Dominant Image Research Articles

Poetic Images in (The House of Female Reciters) By the Poet Sadiq Al-Tarihi

It has become clear to us that the simile image is the dominant image in the poet’s collection of poetry (The House of Female Reciters) and that the metonymic image is ranked second in terms of the intensity of its presence after the simile image. The Qur’anic textual reference represents the main tributary to the formation of the image in the House of Female Reciters, while the literary textual image comes in first place. Second after the Qur’an in terms of its presence. Traditional and contemporary poetic attempts represented a clear presence in (The House of Female Reciters), as the textual reference enriched its texts.

Promising the future, encoding the past: AI hype and public media imagery

In recent years, “AI hype” has taken over public media, oscillating between sensationalism and concerns about the societal implications of AI growth. The latest historical wave of AI hype indexes a period of increased research, investment, and speculation on machine learning, centred around generative AI, a novel class of machine learning that can generate original media from textual prompts. In this paper, I dive into the production of AI hype in online media, with the aim of prioritising the normative and political dimension of AI hype. Formulating AI as a promise reframes it as a normative project, centrally involving the formation of public and institutional confidence in the technology. The production and dissemination of images, in this context, plays a pivotal role in reinforcing these normative commitments to the public. My argument is divided into four sections. First, I examine the political relevance of stock images as the dominant imagery used to convey AI concepts to the public. These stock images encode specific readings of AI and circulate through public media, significantly influencing perceptions. Second, I look at the dominant images of AI as matters of political concern. Third, as generative AI increasingly contributes to the production of stock imagery, I compare the epistemic work performed by AI-generated outputs and stock images, as both encode style, content, and taxonomic structures of the world. I employ an entity relationship diagram (ERD) to investigate the political economy of AI imagery in digital media, providing a snapshot of how AI hype is materialised and amplified online. With this study, I reaffirm AI’s normative character at the forefront of its political and ethical discourse.

Cultural Imperialism and Popular Culture: Unveiling the Influence of Salmah Ismail @ Saloma in the Federation of Malaya

Salmah Ismail @ Saloma has been greatly influenced by imperialism, which led her to achieve such a fame in Federation of Malaya and also in the neighbouring countries. The influence of imperialism on the development of her career as an artist seems to be unnoticed even by Saloma herself and previous studies on her only conclude that Saloma was merely a singer with a melodious voice, actress, fashion icon, and a wife to a renowned artist, P. Ramlee. Cultural imperialism in Malaya is deemed to have influenced Saloma until she sparks the birth of popular culture in the Federation of Malaya. Therefore, this research would scrutinise the extent to which cultural imperialism in the Federation of Malaya has influenced Saloma in shaping popular culture in the country from the colonialism era until the post-independence era in the Federated Malay States. The results of this research show that Saloma had certainly brought a dominant image of imperialism in Malaya through culture imperialism. Saloma has successfully introduced a popular culture in the Federation of Malaya through her sense of music, media and fashion, and lifestyle. The finding of this study contributes significantly to the history of our country in relation to how the contribution of artists, which in this context referring to Saloma, had given an impact on our country's civilization. The findings of the current study can be used as a guide to highlight the role and contribution of artists that is less recognized in the civilization and history of the country. Keywords: Saloma, popular culture, imperialism, cultural imperialism, Malaya.

Make Prompts Adaptable: Bayesian Modeling for Vision-Language Prompt Learning with Data-Dependent Prior

Recent vision-language pre-trained (VLP) models have become the backbone for many downstream tasks, but they are utilized as frozen model without learning. Prompt learning is a method to improve the pre-trained VLP model by adding a learnable context vector to the inputs of the text encoder. In a few-shot learning scenario of the downstream task, MLE training can lead the context vector to over-fit dominant image features in the training data. This overfitting can potentially harm the generalization ability, especially in the presence of a distribution shift between the training and test dataset. This paper presents a Bayesian-based framework of prompt tuning, which could alleviate the over-fitting issues on few-shot learning application and increase the adaptability of prompts on unobserved instances. Specifically, modeling data-dependent prior enhances the adaptability of text features for both seen and unseen image features without the trade-off of performance between them. Based on the Bayesian framework, we utilize the Wasserstein gradient flow in the estimation of our target posterior distribution, which enables our prompt to be flexible in capturing the complex modes of image features. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on benchmark datasets for several experiments by showing statistically significant improvements on performance compared to existing methods.

Towards Transferable Adversarial Attacks with Centralized Perturbation

Adversarial transferability enables black-box attacks on unknown victim deep neural networks (DNNs), rendering attacks viable in real-world scenarios. Current transferable attacks create adversarial perturbation over the entire image, resulting in excessive noise that overfit the source model. Concentrating perturbation to dominant image regions that are model-agnostic is crucial to improving adversarial efficacy. However, limiting perturbation to local regions in the spatial domain proves inadequate in augmenting transferability. To this end, we propose a transferable adversarial attack with fine-grained perturbation optimization in the frequency domain, creating centralized perturbation. We devise a systematic pipeline to dynamically constrain perturbation optimization to dominant frequency coefficients. The constraint is optimized in parallel at each iteration, ensuring the directional alignment of perturbation optimization with model prediction. Our approach allows us to centralize perturbation towards sample-specific important frequency features, which are shared by DNNs, effectively mitigating source model overfitting. Experiments demonstrate that by dynamically centralizing perturbation on dominating frequency coefficients, crafted adversarial examples exhibit stronger transferability, and allowing them to bypass various defenses.

Toward Blue Cultural (Re)Visions in the Literature of the Northern Mozambique Channel

The ocean has been represented as a mysterious and alien space; too fast to comprehend yet compressed in narratives, in many studies. Once a neglected area in literary studies and discourses, the ocean is now gaining a considerable attention by scholars. This article is an exploratory analysis of the cultural meanings of the ocean scape with close references to the Mozambique Channel literary productions. By locating African studies in the context of the ocean scape—itself a site of antique multicultural negotiations—the article suggests a shift in the ocean’s ancient meanings to the early modern period meanings encapsulated in slavery and colonialism. The article examines trends and dominant images that contribute to a blue cultural understanding of these artistic works. The study seeks to illustrate that the ocean scape speaks to a catalogue of modern knowledge hubs such as post colonialism, globalization, history and environment. By drawing on New Historicism, the article provides examples on how the Mozambique Channel Ocean scape discourses shift our interpretation of this postcolonial literature by first, engaging an explication of select texts and secondly, through a (re)consideration of historical contexts of the Mozambique experience in favour of blue cultural studies. The study (re)visits how indigenous traditions, values, customs and art forms as depicted in these works (inter)penetrate other social discourses as cultural expressions.

SPORTS AND MEDIA IN SERBIA IN THE MIRROR OF SPORTS JOURNALISM STUDENTS

Starting from the fact that journalism in Serbia is a reflection of the times we live in, as well as the fact that the domestic scene is overloaded with tabloid discourse and the clientelistic role of the media instead of one that includes the media role as a corrective mechanism of society, it is clear what challenges many representatives of this profession to face in daily work. That dominant image shapes and broadens the attitude in society about this profession, that is, a stereotypical view that thus undeservedly includes numerous representatives who adhere to ethical standards. Therefore, as part of the journalist's guild, the media and media workers who focus on sports live in such an environment as a particularly prominent segment of society through which many others permeate, such as politics, economy, crime, etc. On the other hand, the fact is that technological changes have led to a much larger quantity, namely the possibility of a significant expansion of the body of journalists, including those specialized in sports, and therefore to increased interest in that profession, bearing in mind the rapid growth of the number of media newsrooms in general, as well as special sports newsrooms. This paper aims to form a kind of cross-section of the current situation through a series of attitudes measured on a Likert scale, videlicet insights into how, bearing in mind everything previously said, students of sports journalism in Serbia, as a specific segment of journalism, see this profession today and in the future, their place in that profession, as well as sports and media in general.

Analysis of Imagery in the Poem "DADDY" by Sylvia Plath

The aim of this study to describe the image contained in the poem "Daddy" by Sylvia Plath. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. Data collection used the technique of reading logs of the poem "Daddy" by Sylvia Plath. The research result were visual imagery, auditory imagery, pictures No aesthetic and magical. Conclusion from results of imagery analysis carried out on the poem "Daddy" by Sylvia Plath is that the most dominant image is visual imagery.
 Keywords: Analysis, Imagery, Literature, Poetry

''Visible is a symbol'': Nature as an animated creature pictured by Russian and German romantics

The topicality of the research refers to the problem of national identity, national code, embodied among other spheres of spiritual life and in literature. Romantics' worldview was composed on the foundation of folklore, myth and literary tradition. The system of symbolic motifs of 'infancy' and 'pre-earth life', affinity of souls, joining in death and others became significant elements of the works in the Romanticism period. The study object is the collection of writings connected to natural-philosophic ideas of Nature as a living creature. The subject-matter of the research is national identity of Romanticism, manifested in the peculiarities of Nature perception. In the process of analysis, a comprehensive literary approach was used, combining historical-literary, historical-genetic, comparative-typological methods, which made it possible to establish the specifics of the embodiment of ideas about Nature by writers of Russia and Germany of the Romantic era. Presenting the natural-philosophic system of life conception, the writers relied on F. Schelling's philosophy. It is demonstrated that Russian romantics associate the origin of ideal female images with Heaven (angel-woman) and German romanticists – with the Earth (flower woman). Angel woman and flower woman help the characters to understand the essence of the existence. Natural symbols used in the works (sky, earth, flower atc.) and other symbolic images (melody, kiss, icon etc.) convey the specific mystic world understanding of the authors. Novelty of the research lies in the analysis of dominant images, that makes it possible to determine 'the independence of the face' of romantics in Russia and Germany, basing on the idea of a man dependent on Nature that existed in the developed national tradition. This approach makes it possible to specify the understanding of the particular characteristics of archetypic female images presented in ethnic-cultural sphere.

From Caftan King to Peacock Pasha: Demis Roussos and Orientalist decadence in men’s fashion and European popular culture, 1968–80

The Greek-Egyptian singer Artemios Ventouris (Demis) Roussos (1946–2015) was a global superstar in the 1970s, selling more than 60 million albums. Roussos’s success was built on his hard work, talent and ability to craft a sensual, comforting, caftan-clad performance persona that tapped into the 1970s zeitgeist. Scholarship to date has considered the decadence of Orientalism and caftans in fashion, including their importance in the so-called ‘Peacock Revolution’ of menswear. It has also considered how Roussos used a nostalgia linked to warm, sunny package holidays – a new European phenomenon in the 1970s – within his songs to great commercial success. Less attention, however, has been paid to how Roussos used the materialism and Orientalist symbolism of his luxurious caftans with his voice, hirsuteness and embonpoint to create the seductive, sensual atmosphere that was central to his fame and offered his fans an alternative to dominant images of 1970s male rock stars. This article also examines how wearing caftans allowed Roussos to create his ‘pasha’ persona, a hypermasculine figure associated with decadent Orientalist stereotypes of the harems and palaces of the mythical East. Roussos’s ‘pasha’ image extended beyond the stage and his gargantuan appetites for food and the trappings of luxury were also central to recreating the atmosphere of decadence he remembered from his Egyptian childhood. This article thus traces how, as Roussos’s fame and girth expanded, he made caftans his trademark, blending an Orientalist, libertine style of living and dress that seduced his fans and expressed the era’s, and his own, desires for excesses that transgressed bourgeois notions of restrained, good taste.

Pooling-based Visual Transformer with low complexity attention hashing for image retrieval

Retrieving similar images is becoming an urgent need for us with the continuous growth of large-scale data. However, whether the dominant image retrieval methods are Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) or the recently emerging Visual Transformer (ViT), their complex computation, insufficient feature extraction, and mismatched weights greatly influence the efficiency and retrieval accuracy. In this paper, we propose a Pooling-based Visual Transformer with low complexity attention hashing (PTLCH) for image retrieval. First, a backbone network for Pooling-based Vision Transformer (PiT) feature learning is designed to combine the pooling in CNN and the ViT to achieve the purpose of spatial dimensionality reduction while learning rich semantic information. Second, a low complexity attention (LCA) module is incorporated into PiT, which works by combining the positional deviation with the key matrix and the value matrix and then matrix multiplying with the query matrix. LCA explores rich contextual information to enable network learning of more granular feature information. Finally, a new loss framework is proposed where we focus on the effect of difficult and erroneous samples on accuracy. By using different improved cross-entropy losses, better weights are assigned to the learning samples of our network, which effectively improves learning hash coding. We have conducted extensive experiments on three public datasets, CIFAR-10, ImageNet100, and MS-COCO, which have the highest mean average precision of 93.76%, 92.62%, and 90.60%, respectively.

Притчевість у поезії дисидентів і герметистів (на прикладі лірики Тараса Мельничука та Василя Герасим’юка)

In modern Ukrainian literary studies, the problems of generational dialogues and conflicts, the heredity and discontinuity of the literary process in Soviet and independent Ukraine, as well as the restoration of the authenticity and originality of lyrical writing, the peculiarities of generational experiences, are actualized. Scientists are interested in designing the encoding of images and symbols in the lyrics of resistance members, in particular, dissidents and hermeticists, representatives of two forms of dissent — open and hidden. The modelling of history and reality in the work of Taras Melnychuk and Vasyl Herasymiuk, two poets from the Hutsul Region, still seems exotic, as it does not declare any phenomenon, but retells it as a strange phenomenon, as a fate, as a molfarism, as hereditary, as exceptional and usual at the same time. The core of the resistance literature was the imagery of the poetry of several generations, in particular dissidents and hermetists, which stood out from the mass of poetry of the second half of the 20th century with its fairy-tale and parable imagery. This literature of the resistance movement is well characterized, but not qualified by modern sources. Very interesting in this sense is the design of symbols and codes based on the metaphorical processing of ethnicity (partially relict). The lyrics of dissidents and hermeticists are, in fact, a demonstration of open (extroverted) and hidden (introverted) forms of resistance to the regime — through a parable, a fairy tale, a myth. The national culture revealed by the two poets in the poems is a contemplative part of their Europeanness, and therefore embodied both in dominant images and in explanations somewhat similar to exegesis, creating a completely underground allegory. Taras Melnychuk and Vasyl Herasymiuk are two Hutsul poets who not only offered readers to model reality based on its exoticization, but also to implement ethnocodes, oddities and molfarism as a tool to fight against totalitarianism. This is a manifestation of the form of the authors’ stoic positions, and is not only perceived as an expression of the beauty of the Carpathians and the Hutsul region.

Shortage of General Practitioners as a Topic in the Media—A Systematic Content-Related Analytical Study on Depiction Patterns (Frames) in News Media Coverage in the Federal Republic of Germany

The shortage of general practitioners (GPs) and the fact that country doctors’ practices are vanishing—a situation that is currently taking a turn for the worse in some regions of Germany—are issues that have been dealt with in the media as a topic of specific discussion for some time now. In the process, news coverage is dominated by certain depiction patterns, referred to as frames, which are shaped in terms of textual and visual impact. The present explorative study addresses the questions of which media depiction and interpretation patterns (frames) are encountered on the shortage of general practitioners in news coverage in the Federal Republic of Germany and how general practitioners, the circumstances, and the benefits of their care are presented in this context. In the course of a search via the Lexis Nexis database, a total of 655 news items were found or selected that mainly deal with the shortage of general practitioners (period from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2022). Furthermore, the media libraries of the two public television broadcasters ARD and ZDF were specifically searched for documentaries on the shortage of general practitioners for the said period. A qualitative content analysis was subsequently performed, in which characteristic reporting patterns on the topic under consideration were identified based on frame-defining categories. Five frames could be identified that outline the shortage of general practitioners in different ways. The first three frames present the dominant image of GPs as highly stressed, aged, or frustrated primary care providers who attempt to keep their practice going for as long as possible despite their increasing stress levels. The other frames portray the phenomenon of the shortage of GPs, in particular, as a side effect of demographic and structural changes, discuss the (diminishing) appeal of the profession of a general practitioner, or discuss the issue of remote areas that no longer have access to a GP practice and now receive ‘alternative solutions’. The frames identified reflect societal views and anxieties regarding the consequences of a progressive shortage of GPs, which have been spurred on by the media. They reflect the significance of the GP as a trustworthy and competent primary care provider who is not readily replaceable, neither in his/her role as a guide in the healthcare system nor with regard to his social function.

What Can Music Learning Do? Audiovision as Research-Creation in Undergraduate Music Studies

Livestreaming as research-creation for music studies introduced students to research-creation and the felt experience of extralinguistic concepts. As a way of both rethinking the divide between musicology and music performance and engaging in much needed critical reflection on how music teaching has always been done, research-creation in audiovision creates a laboratory for extralinguistic musicology. By connecting research-creation literature with practical training in the production of audiovision music studies, dominant image of thought emerges and a new machinic image of thought is introduced. If music studies is to find its way beyond the disciplinarity of inherited models, it will do so along with a wider engagement in a diversity of what it means to teach and what it means to do research. This is, at its core, a question of what image of thought will be allowed.

Межкультурный диалог: каким видится герой нашего времени из Москвы, Минска и Дели?

The international roundtable discussion on the problems of literary studies, comparative studies and intercultural communication “Delhi ‒ Minsk ‒ Moscow: The hero of our time in world and national literature” was held online on April 28, 2023. The organizers of the discussion on the subject were the Department of Foreign Literature of the Maxim Gorky Institute of Literature and Creative Writing, the Department of World Literature of the Institute of Philology of the Moscow State Pedagogical University and the Department of Translation Theory and Practice of the Faculty of Social and Cultural Communications of the Belarusian State University. The target audience of the online forum were teachers, graduate students and students of the above-mentioned universities, as well as literature teachers from the listed countries. The aim of the international roundtable was to identify the key features of the hero of our time in the global (world) and local (national) contexts. The participants of the roundtable were invited to discuss types, archetypes, timeless images, characters in world literature representing a mould from the hero of our time, to identify the dominant images of modern literature, to capture the universal in the variety of manifestations of human characters and the rich colours with which authors of different nationalities paint their characters, to see unfading patterns in the heroes of the past, to trace the transformation of notions about the ideal hero, the congruent in the dynamics of historical and social processes, religious, aesthetic and cultural attitudes. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of protagonists in the literatures of the modern multipolar world, which develop under the influence of a number of geopolitical factors. As a result of the discussion, it was proved that the creation of the image of the hero of modern literature is inextricably linked with the author’s worldview, his/her social position and the system of ethical and aesthetic views, which leads to the dominance of certain types in modern literature, newly created images and recreated archetypes alike.

FEATURES OF THE PLOT OF THE POETRY OF THE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN UKRAINE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE LYRICS OF THE DISSIDENT TARAS MELNYCHUK)

In modern literary studies, the problems of generational experiences, the involvement of authors in certain generations, the artificial interruption of the connection between them in the USSR and the dynamics of restoration in the period of Independence are actualized. Plot poetry fell out of the field of view of scientists, although it was under the direct influence of the mentioned features, it contained many contradictions, because the plot was a convenient means of typical post-Soviet vulgar socialist realist poetry. The event, the so-called external plot, was generously used by the official authors of the “thaw” when writing poems. Dissidents and hermeticists mostly rejected the external plot and bet on an internal, emotional event. This influenced the formation of the multidimensionality of the generative experience of the post-modern era. The figurative-symbolic style of the poetry of the resistance movement became more expressive than procedurality, which lost cause-and-effect detail, and the internal plot became, in fact, a projection of codes based on the constructed figurative-symbolic style. Therefore, the lyrics of the direct participants of the resistance movement, that is, prisoners of conscience, the displaced generation and hermeticists, poets of several branches of the resistance movement, who symbolically intertwined, are a certain symbolic integrity. Therefore, many dissident writers were qualified as involved in the suppressed generation and hermeticism. Taras Melnychuk, a prisoner of the Perm camps, in particular, was the author of open and hidden lyrics, where there were external and internal plots with a consistent modeling of ethnocodes, with a dominant image of the Carpathians, with relic molfarism, which he contrasted with shamanism (which would be impossible to interpret and to explain outside the plot, without the external course of events and the connection of phenomena and without internal spasmodic toning with dynamics and hermetization), which resulted in a unique, discourse expression of the author’s position.

Citra Perempuan dalam Novel Laut Bercerita karya Leila S. Chudori

This study aims to describe the dominant image of women depicted in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S Chudori. The problem that arises in this study is how is the image of a female character named Asmara Jati in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S Chudori. This research includes the type of qualitative descriptive research. The data were taken from reading the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S Chudori in the form of words and direct and indirect sentences. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out using the read-and-note method. The data is then identified and analyzed based on the theory of feminist literary criticism from Ruthven's perspective. In this article, the image of female characters is found, including self-image and social image. Women's self-image consists of physical and psychological images. In the physical image, Asmara Jati is described as a young, assertive woman. In the psychic image of Asmara Jati, it is described as a woman with a stable psyche, tough, intelligent, brave, compassionate, and caring. Meanwhile, the social image consists of the family and society. The image in the family of Asrama Jati figures as a child, a younger sibling, and a family member with a high sense of caring and love for their parents. Meanwhile, the image in the Asmara Jati community is that of a woman who is active, caring, responsible, and a driving force for the Commission on Missing Persons.

What does security look like? Exploring interpretive photography as method

AbstractIR’s visual turn has emphasised visual analysis over visual method, centring images of war and crisis. Meanwhile security studies centres great power politics and moments of rupture. Together, they reinforce a dominant image of security as spectacular. This article unites two ethnographic projects focused on everyday security: one examining everyday security landscapes in China, and one examining health security at the UK border. Both found a gap between the dominant image of security and what we saw, and explored this gap through photography. Building on the everyday and visual turns, the article introduces interpretive photography as method to make two contributions. The first is methodological: it introduces interpretive photography as a distinct critical qualitative method that operates on five modes: enabling the seeing-capturing-making-sharing of visual artefacts, it also disrupts dominant visions and contributes to the construction of international relations. The second contribution is empirical: a deeper, richer account of what security looks like. While the discipline associates security with emergency politics or a state of exception, Nyman’s photographs show the exception-made-everyday, while Ferhani’s photos reject the exception by showing banal routines. In this way, photography engages the visuality of security, and can change how we see security.

Циклизация малых форм балкарской прозы

This article outlines a range of theoretical issues concerning the development of a promising artis-tic form of the narrative cycle by Balkarian writers. The object of research is small genres of prose (short stories, short stories, satirical miniatures), cyclically structured and forming an artis-tic integrity. The paper examines the historical prerequisites for the emergence of such structures, the regularity of their introduction into the work of regional prose writers. Using the possibilities of literary chronicles, national authors sought to capture the most significant moments of reality succinctly and concisely, to fix them in the reader’s mind through the techniques of detailing, in-cluding additional details, episodes, fragments. The corresponding niche occupied by the novelis-tic cycle in the Balkar literature is determined, the seriation and chronicity of texts, their concep-tual complementarity are noted. The study purposefully correlates a narrative cycle and a thematic collection of short stories, to distinguish such textual associations by distinctive features and ways of coupling parts within the established ideological and artistic integrity. During the analysis the relevant material, various types of prose cycles are revealed: author’s (originally written accord-ing to the writer’s plan), editorial (compiled to the publication of collections of works by an indi-vidual author, based on a single problem) and composite (multi-component texts, within which autonomous works are transformed into a cyclical unity, based on meaningful overlap, repeatabil-ity of plot lines and dominant images). The result of the study is the conclusion that the novelistic cycle has become a very effective form in national prose with its functionality and scope of appli-cation, allowing the most complete reflection of the dynamically changing reality.

Фразеологические единицы с компонентом «птица» в мордовских и финском языках (семантический анализ)

The purpose of the study is to identify common and distinctive features of Mordovian and Finnish phraseological units with the zoonym component “bird”. The relevance of this study is due to the need for a comprehensive study of phraseological units in order to identify common and specific features inherent in these linguistic cultures. The object of the study was the phraseological units of the Mordovian and Finnish languages, in which the zoonym component “bird” was identified. Based on the methods of descriptive, comparative, component analysis, the semantic characteristics of phraseological units are studied, dominant images are identified, universal phenomena and distinctive features in the meanings conveyed by phraseological units in the compared languages are determined. The main material of the study is presented by phraseological units with a zoocomponent, identified by continuous sampling from explanatory monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as phraseological developments, texts of fiction and journalistic literature. The properties that the Mordovians and Finns attribute to poultry are in most cases similar, which is why both languages have a lot of phraseological units that coincide in meaning. In both Mordovian and Finnish cultures, the bird is considered a creature that is not very smart. The observed phenomenon is to a greater extent associated with domestic poultry, and to a lesser extent with wild birds.