Dominant Category Research Articles

Multidisciplinary classification for Indonesian scientific articles abstract using pre-trained BERT model

Scientific articles now have multidisciplinary content. These make it difficult for researchers to find out relevant information. Some submissions are irrelevant to the journal's discipline. Categorizing articles and assessing their relevance can aid researchers and journals. Existing research still focuses on single-category predictive outcomes. Therefore, this research takes a new approach by applying a multidisciplinary classification for Indonesian scientific article abstracts using a pre-trained BERT model, showing the relevance between each category in an abstract. The dataset used was 9,000 abstracts with 9 disciplinary categories. On the dataset, text preprocessing is performed. The classification model was built by combining the pre-trained BERT model with Artificial Neural Network. Fine-tuning the hyperparameters is done to determine the most optimal hyperparameter combination for the model. The hyperparameters consist of batch size, learning rate, number of epochs, and data ratio. The best hyperparameter combination is a learning rate of 1e-5, batch size 32, epochs 3, and data ratio 9:1, with a validation accuracy value of 90.8%. The confusion matrix results of the model are compared with the confusion matrix results by experts. In this case, the highest accuracy result obtained by the model is 99.56%. A software prototype used the most accurate model to classify new data, displaying the top two prediction probabilities and the dominant category. This research produces a model that can be used to solve Indonesian text classification-related problems.

Pola Persebaran dan Keanekaragaman Kelomang di Zona Litoral Pantai Leuweung Sancang Kabupaten Garut

The littoral zone of Leuweung Sancang Beach, Garut Regency has very diverse biodiversity, such as hermit crabs. This study aims to determine the distribution patterns and species diversity of hermit crabs in the littoral zone of Leuweung Sancang Beach. This research was conducted from February 2022 to June 2022. This research uses quantitative methods and sampling techniques using a 100 meter transect belt which is divided into 100 plots with a size of 1 x 1 meter. The stations used are Cibako 1 station, Cikujang Jambe 2 station, and Ciporeang 3 station. The results of this study obtained data on the distribution pattern of hermit crabs on Leuweung Sancang Beach, namely clusters with an id value > 1 obtained data on the diversity of hermit crabs consisting of 3 family, 5 genus, and 13 species. The results of the calculation of the ecological index on hermit crabs show that the average density of hermit crab species is 15.73 ind/m2, the average diversity index is 1.27 includes the moderate diversity category, the average uniformity index is 0.52 includes the moderate uniformity category, and the average dominance index is 0.39 includes the category of moderate dominance.

Hr Management in the Digital Era in MSMEs

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are the most dominant business category in Indonesia. Most small businesses face challenges when it comes to educating their staff about digital trends and business opportunities. The existing problems can be concluded that the problem is that there are still human resources who do not know the potential and management that exists in them in the face of the digitalization era. Therefore it needs to be encouraged to be directed in knowing the potential and management that exists in him and provide training on how to take solutions when facing a problem.The performance target achieved by community service this time is the aspect of ability, in which existing human resources can improve their skills and ability to solve problems and manage

Analysis of Coaches Work Culture Behavior in DIY Province

The purpose of this research is to analyze the coaches work cultural behavior in DIY province in the context of POPNAS 2023 (National Student Sports Week) Indonesia. The importance of this study is to evaluate the trainer's performance during the training periodization. This research uses survey method, its analysis uses quantitative descriptive. The sample of this research is 40 trainers consisting of 15 types of sports, these sports will be competed in the Indonesian POPNAS (National Student Sports Week). The research instrument was a questionnaire in the form of a Google form consisting of 24 statement items. The indicators of the coache work culture behavior are divided into attitudes toward work and behavior on time work. Test the validity of the instrument using Aiken's with a value of 0.898 and Cronbach's Alpha reliability test with a value of 0.791. The results of this study indicate that the cultural behavior of DIY provincial trainers shows the results of "very poor" 4 coaches (10%), "less" 7 coaches (17.5%), "enough" 21 coaches (52.5%), "Good" 6 coaches (15 %), “very good” 2 coaches (5%). Based on the results of research on work behavior, the work culture of DIY coaches is in the dominant category of "enough". Thus it can be an evaluation material for all levels of coaches and sports organizations about the importance of coach awareness and other support including sports institutions so that they pay more attention to coaches. Suggestions from this study so that research can be developed by adding samples or research variables. Because research that examines the work culture of coaches is still a little published.

Measuring welfare with the use of the MIMIC approach: evidence for Poland

The growing interest in the concept of using welfare categories as a measure of economic or social development results from the fact that dominant income categories have been replaced by solutions related to individuals’ basic, existential and higher-order needs being fulfilled. The transition from analysing the poverty rate category, through the various approaches to material deprivation, to the perception of welfare in economic, subjective, or hidden terms is visible. The main purpose of the study is to estimate the subjective level of welfare of households in Poland. The subjective level of various socio-economic phenomena is often difficult to estimate; therefore, the study uses the approach of structural modelling for the multiple indicators and multiple causes model (MIMIC), which assumes the presence of a latent variable. The research is based on data from the Social Diagnosis panel study for household level in Poland. Based on the construction and positive substantive and statistical verification of the model the results show that subjectively the best welfare situation was identified mainly for households located in countryside areas, where even the lowest estimated levels of welfare exceed the highest estimated levels for cities of various sizes. Investigating the spatial distribution, the highest levels of subjective welfare were recorded for the Lubelskie and Swietokrzyskie voivodeships, and thanks to moving to a higher spatial data aggregation level (to the sub-regional), a more detailed assessment of spatial units was possible. In further research, individualised voivodeship models will be estimated to capture a more accurate differentiation of the influence of MIMIC model variables. A similar direction of analysis is anticipated for sub-regional data.

Species-level microbiota of ticks and fleas from Marmota himalayana in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Ticks and fleas, as blood-sucking arthropods, carry and transmit various zoonotic diseases. In the natural plague foci of China, monitoring of Yersinia pestis has been continuously conducted in Marmota himalayana and other host animals, whereas other pathogens carried by vectors are rarely concerned in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, we investigated the microbiota of ticks and fleas sampling from M. himalayana in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China by metataxonomics combined with metagenomic methods. By metataxonomic approach based on full-length 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and operational phylogenetic unit (OPU) analyses, we described the microbiota community of ticks and fleas at the species level, annotated 1,250 OPUs in ticks, including 556 known species and 492 potentially new species, accounting for 48.50% and 41.71% of the total reads in ticks, respectively. A total of 689 OPUs were detected in fleas, consisting of 277 known species (40.62% of the total reads in fleas) and 294 potentially new species (56.88%). At the dominant species categories, we detected the Anaplasma phagocytophilum (OPU 421) and potentially pathogenic new species of Wolbachia, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Bartonella. Using shotgun sequencing, we obtained 10 metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs) from vector samples, including a known species (Providencia heimbachae DFT2), and six new species affliated to four known genera, i.e., Wolbachia, Mumia, Bartonella, and Anaplasma. By the phylogenetic analyses based on full-length 16S rRNA genes and core genes, we identified that ticks harbored pathogenic A. phagocytophilum. Moreover, these potentially pathogenic novel species were more closely related to Ehrlichia muris, Ehrlichia muris subsp. eauclairensis, Bartonella rochalimae, and Rickettsia limoniae, respectively. The OPU 422 Ehrlichia sp1 was most related to Ehrlichia muris and Ehrlichia muris subsp. eauclairensis. The OPU 230 Bartonella sp1 and Bartonella spp. (DTF8 and DTF9) was clustered with Bartonella rochalimae. The OPU 427 Rickettsia sp1 was clustered with Rickettsia limoniae. The findings of the study have advanced our understanding of the potential pathogen groups of vectors in marmot (Marmota himalayana) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints.

Jujube is a nutritious fruit, and is high in vitamin C, fiber, phenolics, flavonoids, nucleotides, and organic acids. It is both an important food and a source of traditional medicine. Metabolomics can reveal metabolic differences between Ziziphus jujuba fruits from different jujube cultivars and growth sites. In the fall of 2022, mature fresh fruit of eleven cultivars from replicated trials at three sites in New Mexico-Leyendecker, Los Lunas, and Alcalde-were sampled from September to October for an untargeted metabolomics study. The 11 cultivars were Alcalde 1, Dongzao, Jinsi (JS), Jinkuiwang (JKW), Jixin, Kongfucui (KFC), Lang, Li, Maya, Shanxi Li, and Zaocuiwang (ZCW). Based on the LC-MS/MS analysis, there were 1315 compounds detected with amino acids and derivatives (20.15%) and flavonoids (15.44%) as dominant categories. The results reveal that the cultivar was the dominant factor in metabolite profiles, while the location was secondary. A pairwise comparison of cultivar metabolomes revealed that two pairs had fewer differential metabolites (i.e., Li/Shanxi Li and JS/JKW) than all the other pairs, highlighting that pairwise metabolic comparison can be applied for cultivar fingerprinting. Differential metabolite analysis also showed that half of drying cultivars have up-regulated lipid metabolites compared to fresh or multi-purpose fruit cultivars and that specialized metabolites vary significantly between cultivars from 35.3% (Dongzao/ZCW) to 56.7% (Jixin/KFC). An exemplary analyte matching sedative cyclopeptide alkaloid sanjoinine A was only detected in the Jinsi and Jinkuiwang cultivars. Overall, our metabolic analysis of the jujube cultivar's mature fruits provides the largest resource of jujube fruit metabolomes to date and will inform cultivar selection for nutritional and medicinal research and for fruit metabolic breeding.

Metagenomic analysis reveals antibiotic resistance profiles in tissue samples from patients with diabetic foot infections

Treating patients with diabetic foot infection (DFI) is challenging because of high rates of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, to administer a suitable antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to know the antibiotic resistance patterns in DFIs. To explore this question, we selected metagenomic data of 36 tissue samples from patients with DFI in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive database. A total of 229 antibiotic-resistant gene (ARG) subtypes belonging to 20 ARG types were detected. The antibiotic resistome of 229 different genes in the tissue samples of patients with DFI comprised 24 core and 205 accessory resistance genes. Among the core antibiotic resistome, multidrug, tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and beta-lactam resistance genes were the dominant categories. Procrustes analysis indicated that both the microbial community composition and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were determinants of the ARGs. In the network analysis, 29 species were speculated to be potential hosts of 28 ARGs based on the co-occurrence results. Plasmids and transposons were the most common elements that co-occurred with ARGs. Our study provided detailed information about antibiotic resistance patterns in DFI, which has practical implications for suggesting a more specific antibiotic choice.

Long-term spatiotemporal variation in atmospheric aerosol properties over Türkiye based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data: aerosol classification based on city type.

Due to their complex aerosol characteristics, it is crucial to analyze the trends and properties of atmospheric aerosols over the eastern Mediterranean countries. This study comprehensively evaluates Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angström Exponent (AE) trends and aerosol classification over Türkiye, using the MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2019. The spatial distributions of AOD and AE were determined across various temporal scales, including multiannual, 5-year intervals, seasonal, and monthly periods. The analysis of the spatial distribution of AOD values revealed that the mean values in the northwestern areas, ranging from 0.20 to 0.25, were comparatively higher than those observed in the eastern regions, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.15. Between 1980 and 1994, the AOD values gradually increased, followed by a subsequent decline from 1995 to 2019. Based on 5-year intervals between 1980 and 2019, the coastal regions exhibited higher AOD values than the inland areas. Specifically, higher AOD values were noted between May and August, whereas lower values were observed during autumn and winter. Additionally, higher AE values were detected over the northwestern region, while the southeastern region had the lowest AE values, particularly during spring, attributed to the frequent occurrence of dust transport events in this area. The AOD and AE values were also examined in different city types, using the population thresholds of the European Commission. The global city category consisting only of Istanbul showed the highest AOD values across all seasons, while the category of very small cities, which includes 12 cities, had the lowest AOD values. Furthermore, this study investigated the contributions of dominant aerosol categories across various city types based on multiannual and seasonal variations of AOD and AE. The results showed that mixed and continental aerosols had higher portions across all city types. However, biomass burning/industrial and mixed aerosol categories were more prominent in global and large cities. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric aerosol properties in Türkiye and can serve as a useful guide for researchers intending to conduct future studies utilizing AOD and AE data obtained through MERRA-2 aerosol diagnosis.

Individual tree segmentation and species classification using high-density close-range multispectral laser scanning data

Tree species characterise biodiversity, health, economic potential, and resilience of an ecosystem, for example. Tree species classification based on remote sensing data, however, is known to be a challenging task. In this paper, we study for the first time the feasibility of tree species classification using high-density point clouds collected with an airborne close-range multispectral laser scanning system – a technique that has previously proved to be capable of providing stem curve and volume accurately and rapidly for standing trees. To this end, we carried out laser scanning measurements from a helicopter on 53 forest sample plots, each with a size of 32 m × 32 m. The plots covered approximately 5500 trees in total, including Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.), and deciduous trees such as Downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and Silverbirch (Betula pendula Roth). The multispectral laser scanning system consisted of integrated Riegl VUX-1HA, miniVUX-3UAV, and VQ-840-G scanners (Riegl GmbH, Austria) operating at wavelengths of 1550 nm, 905 nm, and 532 nm, respectively. A new approach, layer-by-layer segmentation, was developed for individual tree detection and segmentation from the dense point cloud data. After individual tree segmentation, 249 features were computed for tree species classification, which was tested with approximately 3000 trees. The features described the point cloud geometry as well as single-channel and multi-channel reflectance metrics. Both feature selection and the tree species classification were conducted using the random forest method. Using the layer-by-layer segmentation algorithm, trees in the dominant and co-dominant categories were found with detection rates of 89.5% and 77.9%, respectively, whereas suppressed trees were detected with a success rate of 15.2%–42.3%, clearly improving upon the standard watershed segmentation. The overall accuracy of the tree species classification was 73.1% when using geometric features from the 1550 nm scanner data and 86.6% when combining the geometric features with reflectance information of the 1550 nm data. The use of multispectral reflectance and geometric features improved the overall classification accuracy up to 90.8%. Classification accuracies were as high as 92.7% and 93.7% for dominant and co-dominant trees, respectively.

Romance cinema for debunking gender bias of non-egalitarian couple relationships in higher education

Romance cinema may recreate cisgender heterosexual couple representations by means of image-making, with the use of gender bias or traditional images that have considerable effects on how women and men are represented or are expected to behave, which may confront egalitarian models of relationships. This study aims to analyze how the traditional model of couples is represented in the 20 romantic highest-grossing movies selected from the years 2000–2010, and whether the reading of non-egalitarian images awakens different meanings and reflections by experts and undergraduates in Higher Education (areas of education and communication). For this aim, a mixed methodology was used, first qualitative (six in-depth interviews with academics and film analyses of the selected movies), then quantitative (questionnaire to 251 undergraduates analyzing films), and then qualitative again (personal reports from the same students). Results confirmed the reflective making of gender bias and non-egalitarian images of couple relationships in six of the box-office films, with moderate percentages in categories of Submission, Dominance, Dependence, and higher percentages of Manipulation, either for/from women or men. The study concludes that romance cinema was positively valued by students and academics as an enabling cultural product for the analysis, reflection, and deconstruction of non-egalitarian images, so that higher education students can be guided to critically seek suitable understandings of gender and couple relationships.

Non-stationary evaluation of runoff peaks in response to climate variability and land use change in Ferson Creek, Illinois, USA.

In this paper, we examine how surface runoff affects public safety and urban infrastructure worldwide and how human activity has significantly altered the frequency and magnitude of these events. We investigate this issue in Ferson Creek, IL, USA. Our study focuses on three specific areas of impact: (1) the primary reasons for a considerable increase in average runoff peaks, using annual maximum runoff discharge and annual maximum precipitation and temperature to evaluate the role of climate variability; (2) the effect of land use change on runoff peaks by coupling dominant land use categories with annual maximum runoff discharge; and (3) the use of return level plots as a reference to explore the watershed's sensitivity to land use change. Our findings indicate that land use change has a greater effect on runoff peak values than climate variability in our region of interest. The agricultural areas of Ferson Creek have been most affected by the rapid transformation of about 20% of their land into developed areas. Although agricultural areas can sometimes intensify runoff peaks, their reduction has led to excessive runoff discharges in Ferson Creek, as they have higher relative infiltration capacity than developed areas. We conclude that each watershed has its own fingerprint in terms of the connection between its land use types and hydrological patterns and that the region is most sensitive to the percentage of forests. These results are essential for improving infrastructure design and risk estimation methods in the region of interest.

Ethnobotany of Zingiberaceae in Mae Hong Son, Northern Thailand

Abstract. Inta A, Trisonthi C, Pongamornkul W, Panyadee P. 2023. Ethnobotany of Zingiberaceae in Mae Hong Son, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 2114-2124. Zingiberaceae (ginger family) is one of the most important used plant families in Thailand. In this study, the uses of ginger species among the ethnic groups in Mae Hong Son province, northern Thailand, was investigated, which aims to answer these questions: how much diversity of ginger species is being used by the ethnicities in northern Thailand; which use categories are a most important use of ginger species? and which species or genera are the most important? The qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical investigations were conducted with informants through semi-structured interviewing during a walk-in-the-woods in the forest around the villages and home gardens. The importance of each ginger species was compared using the ethnobotanical indices, including use-report (UR), cultural importance index (CI), fidelity level (FL), and informant agreement ratio (IAR). Therefore, 1,218 use reports of local Zingiberaceae were recorded, belonging to six use categories; 33 native ginger species of 9 genera were found. Food and medicine are the two most dominant use categories, with 572 and 446 use reports, respectively. According to the number of UR and CI, the most important local Zingiberaceae species were Zingiber purpureum, Curcuma longa, Alpinia galanga, Z. officinale, Z. ottensii, Z. rubens and Amomum siamense, respectively. About half of the ethnomedicinal ginger species found in this study were first reported for their medicinal properties.

UNIQUE OF SPEECH ACTS USED IN SONG LYRICS OF TAYLOR SWIFT IN THE THEME OF LIFE LESSONS

Illocutionary act is performed by saying something and includes acts such as betting, promising, denying, stating, apologizing, threatening, predicting, ordering, and requesting. This study aimed to analyze the illocutionary act and function of the illocutionary act in the three-song lyric by Taylor Swift that has the same theme, that is life lessons. After the data is being collected, the data is analyzed based on the theory of illocutionary acts by Searle (1996) and the function of illocutionary acts by Leech (1983). The study shows that there are four categories of illocutionary acts found in the three songs by Taylor Swift. Those are representatives, directives, commisives and expressives. The representative act was found as the most dominant category of illocutionary act with 67 data (70,52%), followed by directives with 16 data (16,84%), commissions with 10 data (10,52%), and expressives with 2 data (2,1%). Moreover, there are four types of functions of illocutionary acts found in the song lyrics of Taylor Swift. There are Collaborative, conflictive, competitive, and convivial. Collaborative was the most dominant functions of illocutionary act with 16 data (69,56%) followed by conflictive with 5 data (21,73%), competitive with 1 data(4,34%) and convivial with 1 data (4,34%). Lastly, the speech act used in ELT has some implications for the students' skill.

Influence of synoptic weather conditions on atmometers on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA

Reference evapotranspiration data from atmometers at three locations on the Delmarva Peninsula (USA) were compared to Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) data across two growing seasons. Atmometer reference evapotranspiration (ETa) was found to underestimate ETo by 22.8% in 2016 and 30.4% in 2017. Stepwise linear regression was used to examine the relationship between both ET datasets and local meteorological conditions measured by Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS) mesonet stations that were co-located with the atmometers. Variability of ETa and ETo are well explained (R2 equal to 0.890 and 0.956, respectively) by a combination of meteorological variables, though the R2 in 2017 (R2 = 0.754) was notably lower than in 2016 (R2 = 0.890). The ET datasets were further examined by partitioning the data into days with similar synoptic conditions using a temporal synoptic index (TSI). Using the TSI results, three dominant synoptic categories were defined during the study period: High Pressure (HP), Southwest Flow (SW), and Cold Fronts (CF). Overall, the similarity between ETa and ETo was greatest on HP days, followed by CF and SW days. This relationship was primarily driven by wind speed, which had the greatest influence on ETa-ETo differences under all synoptic weather patterns. The 2016 growing season consisted of more days with synoptic conditions that are associated with smaller ETa -ETo differences than the 2017 growing season. Thus, changes in synoptic category frequency impact the nature of the ETa-ETo relationship from season to season. This study improves upon previous atmometer comparison studies by associating atmometer correction factors with synoptic weather patterns and descriptions in order to improve the utility of atmometers and remove the need for expensive meteorological equipment to correct atmometer data.

Geoelectrical and hydrochemical characteristics of a shallow lateritic aquifer in southwestern India

• The resistivity values of 50-200 Ω·m in second layer denote the groundwater zone. • The chemical parameters and elements except pH are within BIS and WHO standards. • The groundwater samples belong to Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl type hydrochemical facies. Laterites are one of the important aquifers in the southwestern Indian region, which exhibit declining water levels and acute water shortage during the summer season. In this context, a micro-level study was conducted through vertical electrical sounding (VES) and chemical analyses to assess the characteristics and hydrochemistry of shallow lateritic aquifers of northern Kerala. The VES data indicate the presence of three layers in most of the study area with a H-type curve. The three layers include (1) dry topsoil and/or hard, unsaturated laterite of high resistivity (687-1200000 Ω·m), (2) porous, soft lateritic layer saturated with water exhibiting low resistivity (55.5-1374 Ω·m), (3) hard rock with the highest resistivity (8186-1600000 Ω·m). The resistivity values of 50 to 200 Ω·m are assumed to indicate the presence of groundwater in the region. The groundwater is present in the second layer (6 to 60 m thick) of weathered laterite at a depth ranging from 4.4 to 57.7 m. The spatial distribution maps of various resistivity layers indicate that the northern and north-western parts of the study area are favourable for groundwater exploration through open wells. The interpretations based on resistivity data are corroborated by the depth to water table map prepared from water level data of open wells in the region. The geochemical analysis indicates that the groundwater in the lateritic aquifers is slightly acidic in nature. The cation and anion concentration in most of the samples follow the order Na + > Mg 2+ > K + and HCO 3− > Cl − > SO 4 2− respectively. However, all chemical parameters except pH and elemental concentrations are within the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking purposes. The groundwater samples in the area predominantly belong to Ca-Mg-Cl (Mixed type) and Na-Cl type hydrochemical facies. The US salinity diagram indicates that all the groundwater samples belong to the category of low salinity and low sodium hazard. The ions in the groundwater mostly originate from rock-water interaction and a few samples belong to the category of precipitation dominance. However, the type of parent rock does not exhibit a significant relationship with groundwater chemistry. The study also highlights the usefulness of electrical resistivity methods for the characterization of shallow lateritic aquifers and assessing the depth of groundwater occurrence in the region.

Logistic cost analysis for 3D printing construction projects using a multi-stage network-based approach

Construction 3D printing (3DP) could make supply chains more cost-effective, shorter, and less wasteful; however, many questions are raised regarding equipment and material supply. This paper develops a construction 3DP multi-stage network-based logistics cost assessment model for materials, equipment and waste flows of low-story building construction that supports: (1) a 3DP project logistics network evaluation; (2) a 3DP project feasibility analysis by comparing various 3DP logistic scenarios with traditional construction; and (3) determination of suitable logistics strategies for a 3DP project. A node approach for the logistics systems analysis and a two-type costing approach are employed for model development, the feasibility and practicality of which are demonstrated through case studies. Results show that the dominant logistics cost category for 3DP is transportation, the attentive consideration of which allows the feasibility of a construction 3DP project. As a further step, a 3DP capability map should be developed for 3DP market expansion and transportation reduction.

Indigenous knowledge and conservation status of wild plants collected from Garyaum, North Waziristan, Pakistan

Background: People still use plant-based medicine for their basic healthcare requirements despite having easy access to contemporary medications. Individuals are more dependent on natural remedies, especially in rural areas. In Garyaum, North Waziristan, Pakistan, this study intends to investigate the key native plants utilized in medicine and their applications for treating various illnesses. Objectives: The objectives of this study was to: (1) conduct a systematic examination of the wild plants utilized by the inhabitants of the study area; (2) collect indigenous knowledge concerning wild plants; (3) assess species with considerable cultural importance to the Garyaum inhabitants; and (4) document the conservation status of the collected plants in study area. Methods: Ethnobotanical data based on sociodemographic characteristics were collected using the protocol of (Martin 1995). Techniques included direct led field walks, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews. 95 participants including 81 men and 14 women were interviewed. Quantitative approaches, such as relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL) were also conducted. Results: The participants reported a total of 66 plant species, belonging to 49 genera and 28 families. Of the total reported plants, 47 were fodder species, 35 were medicinal species, 14 were timber species, 20 were fuel species, 11 were fruits species, 7 was vegetable species, 2 were condiment species, 9 were thatching species, 3 were ornamental species while 3 were poisonous in nature. The current findings revealed 45 species (68.18 %) as vulnerable, 9 species (13.63 %) as rare, 8 species (12.12 %) as endangered and 4 species (6.06 %) was found infrequent. None of the species was ranked in the dominant category (IUCN 2001) which clearly described the unpleasant situation of the local flora. Conclusion: It is concluded that local people still rely on plant-based medication for their basic medical requirements. The vast majority of the species are utilized as fuel, wood, and fodder. In addition, plant diversity is diminishing as a result of many anthropogenic influences, infrastructural expansion, and climate change as well. Hence, proper identification and cultivation of significant medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as appropriate conservation and management techniques, are urgently needed in the research region. And the value of floral diversity and conservation must be entrenched in local inhabitants' children. Keywords: Conservation status, Endangered species, Garyaum, Indigenous knowledge, Quantitative ethnobotany.

Kazakh aspect category: the content and analytical expression plans

It is considered that there is no aspect category in the morphology of verbs in the Kazakh language. Thismeans that native speakers of the Kazakh language “do not have” the aspect content plans in their Worldview or they have no result, process, protracted actions and others. If there is no a plan of content, then there is no a plan of expression, since the language reflects only on the existing plans of contents. The category of aspect is one of the six categories of the verb and is the dominant category that determines the semantics of the predicates or the proposition of the whole sentence in the semantics of syntax. The subjective negation of aspectdoes not influence on the objective language, but it affects the learning and teaching of the language from the point of view of perception of the semantics of sentences, as well as the methodology for studying and teaching this topic. The paradox lies in the fact that the aspect category is not in grammar, but the category of aspect is often found in works of art. The author keeps to the opinion that the objective Kazakh language has a content plan and analytical expression plans in the matrix of the Kazakh language, if these necessary constituents exist, then the aspect category has the right to exist. Kazakh has the aspect category and it is reasoned in this article. It is novelty and relevant of this article. The article presents the existence of the aspect category in the Kazakh language through its plans of content and analytical expression plans.

Exploring the presence and distribution of microplastics in subterranean estuaries from southwest India

Rivers, surface runoff, and the wind all transport microplastics (MPs) to the ocean. There is a knowledge gap concerning the distribution of microplastics in transitional subterranean estuaries. Here, we report the presence of microplastics in the pore water, groundwater, and sea water from four locations in southwest India. Pore water, groundwater, and seawater had mean MP abundances (± standard deviations) of 0.75 (±0.66), 0.15 (±0.1), and 0.11 (±0.07) MPs/l, respectively. Fibres were the dominant category of MPs found. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of polymers like polyester, low-density polyethylene, and polystyrene. Possible sources of microplastic are fishing activities, tourism, and coastal residents. The microplastics-derived risk assessment scores indicate severe risk to the ecosystems. Fibrous microplastics in pore water indicate that these linear particles can migrate vertically through sandy sediments, reaching subterranean estuaries. We believe submarine groundwater discharge can act as a possible pathway for microplastics to enter the oceans.