Dominant Motivation Research Articles

СИСТЕМНО-ІНТЕГРОВАНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ОБДАРОВАНОСТІ ОСОБИСТОСТІ НА РІЗНИХ ЕТАПАХ ЇЇ ОНТОГЕНЕЗУ

У статті розкрито можливості застосування системно-інтегрованого підходу до вивчення проблеми обдарованості особистості на різних етапах її онтогенезу. Зокрема з позицій системно-інтегрованого підходу виявлено ​​загальну структуру психорегуляційних компонентів обдарованої особис­тості. Розглянуто структуру соціально-психологічних проявів обдарованої особистості і визначено їх внесок у загальну регуляцію навчальної діяльності; виявлено ​​ієрархію домінантних цінностей і мотивів обдарованих підлітків і визначено типологію обдарованих дітей з розкриттям змістовних і структурних характеристик кожного з типів; сформульовано психодіагностичні критерії особистісних характеристик, які сприяють регуляції навчальної діяльності і показано значущість ціннісних орієнтацій для оптимального розкриття здібностей обдарованих учнів; розроблено спеціальну програму соціально-психологічного супроводу процесу становлення обдарованої особистості. Індивідуальні відмінності компонентів психічної регуляції навчальної діяльності дозволили виокремити групу обдарованих респондентів з продуктивною мотиваційною складовою психічної регуляції такої діяльності та досліджуваних з непродуктивною мотиваційною складовою психічної регуляції навчальної діяльності. Показано, що реалізація системного підходу в цій галузі вимагає не тільки реконструкції наявних концепцій обдарованості, а й розробки нових технологічних рішень – комплексу засобів, здатних фіксувати досліджуваний предмет як багатовимірний, цілісний і змінюваний у часі, зокрема залежно від різних умов навчання. Програма соціально-психологічного супроводу, побудована на принципах системно-інтегрованого підходу та спрямована на становлення мотиваційної складової механізму психічної регуляції навчальної діяльності обдарованої особистості, довела свою ефективність у напрямку підвищення показників творчої мотивації, творчої спрямованості, рефлексивності, здатності до комбінування, дивергентного мислення, свободи продукування асоціацій, винахідливості, самооцінки, саморегуляції.

Social media use in academia

PurposeThe high rate of internet penetration has led to the proliferation of social media (SM) use, even at the workplace, including academia. This research attempts to develop a topology and thereby determine the dominant use motive for faculty’s use of SM.Design/methodology/approachIn this two-part study, a two-stage research design has been adopted for topology development based on the application of Uses and Gratifications Theory. In the second part, the Technology Acceptance Model is applied to discern the dominant motive for SM use in academia.FindingsThe work is able to develop a seven-item topology, conforming to the basic three use motives, namely, hedonic, utilitarian and social. The work shows faculty attach more value to the instrumental utility of SM, while the hedonic function is also significant.Practical implicationsDiscerning dominant motive implies that SM use at the workplace should not be banned, rather effective regulated use will instil the faculty to enhance work outcomes. The conceptualisation of topology for SM use in academia at the workplace can aid in designing an effective organisation policy, and design of an internal SM platform.Originality/valueThe study is unique towards topology development for academic faculty and has many important implications for management and academia, especially towards policy design for SM use at the workplace.

Motives and Characteristics of Highly Qualified Labor Force Migration: Case Study of Serbia

The emigration of highly qualified labour from the countries of Eastern Europe is one of the worst effects of transitional and post-transitional period. It discredits the educational system of Eastern European countries, but also creates long-term problems in the development of the economy and all other sectors of society. The difference in earnings between immigrant countries of Western Europe and North America and the countries of emigration is the dominant motive for migration. But other motives are also not irrelevant. This paper is an initial part of a wider research of the international movement of labour which should provide guidance to the countries of emigration to mitigate the consequences of this process. Student surveys in Eastern European countries, their thoughts and plans, will provide information on the motives of emigration. On the other hand, by surveying the experiences of young highly educated workforce who has already emigrated, a true picture of experiences and the expected and achieved intentions will be obtained. Finally, certain questions in the questionnaire will also give an answer to the question, which would be new moments that would encourage young experts not to leave the country, or to return those who emigrated.
 Keywords: International migration, brain drain, state measures, retaining talent

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СМЫСЛОВОГО ЧТЕНИЯ КАК УНИВЕРСАЛЬНОГО УЧЕБНОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ

The authors consider the problem of achieving the unity of personal, metapedmetic, substantive educational results, drawing attention to the formation of such cognitive universal educational action as the «basis of notional reading of the text». The presented results of the analysis of school educational programs on leading educational subjects in primary and basic schools reveal a lack of coherence, continuity in the formation of this universal educational action. The main reason is seen in the inconsistency of interpretations of the concept of notional reading, in unsettled definitions, which is the result of the inconsistency of the advancing theoretical provisions (psychological, psycholinguistic, didactic). The lack of teachers’ competence in the formation of notional reading as a cognitive universal educational activity is explained by the lack of scientific and pedagogical materials on theoretical coverage of the problem and practical solutions. A diverse analysis of the history of the concept of notional reading is directed by the authors to correlate it with the concept of the reading consciousness, which, in turn, is conjugated with the concept of the teaching consciousness. This ensures the consideration of the problem of semantic reading in the context of the problem of forming a conscious attitude of younger schoolchildren to the mastery in reading. Thus, the search for its solutions is carried out in the key of a subjective approach, in the direction of developing conscious meanings of reading among junior schoolchildren, which means bringing to the students’ consciousness the importance of mastering their skills to read texts to solve specific cognitive problems in accordance with adequate motives and goals of activity. The article provides authors’ data on correlation of the self-esteem of junior students’ skills in reading with the attitude to it as a leisure activity, the regularity of its implementation, and dominant motives. The authors attribute the weakly expressed dynamics of the development of general educational and cognitive meanings of reading in primary education to insufficient pedagogical consideration of the cognitive interests of younger schoolchildren in the educational content of reading, their ability to navigate the functional and typological features of texts. In this regard, the concept of functional reading is touched upon, a critical assessment is given of the unjustified narrowing of its meaning to a purely pragmatic one.

The problem of sense making in communication

The article analyzes explanatory potential of the structural/formal and cognitive models of language as well as coding-encoding, cognitive, inferential, and interactional models of communication to outline alternative explanations of sense making shaped by the models of enacted and situated cognition. It puts forward a conception of communication as an intersubjective interaction in a socially-culturally constructed intersubjective act, initiated by a subject’s focusing attention on a communicative (verbal-coverbal) action of the other subject, which triggers parallel mental processes (involving active perception, affect, cognition, volition, and action) that pass into each other and combine the conscious with the subconscious. Mental structures activated in the act (propositions, images (images-memories as well as images-fantasies; visual and motoric images (patterns of behavior); memories of phrases, gestures, colors, sounds, fragments of melodies, tastes, smells, tactile sensations; inner sensations/anticipations, fragmentary wishes, and moods) self-organize around the subject’s dominant motive to form the current semantic configuration. This dominant motive determines both the intention of the communicative action and the inferences made in the process of interpretation of the communicative action. The article claims that sense making in verbal-coverbal communication does not rest on the conventional nature of a linguistic unit (which all the analyzed models of language and communication eventually appeal to). It rests on the intersubjective nature of human consciousness, a hard-wired capacity of a human social being to share experiential content (thoughts, sensations, emotions, actions), which is being developed in a socially and culturally constructed context of everyday engagements with other social beings.

Among Geniuses: Artistic and Aesthetic Originality of Ivan Klyushnikov’s Poetry

The article is dedicated to the work of Ivan Klyushnikov, a representative of the reflective poetry of Russian romanticism of the 30s – 40s of the XIX century, to indicate the ideological and artistic originality of his poems. In the article, the author traces the main thematic trends of Klyushnikov’s lyrics, characteristic of romantic poetry of the first half of the XIX century: philosophical, historical, the theme of love, nature, and the destiny of the poet and poetry. According to the author, the main distinguishing feature of Klyushnikov’s poetry is that he, like no other romantic poet, revealed the psychology of the “superfluous man”. Besides, with his fate and his work, he captured the tragedy of young people of that time, striving for good, justice and happiness, but for subjective and objective reasons unable to advance their ideal. The main genre of Klyushnikov's poetic is an elegy, which tonality fully corresponds to the definition of this genre given by Belinsky. Hopeless longing from unfulfilled dreams, failed love, and incomplete life is its dominant motive. His lyrics is a confession of a person who in his development has passed from romantic illusions to the consciousness of his insecurity and failure in all spheres of life. The image of a lyrical hero embodied the features characteristic of the spiritual image of the poet himself, as well as of the whole generation. This is precisely the pathos of the poet’s creativity. Klyushnikov’s poetic legacy is remarkable in reproducing the era and the spiritual world of many thinking people of that time, as well as in presenting deeply personal moods. Thinking about his life, about life in general, about reality – all this, captured in the lyrics, becomes a true and fare reflection of contemporaneity.

Economic Assimilation of the "Third Generation": An Intergenerational Mobility Perspective on Immigration and Integration

This paper examines ethnic disparities in intergenerational economic mobility for the children of second-generation migrants. Using rich register data for adult children aged 20 to 30, we provide empirical evidence on the economic assimilation outcomes of the descendants of immigrants who mainly arrived in the Netherlands in the post-World War II period. Acknowledging a high degree of diversity in the starting positions of immigrants associated with their dominant migration motives, we estimate the Dutch-migrant group gap in incomes from an intergenerational mobility perspective. Our descriptive rank-rank analysis reveals significant ethnic disparities in absolute and relative intergenerational income mobility. The absolute mobility of the ethnic groups we study appears to have the following rank order: Moroccan, Turkish Surinamese, Indish, German, and Dutch. While a higher level of intergenerational transmission of parental income narrows the gap for Turkish and Surinamese children, it widens the gap for Indish and Moroccan children. Our decomposition analysis shows that the ethnic disparities found for the Moroccan, Turkish, and Surinamese third generation are entirely explained by their relatively young ages and associated unfavorable socioeconomic positions, and by their lower parental income levels.

«Свет их все еще идет к нам, все еще сияет нам»: мотив самопожертвования в повести В.П. Астафьева «Звездопад»

The aim of the study is to establish the compositional and ideological function of the motive of self-sacrifice in V.P. Astafyev’s novel “Starfall”, in some other works of his; to characterize symbolic images; to reveal the genesis of images of meaningful self-sacrifice, images of a star and starfall; to determin compositional features, plot construction; to analyze the specifics of cinematic interpretation of key episodes; to compare the leading motive of the story with the motive structure of the works of the Russian soviet literature of 1940–1960s. The authors prove motivational and figurative consonance of Astafiev’s short novel with the Russian folklore works, Russian classic literature, and works of the Russian literature of the 1940s and 1960s. The analysis of the literary context of the story is carried out, the active development of the dominant motive in the cinematic version of the “Starfall” is established. It was proved that the originality of the story’s ideology is given by the symbolic content and tragic sound of a number of images (the main character, star, starfall). The composition is based on the opposition of the themes of war and love (this compositional technique, due to its prevalence, is perceived as a “common place” by Russian soviet writers about the Great Patriotic War), on the contrast between the tragic and the comic.

«Предел кровавому поприщу»: мотив возмездия в повествовании А. Иванова «Вилы»

The research investigates the genre-forming function of the motive of retribution in the documentary and journalistic narrative of A.V. Ivanov “Pitchfork”. The relevance of the study is due to the attention of modern literary criticism to the historiosophical and social and political problems in Russian prose, the need to study the works of modern literature in its most striking manifestations. The purpose of this work is to try to determine the specificity of the main “bearing constructs” of the narrative of A. Ivanov “Pitchfork” in the aspect of the dominant motives of the work. The leading way to achieve this goal is the comparative and historical method, supplemented by comparative and typological, intertextual and mythopoetic approaches to the work of literature. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in the documentary and journalistic narrative of A. Ivanov “Pitchfork” the main genre-forming motive of the work, organizing its entire structure from the title to the “stories” of the main and secondary actors, is the retribution motive, derived from it and related motives, originally interpreted by the author. It is concluded that the motive of metaphysical, transcendental retribution “to all for everything” reproduced and transformed by Ivanov the artist, despite the extreme generality of this motive, helps the writer to comprehend and convey the contradictory complexity of historical events and historical characters involved in it. The field of application of the work results are researches on the latest literature, teaching literature in higher and secondary schools.

Psychological Features of Examination Anxiety in Psychology Students

The article analyzes the problem of psychological characteristics of examination anxiety among psychology students. The results of the examination anxiety characteristics study are presented. Girls are characterized by a higher test anxiety than boys. During the session period, girls are characterized by a greater emotional distress associated with examination anxiety than boys. The peculiarities of personal and reactive (situational) anxiety of psychology students during the session and in the intersessional period were studied. Young men are characterized by lower values of personal and situational (reactive) anxiety than girls. For girls, these indicators are on the threshold between the average and high levels of anxiety. In general, the boys in the sample are more anxious than the girls. The specificity of examination anxiety of different sex’s psychology students with different academic performance has been studied. In boys, the level of examination anxiety, interferes with achievement, is significantly lower than in girls. This allows us to conclude that it is in girls, in contrast to boys, that examination anxiety is found, which negatively affects the results of activity during the preparation for tests and exams and passing the test and examination tests. The revealed level of examination anxiety in most cases stimulates and promotes the activities of young men in the period of preparation for tests and exams and passing the test and examination tests than girls. The interrelationships of examination anxiety indicators with indicators of personal and reactive anxiety, success and motivation of students have been studied. Among the dominant motives of educational motivation in the group of young men, avoidance, communicative and professional motives prevail. For girls, educational activity is directed by professional and educational-cognitive motives. Correlation analysis showed that psychology students, whose educational activity is directed to avoidance motives, are characterized by less anxiety and show less anxiety about exams, in contrast to students with educational and cognitive motivation. Psychology students, whose educational activity is guided by a professional motive, are characterized by less anxiety.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МІЖОСОБИСТІСНИХ СТОСУНКІВ ДІТЕЙ-СИРІТ ДОШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ

The article presents the research on the characteristics of older preschool-age orphans’ interpersonal relationships. It reveals differences between the functioning of the sphere of orphans’ interpersonal relations and that of children brought up in families. Orphans show higher interest in adults, indicating that orphans’ need in adults’ attention is not satisfied. The main motives for communication with adults in families are mutual interactions and cognitive needs, while the dominant motive of orphan children is searching for attention and kindness. Orphans show increased inclination to conflicts, cause for which are every-day issues and the struggle for adults’ attention and friendliness. The main cause of conflicts characteristic for family-raised children is their selfaffirmation in games. Orphans are less and less likely to express their own emotions when communicating. They rarely turn to their partners for some advice, support, and sharing of experiences, unlike children in families. Orphaned children feel indifference in relationships with peers. Differences were found between orphaned children and family-raised children as for well-being of relationships: orphans’ well-being is quite low, while family-raised children’s well-being is high. Orphaned children, due to problems in interpersonal relationships with adults and peers, have some deviations in the most important psychological formations: distortion of self image, delayed formation of subjective attitude to oneself, as well as slow and abnormal development of activity, which may further negative affect their psychological well-being.

Soccer Coaching

The problem in this research is soccer coaching. The purpose of this study is to look at the motivation of athletes, coaches, and infrastructure in coaching football. This research is a descriptive quantitative study. The population in this study are all people who are members of MENARA FC. The sampling technique in this study used a total sampling technique, the sample in this study was 28 people. This research was conducted in 3 days, Monday, Tuesday and Thursday. The instruments of this study were observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study using the Likers scale. Results of the study: 1) Motivation is needed in coaching athletes. Between the two forms of motivation is more dominant internal motivation even though it is not separated from external motivation in the field or at home. 2) The trainer is very influential in coaching so the trainer must have a good foundation. The trainer already has a license and has participated in FILANESIA training, but cannot carry out the training program that he has made well because of incomplete infrastructure. 3) Infrastructure facilities at MENARA FC are sufficient but still unable to cope with all forms of training provided by the coach, there are still many that must be completed

CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF PROFESSIONALLY SIGNIFICANT QUALITIES OF ECONOMICS STUDENTS

The subject of the study is the vocational training of Bachelors of Economics. The object of the study is the content and structure of professionally significant qualities of Bachelors of Economics. The aim of the work is to study the content and structure of professionally significant qualities of future of Bachelors of Economicsin the context of the requirements posed by modern labour market and the possibilities of professional training. The study appears relevant due to the need to find optimal ways of training professional economists who could meet the requirements of rapidly changing and digitalized world economies. The article clarifies the concept of professionally significant qualities of an economist. Based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, the expert survey results, and interviews of potential employers, the article gives the structure of professionally significant qualities of Bachelors of Economics. They are attitude-related qualities: standard (situational professional motivation, knowledge of professional ethics, stable civic stand) and supplementary (dominant professional motivation, professional values, strong civic identity and behaviour); individual and personal qualities and abilities: standard(emotional balance, discipline, objectiveness, integrity) and supplementary (mental flexibility, professional mobility, capability for self-education and self-development); special qualities and abilities: standard(analytical, synthetic and prognostic abilities) and supplementary (critical thinking, lean thinking, project thinking); social and personal qualities and abilities: standard(sociability, ability to resolve conflicts) and supplementary (client orientation, team building). The paper also presents the results of an ascertaining experiment, which confirmed the deficit of the supplementary professionally significant qualities of Bachelors of Economics.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN INSENTIF, MOTIVASI KERJA DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI KANTOR PELAYANAN PAJAK PRATAMA SIDOARJO UTARA

This study aims to identify and analyze influence of incentives, motivation and leadership to employee performance, and analyze one of the variable incentive, motivation and leadership that has dominant influence on employee performance.This study uses simple method of saturation, where the number of samples used the same amount as the total population. While the number of samples taken as many as 42 employees in the Tax Office Pratama in North Sidoarjo. Further data processing performed by using regression analysis (multiple regression analysis), and test the hypothesis using the F-test and t-test. The results of this study indicate that the incentive variable (X1), work motivation (X2), and leadership (X3) has positive and significant impact on employee performance Tax Office Pratama in North Sidoarjo. Where as the dominant influence work motivation (most influential) and significant to employee performance the Tax Office Pratama in North Sidoarjo, with analysis of the standardized coefficients (Beta) = 0.624. Means each of the independent variables is relationship that can change and improve employee performance with reasonably well in providing services to the community

Personality Correlates of Personnel Organizational Loyalty

The phenomenon of personnel organizational loyalty as a key organizational asset is considered from the perspective of its level, conditions of development and correlates. The problem of loyalty is viewed in the context of the following components: emotional, cognitive and behavioral. The focus group method was used to describe the cohort behavior characteristic of various loyalty levels and obtain the competence model. General loyalty level was subsequently assessed with Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS) and K. V. Kharsky’s Loyalty Manifestation Observation Sheet methods recognized as the average one in organizations of various profiles. Correlations with employees’ personal features are described through the individual typological questionnaire by L. N. Sobchik, J. Rotter’s I-E Scale, and R. M. Belbin’s Team Roles. Certain personality traits are identified that can be viewed as universal personality correlates of loyalty. Employees’ dominant motives are identified as “Satisfaction from Achieving a Goal, an Outcome” and “Communication with Colleagues”. The only loyalty correlate related to implementation of innovations is identified – readiness to follow a leader. The higher the loyalty, the better competitive motive and the motive of feeling one’s usefulness are manifested. In terms of innovations, the following types are identified at the organization: “Readiness Based on Positive Emotional Attitude to Everything New” and “Readiness on Condition of Personal and Professional Fulfillment”; consequently, employees support changes, but only at the first stages of implementation. Presumably, several psychological mechanisms shaping loyalty based on traits like aggressiveness, rigidity and anxiety (sensitivity, lability) exist. It is proven that loyalty correlates are conditioned rather by the enterprise type and its HR policy than universal characteristics. However, the trend of a dependency between aggressiveness as a personal trait and one’s loyal attitude to the organization is manifested at enterprises from various fields.

FEATURES OF STUDENTS' MOTIVATIONAL SPHERE AT DIFFERENT LEVEL OF PERFECTIONISM

The article presents the results of the study of students’ motivational features characteristic for students having different levels of perfectionism. Perfectionism is defined as a personal trait, which involves perfection pursuit, imposition of high demands and unrealistic standards. Perfectionism simultaneously combines extrapsychic and intrapsychic aspects, expressed in the pursuit of perfection, which, on the one hand, is cultivated by modern society and envisages social encouragement and recognition, but on the other, is associated with some dysfunctional features. An empirical study was conducted to determine the differences between the motivational characteristics of students having different levels of perfectionism. The poll was attended by 299 people. Based on the statistical analysis, differences were found among persons with high, medium and low levels of perfectionism. The motives for own development and active acquisition of social prestige and power are dominant for people with high perfectionism, which affects negatively their self-esteem. In addition, their level of aspirations to desired goals is partially idealized. For this group, the fear of being rejected is high. For persons with medium perfectionism, the dominant motive is communication, which implies satisfaction of the need to have communicative interactions with their environment. This category of students needs to maintain relationships with others, to receive “feedback”. Students with low perfectionism have mainly consumer motives, such as comfort and life support maintaining. The need for mutual understanding, warm social contacts are positively reflected in their self-acceptance. Persons with low perfectionism are characterised by the most positive evaluation of the real state of motive satisfaction, they do not have idealistic beliefs.

SWEAR WORDS BY ANDERSSON THEORY IN THE MOVIE WHIPLASH

This study discusses about the usage of swear words by the characters in the movie Whiplash. The aim of this study is to classify the types of swear words and to analyze the motives which cause the characters use the swear words by using Andersson’s theory. In this study, descriptive method is employed to analyze all the swear words which found in the movie. To analyze the data, the researcher watches the movie for several times. Second, find for theory that supports this research from the books and internet. Third, search and download the script from the internet. Fourth, Identifying all the swear words and last, grouping all the data, classifying them according to types and motives by using Andersson’s theory. The finding of this study show that Auxiliary swear word is the dominant type and Linguistics motives is the dominant motives that influencing the characters to using swear words.

THE POSSIBILITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRD WATCHING AS A SPECIFIC FORM OF TOURISM IN THE DELIBLATO SANDS - CASE STUDY

During 2017, the Society for bird protection in Serbia has organized free trips for domestic tourists in the protected nature reserves in northern Serbia. Their main task was to educate tourists about rare bird species in Serbia and explore the possibility for the development of bird watching, as a specific form of tourism. Since these forms of tourism are not sufficiently developed on Serbian travel market, the main aim of this paper is to examine the motives of tourists who are taking trips. Results of the research should determine the manner in which domestic tourists, in economically underdeveloped countries like Serbia, are related to natural values and whether it is possible that specific forms of tourism become point of interest for domestic tourists and part of the tour operators offer.The aim of the paper is to present the opinions of a group of 54 tourists who visited The Special Nature Reserve Deliblato sands in June 2017 for the education and observation of rare species of birds. Research has shown that the dominant motives of tourists were related to their need for physical activity, recreation and leisure, rather than observing and photographing rare birds. The results of the survey of the descriptive statistics show that the majority of the respondents believe that the observation of birds and sustainable tourism in the Nature Reserve of the Deliblato sands will only experience its development.Research results can be useful to business entities in tourism with the aim of forming a tourist offer for domestic and foreign tourists as well as individuals, with the aim of developing awareness of the importance and importance of protected nature reserves and their preservation in the future. This is the not first study, but one of the pioneer research to examine the motives of traveling by domestic tourists in terms of specific forms of tourism development in Serbia.

Pushing the Limits: Palynological Investigations at the Margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Norse Western Settlement

ABSTRACT This paper presents two high-resolution pollen records dating to ∼AD 1000–1400 that reveal the impacts of Norse colonists on vegetation and landscape around a remote farmstead in the Western Settlement of Greenland. The study is centred upon a ‘centralised farm’ (ruin group V53d) in Austmannadalen, near the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (64°13′N, 49°49′W). The climate is low arctic and considered marginal in terms of its suitability for the type of pastoral agriculture that the Norse settlers introduced. The data reveal that at a short distance (∼500 m) from the farm buildings, the palynological ‘footprint’ for settlement becomes extremely indistinct, the only clear palaeoenvironmental evidence for a human presence being elevated levels of microscopic charcoal. This contrasts with the Eastern Settlement, where a strong palynological signature for Norse landnám is evident, from the local (individual farm) through to the regional (landscape) scale. The palynological data from Austmannadalen, and the Western Settlement more generally, imply that farming occurred at very low intensity. This aligns with ideas that promote the importance of hunting, and trade in valuable Arctic commodities (e.g. walrus ivory), ahead of a search for new pasture as the dominant motivation driving the Norse settlement of this region.

Pilgrimage in Slovakia—A Hidden Opportunity for the Management of Secular Objects?

The Slovak Republic is a country of a deeply rooted Catholic religion and rich cultural, religious and craft tradition. The authors, in their own research, primarily focus on a group of pilgrims, believers, mostly Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic, who are inhabitants of the Slovak Republic (not necessarily the region in which the object of interest is located). The research is based on geographic and sociological selection. The authors define the research object as cultural and historical secular monuments—museums, castles, chateaux, and the like—located in the centre attractive for this group of tourists, that is to say, in places connected with pilgrimage sites, cathedrals, historically important objects from the point of view of religious belief in individual regions of the Slovak Republic. The aim of the authors is to provide the management of these objects with valuable recommendations reasonably justified by the result of their research, in the context of attracting the target group to visit a selected cultural object not directly related to the tourist activity of the target group, but located in the region of which the target group expresses a strong interest, solely for reasons of religious belief and pilgrimage. The primary research phase target of the authors was to solve the problem of the existence of a specific spectrum of common dominant motivation factors of pilgrimage tourist participation as a target group of exploration of activities and an offer of secular objects in the region (see Materials and Methods, H1). We analysed the results of our research through the SPSS program. We used the factor analysis method to extract the key motivation factors, and we have extracted key factors using principal component analysis and VARIMAX rotation in the right-angle system (rotated solution), clusters, assuming that each corresponds to one of the expected motivation factors. Detailed research conception and methodology as well as the results are described in the article.