the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as evident from the enhanced mineralization, resulting from the upregulation of osteogenic markers, RUNX 2, COL I, OPN, and OCN, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production, and calcium deposition. The peptides also induced the downregulation of inflammatory markers, TNF-α and iNOS, and the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory marker, IL-10, resulting in M2 macrophage polarization. RANKL and TRAP genes were downregulated in a coculture system of MC3T3-E1 and RAW 264.7 cells, implying that peptides promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. The peptide-based biomaterials developed in this work can enhance bone regeneration capacity and show strong potential as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Improving the combustion of scramjet engines with struts using grooves and bumps

Grooves and bumps are arranged on both sides of a normal strut (NS) to fabricate vortex generators, and introduce streamwise vortices. Struts with sawtooth grooves (GS-1), rectangular bumps (BS-1), and trapezoidal and triangular bumps (BS-2) have been proposed. In this study, struts with V-shaped grooves (GS-2) and trapezoidal and triangular bumps (BS-3) were configured. The flow fields in the cold and hot states of scramjet combustors with NS, GS-1, GS-2, BS-1, BS-2, and BS-3 were simulated numerically using steady RANS equations and an SST k-ω turbulence model. The results show that proper arrangement of the grooves and bumps on the strut can improve the mixing and combustion performance. Compared with the NS, for GS-1, GS-2, BS-1, BS-2, and BS-3, the distance required to achieve 100% fuel mixing efficiency is shorter by 21.2%, 9.1%, 18.2%, 12.1%, and 15.2%, respectively, and to achieve 100% combustion efficiency, the distance is shorter by 42.7%, 46.9%, 47.9%, 53.1%, and 58.3%, respectively. Therefore, improvement in combustion performance does not positively correlate with improvement in the mixing performance. Large-scale heat and mass convection in streamwise vortices play a dominant role in mixing. The larger the proportion of the fuel area affected by the streamwise vortices, the more conducive it is to achieving a higher mixing performance, whereas the wall has a negative impact. However, the large-scale heat and mass convection in the streamwise vortices and small-scale heat and mass convection in the high-turbulence zones are closely related to the supply of oxygen and fuel required for the combustion zone. Large-scale streamwise vortices combined with thick high-turbulence zones are conducive to achieving a high combustion rate. When the recirculation zone has a larger combustion area and smaller wall effects, a higher combustion performance is easily achieved. Compared with the grooves, the stronger disturbance effect of the bumps on the fluid effectively increased the thickness of the high-turbulence zone, thus obtaining a higher combustion performance. However, the greater blocking area and new oblique shockwaves generated by the bumps induced a greater total pressure loss. Therefore, combining bumps and grooves can further optimize strut configurations.

Controlled formation of three-dimensional cavities during lateral epitaxial growth

Epitaxial growth is a fundamental step required to create devices for the semiconductor industry, enabling different materials to be combined in layers with precise control of strain and defect structure. Patterning the growth substrate with a mask before performing epitaxial growth offers additional degrees of freedom to engineer the structure and hence function of the semiconductor device. Here, we demonstrate that conditions exist where such epitaxial lateral overgrowth can produce complex, three-dimensional structures that incorporate cavities of deterministic size. We grow germanium on silicon substrates patterned with a dielectric mask and show that fully-enclosed cavities can be created through an unexpected self-assembly process that is controlled by surface diffusion and surface energy minimization. The result is confined cavities enclosed by single crystalline Ge, with size and position tunable through the initial mask pattern. We present a model to account for the observed cavity symmetry, pinch-off and subsequent evolution, reflecting the dominant role of surface energy. Since dielectric mask patterning and epitaxial growth are compatible with conventional device processing steps, we suggest that this mechanism provides a strategy for developing electronic and photonic functionalities.

The education of aristocracy in Croatia and Slavonia in the 19th century

AbstractThe author analyses the education of aristocracy in Croatia and Slavonia from the late 18th century until 1918. Education played a vital role in the mindset and lifestyle of aristocracy, and in retaining its elite position in the political, social, cultural, economic and military aspect, to name just some. Aristocrats were trained to become the pillars of society, they had private tutors and teachers, and often finished the gymnasium but did not necessarily continue their schooling at a higher level. Reforms of enlightened absolutism, which opened career chances for lesser nobility and burghers and the rise of well-educated and economically successful modern middle class after 1848, forced the aristocracy to keep pace. However, it still preferred traditional studies of philosophy, law or, to a much lesser extent, theology and was losing its dominant role in the field of arts as well.

Diversity and distribution of biosynthetic gene clusters in agricultural soil microbiomes.

Bacterial secondary metabolites serve as an important source of molecules for drug discovery. They also play an important function in mediating the interactions of microbial producers with their living environment and surrounding organisms. However, little is known about the genetic novelty, distribution, and community-level impacts of soil bacterial biosynthetic potential on a large geographic scale. Here, we constructed the first catalog of 11,149 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from agricultural soils across China and unearthed hidden biosynthetic potential for new natural product discovery from the not-yet-cultivated soil bacteria. Notably, we revealed soil pH as the strongest environmental driver of BGC biogeography and predicted that soil acidification and global climate change could damage the biosynthetic potential of the soil microbiome. The co-occurrence network of bacterial genomes revealed two BGC-rich species, i.e., Nocardia niigatensis from Actinobacteriota and PSRF01 from Acidobacteriota, as the module hub and connector, respectively, indicating their keystone positions in the soil microbial communities. We also uncovered a dominant role of BGC-inferred biotic interactions over environmental drivers in structuring the soil microbiome. Overall, this study achieved novel insights into the BGC landscape in agricultural soils of China, substantially expanding our understanding of the diversity and novelty of bacterial secondary metabolism and the potential role of secondary metabolites in microbiota assembly.IMPORTANCEBacterial secondary metabolites not only serve as the foundation for numerous therapeutics (e.g., antibiotics and anticancer drugs), but they also play critical ecological roles in mediating microbial interactions (e.g., competition and communication). However, our knowledge of bacterial secondary metabolism is limited to only a small fraction of cultured strains, thus restricting our comprehensive understanding of their diversity, novelty, and potential ecological roles in soil ecosystems. Here, we used culture-independent metagenomics to explore biosynthetic potentials in agricultural soils of China. Our analyses revealed a high degree of genetic diversity and novelty within biosynthetic gene clusters in agricultural soil environments, offering valuable insights for biochemists seeking to synthesize novel bioactive products. Furthermore, we uncovered the pivotal role of BGC-rich species in microbial communities and the significant relationship between BGC richness and microbial phylogenetic turnover. This information emphasizes the importance of biosynthetic potential in the assembly of microbial communities.

Future Projection and Uncertainty Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy in China Based on an Ensemble of CORDEX‐EA‐II Regional Climate Simulations

AbstractWind and solar energy are crucial for meeting the growing energy demand and mitigating the impact of climate change, and their sources show a climate‐dependence. Here, based on the outputs from two regional climate models (RCMs) driven by three global climate models within the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiments‐East Asia (CORDEX‐EA‐II), the effects of future climate change on wind power density (WPD) and photovoltaic power potential (PVP) in China under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 scenario and RCP8.5 scenario are comprehensively investigated, and the sources of uncertainty are also quantified. Results show that all RCMs can reproduce the observed WPD and PVP in China by employing the Quantile Delta Mapping method for wind speed simulations. For the future projections, the annual averages of WPD and PVP in China tend to decrease by −11.67% to −1.7% and −4.6% to −1.12%, respectively, with more significant reduction under the RCP8.5 than under the RCP2.6. Note that uncertainties exist among the RCMs' simulations in terms of future projections and long‐term trends. Further analysis reveals that the uncertainty in both WPD and PVP projections are primarily driven by the internal variability in most sub‐regions except the Tibetan Plateau, where GCM uncertainty and emission scenarios play the dominant role in the uncertainty of WPD and PVP projection, respectively. This study highlights the potential benefits of controlling greenhouse gas emissions in enhancing and stabilizing renewable energy in China.

Intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity and thermoelectric performance of 2D Cu2Te

In this study, we employed density functional theory to investigate the structural, mechanical, dynamical, electronic, and thermal transport properties of 2D Cu2Te in the hexagonal P6/mm structure. Our results demonstrate that this structure is both mechanically and dynamically stable, and has a direct band gap, indicating its potential as a semiconductor. The high Grüneisen parameter value of 2D Cu2Te resulted in a lower lattice thermal conductivity compared to its bulk counterpart due to increased phonon scattering in the 2D structure. Furthermore, we observed that the Seebeck coefficient in 2D Cu2Te is higher in the p-type region, while the electrical conductivity is higher in the n-type region at lower temperatures. Two different approaches were used to calculate the lattice thermal conductivity, and it was found that the thermal conductivity decreases with dimension reduction in Cu2Te. Additionally, ultralow thermal conductivity was observed. Moreover, the lattice thermal conductivity plays a dominant role in the thermoelectric performance. The maximum ZT value for 2D Cu2Te was obtained as 1.28 at 700 K. Overall, our results suggest that 2D Cu2Te is a potential new candidate for high thermoelectric performance.

Variation in Water Deficit and Its Association with Climate Indices in Weihe River Basin, China

Based on the 24 meteorological stations in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) from 1951 to 2013, as well as the runoff data from the mainstream of the Weihe River, the temporal and spatial variations in water balance in the WRB and its relationships with runoff, the drought index, and the climate index were analyzed. The results indicate that the water balance in the WRB has been in a deficit state over the past 63 years, showing a weak declining trend with a decreasing rate of −20.04 mm/decade. Water balance is closely related to potential evapotranspiration (ET0) and precipitation (P). At the annual time scale, P plays a dominant role in water balance for 6–8 months in the WRB. The distribution of the water deficit (WD) in the WRB is uneven throughout the year, with the largest deficit occurring in June and the smallest values generally occurring in September. Furthermore, there are significant multi-scale correlations between water deficit and climate indices such as Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the WRB. In addition, water deficit is also influenced by human activities, such as irrigation, as well as climate factors and socio-economic factors. Studying the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of water deficit and its influencing factors in the WRB is helpful toward deeply understanding the supply and demand dynamics of water resources in the basin and providing a theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the rational utilization of water resources and the high-quality development of the basin.

Unraveling the Prominent Existence of Trace Metals in Photocatalysis: Exploring Iron Impurity Effects.

Metal impurities can complicate the identification of active catalyst species in transition metal catalysis and electrocatalysis, potentially leading to misleading findings. This study investigates the influence of metal impurities on photocatalysis. Specifically, the photocatalytic reaction of inert alkanes using chlorides without the use of an external photocatalyst was studied, achieving successful C(sp3)-H functionalization. The observations reveal that Fe and Cu impurities are challenging to avoid in a typical laboratory environment and are prominently present in normal reaction systems, and iron impurities play a dominant role in the aforementioned apparent 'metal-free' reaction. Additionally, iron exhibits significantly higher catalytic activity compared to Cu, Ce, and Ni at low metal concentrations in the photocatalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization using chlorides. Considering the widespread presence of Fe and Cu impurities in typical laboratory environments, this study serves as a reminder of their involvement in reaction processes.

Polarization-Sensitive Self-Powered Schottky Photodetector with High Photovoltaic Performance Induced by Geometry-Asymmetric Contacts.

Polarization-sensitive photodetectors have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential application prospects in navigation, optical switching, and communication. However, it remains challenging to develop a facile and effective strategy to simultaneously meet the demands of low power consumption, high performance, and excellent polarization sensitivity. Herein, a series of low-symmetry two-dimensional (2D) ReSe2 Schottky photodetectors with geometry-asymmetric contacts are constructed. These devices exhibit excellent photoelectrical performance and impressive polarization sensitivity in the self-powered mode owing to the difference in the Schottky barrier height induced by the asymmetric contact areas, interfacial states, and thickness difference. Particularly, an outstanding responsivity of 379 mA/W, a decent specific detectivity of 6.8 × 1011 Jones, and a high light on/off ratio (Ilight/Idark) of over 105 under 635 nm light illumination are achieved. Scanning photocurrent mapping (SPCM) measurements further confirm that the ReSe2/drain overlapped region (corresponding to the smaller contact area side) with a higher Schottky barrier height plays a dominant role in the generation of photocurrent. Furthermore, the proposed device displays impressive polarization ratios (PRs) of 3.1 and 3.6 at zero bias under 635 and 808 nm irradiation, respectively. The high-resolution single-pixel imaging capability is also demonstrated. This work reveals the great potential of the ReSe2 Schottky photodetector with geometry-asymmetric contacts for high-performance, self-powered, and polarization-sensitive photodetection.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Forest Landscapes in Lushan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province, China

It is highly valuable to analyze and assess the landscape ecological risk of nature reserves to prevent and resolve ecological risks, as well as to effectively protect and maintain the sustainable development of nature reserves. Taking the forest landscape of the Lushan National Nature Reserve as its study object, this study performed grid processing for the nature reserve and classified forest landscape types using the Forest Resource Inventory Database in 2019. A landscape ecological index model was constructed to evaluate the ecological risk. Global and local Moran index values were used to reveal the autocorrelations for ecological risk. The geodetector method was used to comprehensively analyze the effects of natural and human factors on ecological risk. The results showed that, in general, the ecological risk level of the nature reserve was relatively low, as the proportion of the lowest-, lower-, and medium-risk areas to the total forestry land area accounted for 91.03%. The ecological risk ranking of each functional zone, from high to low, was in the order of the experimental zone, the buffer zone, and the core zone. The ecological risk levels of different forest landscape types were closely related to their area, spatial distribution, and succession stage, as well as human factors, such as the proximity to roads and settlements, etc. The forest landscape with the highest ecological risk was the Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. forest, and the forest landscape with the lowest ecological risk was other forestry land. Ecological risk had a positive spatial correlation and tended to be aggregated in space, demonstrating coupling with the proximity to roads and settlements. The ecological risk was affected by both human and natural factors, among which human factors played a dominant role. The proximity to roads and settlements, the relative humidity, and the temperature were the main driving factors. The interaction of pairwise factors had a stronger influence than that of single factors. Therefore, controlling the intensity of human activities and enhancing the coordination between humans and nature are beneficial for alleviating the ecological risks in the forest landscapes of nature reserves.

Helicity-dependent photocurrent of topological surface states in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4

Helicity-dependent photocurrent (HDPC) of the topological surface states (TSSs) in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 is investigated. It is revealed that the HDPC is mainly contributed by the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) current when the incident plane is perpendicular to the connection of the two electrodes, while the circular photon drag effect plays the dominant role when the incident plane is parallel to the connection of the two electrodes. The CPGE current shows an odd function dependence on incident angles, which is consistent with the C3v symmetry group of the TSSs in MnBi2Te4. The amplitude of the CPGE current increases with the decrease in temperature, which can be attributed to the increase in mobility at low temperatures, confirmed by the transport measurements. Furthermore, we modulate the CPGE of MnBi2Te4 by applying top gate and source–drain voltages. Compared to Bi2Te3 of the same thickness, the CPGE current of MnBi2Te4 can be more effectively tuned by the top gate because the Fermi level of MnBi2Te4 can be effectively regulated by the top gate, and it is tuned across the Dirac point. This work suggests that the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 is a good candidate for designing opto-spintronics devices.

GTPase activity of porcine Mx1 plays a dominant role in inhibiting the N-Nsp9 interaction and thus inhibiting PRRSV replication.

Mx1 protein is a key mediator of the interferon-induced antiviral response against a wide range of viruses. How porcine Mx1 affects the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and its biological function has not been studied. Here, we show that Mx1 protein inhibits PRRSV replication by interfering with N-Nsp9 interaction. Furthermore, the GTPase activity of porcine Mx1 plays a dominant role and the Mx1-N interaction plays an assistant role in this interference process. This study uncovers a novel mechanism evolved by porcine Mx1 to exert anti-PRRSV activities.

Effects of wall cavity and fuel injection pressure on the performance of a non-reacting supersonic combustor

This study numerically investigates the flow field of a non-reacting cavity-configured scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) combustor at various fuel injection pressures by solving the 2D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, species transport equations, and Menter SST k-ω model. The aim of this research is to reveal the effects of wall cavity insertion and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on the crucial performance parameters i.e., fuel-air mixing efficiency (MxE), total pressure recovery (TPR), and mass-averaged Mach number (MAMN). Accordingly, two trapezoidal cavities of aspect ratio 7 are introduced on the opposite walls of a rectangular combustor. The combustor entrance is configured with rearward-facing steps and it intakes finite parallel air streams through finite-width inlets. Gaseous hydrogen jets are injected 30 mm downstream from the combustor entrance and 10 mm upstream from the cavity leading edge. FIP is varied according to the fuel-to-freestream pressure ratios (FFPR) of 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0. The results of the cavity-configured combustor are then compared with the performance of the combustor in the absence of the wall cavities. The results delineate the change in flow structures with the inclusion of wall cavities and variation in FIP. Insight physics of mixing, total pressure loss, and MAMN in different regions of the combustor are studied and the results are quantified for comparison. MxE in a cavity-configured combustor does not monotonically increase with decreasing FFPR as found in the combustor without wall cavities. The shock-shear layer interactions (SSLIs) play a dominant role in mixing inside the cavity-configured combustor. The results also demonstrate that the insertion of wall cavities can increase fuel-air MxE through the formation of cavity recirculation zones. In the cavity-configured combustor, a maximum of 45% MxE is achieved for FFPR 4.5, which is 4% higher than the value obtained from the combustor without the cavities with an expense of 3% greater total pressure loss.

Distinct function of Chlamydomonas CTRA-CTR transporters in Cu assimilation and intracellular mobilization.

Regulation of Cu uptake and sequestration by members of the CTR family of proteins in Chlamydomonas.