European Domination Research Articles

Editorial

Editorial

Maestros de la navegación: el dominio técnico de la movilidad fluvial en el mundo andino

Este artículo presenta una mirada panorámica de las técnicas de navegación fluvial desarrolladas por la población in­dígena en el mundo andino, con el propósito de discutir la visión dicotómica que convencionalmente distingue entre los saberes tradicionales y los conocimientos científicos. Se describen los materiales, utensilios y prácticas de navegación utilizadas por los indígenas y se intenta visibilizar el conocimiento tácito arraigado en esta cultura técnica. Se explica cómo fueron adaptadas al contexto americano las tecnologías traídas por los españoles y se muestra que los conocimientos técnicos tradicionales fueron un factor útil incluso para el éxito del propio proyecto de dominación europeo. Se argumenta que el flujo mutuo de conocimientos y las hibridaciones tecnológicas surgidas a partir del encuentro entre ambas civilizaciones cuestiona la común inferiorización del saber tradicional con respecto al conocimiento científico.

THU0089 TRENDS AND PREFERENCES IN RA CLINICAL SCORES WORLDWIDE

Background:Different scores are used for patient management in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including patient characterization such as ACR/EULAR criterion [1], disease activity monitoring by healthcare professionnals such as DAS28 [2], DAS28-CRP [2], CDAI [1], SDAI [3], or by patients such as HAQ-DI [4] or RAPID3 [5]. Most of these scores involve computations that are difficult to perform mentally (such as a square root function). Accordingly, several software tools have been designed over the years to help clinicians and patients compute these scores [6].Objectives:This work reports for the first time usage statistics for one of these software tools, the RheumaKit online platform, from 2016 to 2020, showing that it has become a standard tool used worldwide by the rheumatology community. It also investigates the increasing use of repeated measurements, as enabled by that platform. Finally, a comparison between different disease activity scores is proposed, and usage preferences are documented.Methods:Until January 2020, RheumaKit online portal has allowed users to compute scores without registering on the portal. In such cases, the computations and results are not stored, yet this activity is tracked by Google Analytics (as per explicit cookie policy). Users may also create an account, enabling storage and retrospective access to the computed results. Such entry recording in the RheumaKit database is only available for healthcare professionnals. The system then allows users to create individual patient files in which multiple scores and timepoints are recorded. These two data sources (Google Analytics and internal database) are used to perform this study: counts and trends are reported over the period ranging from 01 Jan 2016 to 31 Dec 2019.Results:RheumaKit online application had been accessed by 7,300 distinct users in 2016; this number has grown to 86,000 distinct users in 2019. User distribution has also evolved: in 2016, users were reported from Russia (13% of the 7,300 users), USA (12.2%), Belgium (9.7% – this figure being explained by the fact that the tool is developed in Belgium), France (7.3%), and UK (7.2%); wereas in 2019, users are from the USA (21.1% of the 86,000 users), France (14.4%), Germany (5.4%), Brazil (5.3%), UK (5.3%). With respect to scores, the usage ranking over 2016-2019 outlines a preference for DAS28-CRP (93,900 computations) followed by HAQ-DI (72,800), DAS28 (63,600), CDAI (56,500), SDAI (42,700), RAPID3 (33,800), and ACR-EULAR2010 (19,800). The tendency in registering scores is also increasing, as the number of registered healthcare professionnals went from 117 on the 1stof Jan 2016 to almost 1,200 on 31 Dec 2019.Conclusion:The use of computer-assisted clinical scoring for RA patients is an increasing trend observed worldwide, with dominance in Europe and America. The tendency to perform repeated, longitudinal measurements of these scores for a given patient is also increasing exponentially. DAS28-CRP and HAQ-DI are the most used scores among those available in this study.

Review: Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic: Tuskegee, Colonialism, and the Shaping of African Industrial Education, by Andrew E. Barnes

Review: Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic: Tuskegee, Colonialism, and the Shaping of African Industrial Education, by Andrew E. Barnes

History, Archaeology and Cultural Comparison

Ian Morris’s Why the West Rules – for Now (2010) is a brilliant book, dealing with Eurasian history from the first civilisations to the present. It takes an intermediate position in the famous debate about Europe and the rest of the world and European dominance during the last few centuries. Morris uses all kinds of sources. However, his general approach is staunchly materialistic: the motors of history are fear, sloth and greed. Cultural differences do exist, but can be explained by the former factors. This is an attitude not confined to archaeologists, nor necessarily shared by all of them, but may nevertheless have something to do with Morris’s background in this field. One objection is that Morris may have underestimated the importance of institutional factors; he does not discuss the division of Europe into separate states, which has often been regarded as a central factor in ‘the Rise of the West’. This in turn raises the question of the ‘two hand-maidens’ and their relationship to the EU. If political division is an essential feature of Europe, what will happen if this division disappears?

Portuguese Diplomatic Correspondence and Information Channels during the War of the Spanish Succession

During the War of the Spanish Succession, Portugal joined the Grand Alliance in 1703. It made it involved, from that year on, in the conflict that included most of the major European Powers in a dispute for the Spanish throne, which, ultimately, represented a contest for dominance in Europe. Under these circumstances, several diplomats were in charge of representing Portugal at the main European courts, protecting its interests and communicating regularly with the court of Lisbon. This paper addresses an understudied set of the correspondence written in this period by Francisco de Sousa Pacheco, the Portuguese envoy to The Hague, to Joao de Almeida Portugal, Portuguese ambassador to the court of Archduke Charles of Habsburg, one of the pretenders to the Spanish throne, in Barcelona. The main objective of this article is to study the information network established in Europe, mainly in the Grand Alliance side, and the different routes letters followed from The Hague to Barcelona, either using the existing postal system or known intermediaries. Letters were not the only means diplomats had to convey information to their addressees. They also sent other sources of information, like periodicals, accounts of events and pieces of information gathered from different sources, including propaganda in its various forms. It also analyses the developments of the war, the structure and evolution of these letters and the struggle of these diplomats with the other states to make sure their commitments to send military and financial support to the troops were fulfilled. He also wrote about the espionage within the various courts, and the interception diplomatic letters suffered from the opposite side. Ultimately, we’ll see the efforts of these ambassadors as a means for Portugal to gain recognition within Europe, although it ended up with an increasing dependency on foreign states support.

The Idea of Superiority in the Colonial Discourse of the First Francoism (1939–1959) in No-Do Newsreels

The idea of superiority was an important part of the Spanish colonial discourse during the first Francoism. However, after the World War II, the traditional colonial narrative based on the idea of European supremacy was discredited by the growing independence movements. Although Madrid was in no hurry to abandon the overseas possessions, the Spanish authorities had to revise their colonial discourse. A little-studied source that allows tracing these changes is the Spanish newsreels No-Do, shown since 1943. Traditionally, it was believed that these changes took place only after Spain adopted the policy of provincialization in the late 1950s, when its overseas possessions received equal rights with the metropole. However, this article shows that the narrative began to change earlier – after the country's accession to the UN in 1955. Before this year, the colonial discourse broadcasted by the No-Do was based on the idea of the superiority of the Spaniards over the local population. After 1955, Spaniards and locals were shown as equals in an increasing number of the No-Do reports. At the same time, the ways of displaying different colonies in the Spanish newsreels differed. The idea of superiority was expressed largely in the materials devoted to Spanish Guinea: its population, traditions, and customs were presented as ‘uncivilized’. In the case of the Muslim lands controlled by Spain (Northern Morocco, Ifni, Spanish Sahara), the newsreels showed greater respect for the locals, though making clear that their status was lower in comparison with that of the Spaniards.

Saint-Louis – miasto zaszczepione. Europejski model urbanistyczny i kulturowy na gruncie afrykańskim

Saint-Louis, the former capital of French West Africa, is a unique example of instilling European urban ideas on African soil. The city originated from the seventeenth-century factory of European merchants, located on the island in the mouth of the Senegal river. In an urban space emerging from scratch, French urban planners were free to create a colonial city. Saint-Louis is a model testimony of the confrontation between two logics of urbanization: the African (spontaneous) one and the European one (contained in rigid rules). The core of the colonial city has survived to the present day, setting an example of how European designs are adapted to local natural and social conditions. Specific spatial arrangements and social structure which are a derivative of 300 years of European domination have survived in this African city to this day.

Внешняя политика Александра I и Николая I: преемственность и различия (1814–1855)

Emperors in domestic historiography are usually opposed. However, the analysis shows that in the foreign policy of Alexander I and Nicholas I there is a significant continuity. Both emperors sought to defend the alliance of continental monarchs on the basis of the principle of legitimism and traditional values as a strategic goal. This included opposition to the claims of dominance in Europe by Britain, whose policies increasingly relied on liberal values and pragmatic principles. Both emperors also sought to counteract the expansion of revolutionary movements in Europe. As for tactical decisions, Alexander I showed more flexibility and ability to maneuver. This is especially noticeable in his Middle Eastern politics, in which he sought to unite the allies on the platform of the solution proposed by Russia. Nicholas I sought to preserve the system of international relations created by Alexander I, but at the same time showed much less flexibility and diplomacy, refused to notice the changed political realities. The years of his reign became a time of revolutions in Europe, and many European states, starting with Great Britain, began to profess pragmatic principles. Under these conditions, the position of the Russian emperor doomed the country to foreign policy isolation.

Banishing dominance in Europe: The case for regional cosmopolitanism

How is arbitrary rule – dominance – to be avoided when political differentiation is on the rise in the multilevel constellation that makes up the European Union? The EU is a power-wielding entity, that, due to its democratic deficits, is an instance of arbitrary rule, which differentiation only serves to exacerbate. This article discusses which political framework prevents dominance under conditions of asymmetric and complex interdependence, and economic integration in Europe. Under these conditions, the framework of international law is deficient, as the agreements with the associated non-members – the European Economic Area Agreement (EEA) and Switzerland – document. Here dominance appears to be self-incurred but nevertheless in breach with political freedom. Another is the framework suggested by Jürgen Habermas, of a pouvoir constituant mixte. Also, this framework raises the danger of arbitrary rule, as there is a risk that the autonomy of citizens would be pre-empted by the sovereignty of their states. The article holds the framework of a regional cosmopolitan federation – a rights-based polity with a distinct territorial reach – as more promising.

The Scottish Picaresque, Surveying, and Socio-environmental Nexuses in Mungo Park’s Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa

Many critics consider Mungo Park’s travelogue of his trek into the interior of the African continent, in which he reaches the sought after banks of the Niger River in order to chart its course, as firmly espousing Romantic aesthetics and repeatedly imposing British ideologies on what he observes. His surveying and his deployment of the picturesque, for example, physically and imaginatively reshape the African continent. This essay argues that Park, a Scotsman, aligns himself with Black Africans through their shared positions as subordinates to hegemony. He does so in two primary ways. First, he adapts his surveying methods as he encounters peoples who practise it with much more nuance and precision, implicitly undercutting assumptions about European supremacy. Second, the Scotsman turns to an older genre, the picaresque, because it, by definition, not only defies the socioeconomic elite but also cherishes the places erased or subsumed by development. Displaced from his home, Park tries to create intimate affiliations across his travels, for his abject position requires him to reattach to—and, therefore, reanimate—his surroundings.

ESTETIC EXPRESSIONS OF JEPARA CARVING IN EFFORTS TO DEAL WITH THE MARKET DEMANDS

The demands of consumers that always evolving makes Jepara craftsmen have to adjust themselves. This is reflected in the aesthetic expression of products that are no longer homogeneous. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the aesthetic expression of Jepara carving art in an effort to face global challenges. Data obtained through interviews and direct observation in the field. The results of the study show that the carving that has now undergone a change due to adjusting to the demands of consumers and the times. European market dominance influenced European-style furniture so that the expression of Jepara carving tends to be European. However, it also developed a carving motif not fixated on the usual themes that were made in the form of motifs with stylized forms of flora fauna, but now also developed geometric and minimalist designs. There is also a simplification of a form into another form, such as by simplifying carving motifs to serve consumers who want products that are not too full of carvings. This consumer demand motivates craftsmen to always do innovation, so consumers are accommodated and served the satisfaction of their aesthetic taste and craftsmen fulfilled their economic needs. Keywords: Aesthetic expression, Jepara carving, market demands

Life-affirmation in Chirikure Chirikure’s ‘Europe Vakomana!’ and Greater Mhondera’s ‘Usatye Kani Africa!’

Art that does not affirm life is invalid. Life-affirmation continues to be an urgent matter among peoples of Africa against the life-negating prison that European domination has located them in. The inspiration, impetus and ambition for African development require a consciousness of African history as centred people capable of unleashing their creative potential. In that regard, African literature is an indispensable tool to re-centre Africa. Against that background, this effort is a pursuit of the expression of ‘life-affirmation’ in selected Shona poetry in which indomitable determination towards reconstructing a new story about Africa and giving agency to African people are striking. That is, the poetry is redolent with a sharp sense of telling the African story against the long-standing and life-denying Eurocentric conceptualisations of Africa. The two poetic voices explicated in this article add to the many voices that are concerned with the critical need for Africa’s ‘mental bath’ in the context of Euro-cultural imperialism. The voices are in concert with many other voices on the growing consciousness about Africa which is critical for self-transcendence. In the search for liberation from European resentment, self-knowledge and courage are presented as life-furthering and non-negotiable. The two poems, it is argued, are exemplars of African literature in search of renaissance.

The Coloniality of Investment Law

Did colonialism end with decolonization? Might it, instead, have taken on new and variable forms, including legal forms? Have narratives of European supremacy been institutionalized via methods of legal rule, in particular, rule under international investment law? This paper explores such questions, inquiring into whether international legal rule continues to be in the pursuit of protecting the economic interests of metropolitan interests. The paper draws upon descriptions of colonial rule by, among others, the Tunisian writer Albert Memmi. By pulling on these narrative threads, one discovers connections between historic colonialism and the contemporary regime for the protection of foreign investment. Continuities concern such things as (i) profitability and privilege, (ii) a discourse of improvement, (iii) distrust of local self-rule, and (iv) construction of legal enclaves. Each of these features of colonial rule, I argue, are inscribed in the discourse and practices of investment treaty law and arbitration.

From “Meat Culture” to “Cultured Meat”: Critically Evaluating the Contested Ontologies and Transformative Potential of Biofabricated Animal Material on Culture and Law

This article calls into question how different the parallel ontologies of meat are in terms of the realities they enact. It argues that while biofabricated animal material is expected to transform the production and consumption of meat, the material’s ontologies reinforce existing interrelationships between the dominant meat culture and the law. Additionally, the expectations surrounding biofabricated animal material vests the material with transformative power, even though it does not challenge the structural factors, namely law and culture, which underlie the exploitation and commodification of animals. I begin by delineating the co-constituting relationship between law, the realities of meat production and consumption, and meat culture. I then unpack the interface between different ontologies of meat and consider why the contest has taken place in legal terrains. From here, I consider the key expectations that have assigned transformative power to biofabricated animal material. I suggest that these expectations work to reinforce existing meat culture, and the configurations of power that benefit from it, as supported via legal instruments.

With respect to prejudice.

The basic assumptions of psychotherapy must necessarily reflect the cultural orientations and dilemmas of the western societies, and historical periods, in which these originated. This paper considers how the racialised biases of that period, namely, the era of European domination built upon the conquest, colonisation and enslavement of non-European peoples, may linger in psychotherapeutic training and practice today. This not only limits the potential usefulness of the discipline in the multicultural populations of the west, but also risks it being read as covert neo-colonialism in the 'non-west'. In a world that ever more clearly demonstrates the human costs of prejudice psychotherapists in general, and Jungians in particular, might wish to consider how, wittingly or otherwise, they maintain prejudiced ways of thinking. This paper examines material from the author's professional and personal experience, using literature that lies outside the specifically Jungian canon, to expose how such bias might work.

Where is the real trap? Domination and mutualism in Teetl’it Gwich’in sensibilities about trapping

Teetl’it Gwich’ins, NWT, Canada have consistently positioned trapping as a valuable exercise despite fluctuations in the price of furs. Materialist anthropological theories applied to the trapping economies of boreal forest First Nations created an image of trapping as an activity that necessarily leads to individualism, alienation, nucleated family structures and disenchantment because the furs were being produced for trade in the world economy. The rise of anti-fur sentiments and Canadian industrial intrusions helped cement this imaginary of the trapper as corrupt but, instead of simply being the victims of European domination, they were positioned to have abandoned the ‘traditional’ sensibilities of trust and reciprocity to adopt the cruelties of the steel trap. In contrast with these conjectural world histories, the author argues that trapping as it is practiced today is far from being an alienating practice. Indigenous trappers work with animals in ways that suit their pre-existing practices. In order to dispel the imaginary of the cruel dominator of animals, more recent thoughts on mutualism in human–animal relationships help but it would be difficult to argue that this activity does not require some deception. Indigenous trappers will create methods and tinker with their traps in ways that are counterintuitive to some of the human–environment dualisms found in the deception paradigm that posits that the human presence and the intention to trap is hidden from the animal and tricks it into making a fatal error. The author argues that trapping is effective and valued because it plays upon the signs and expectations which lie between the past and the present, and between domination and mutualism.

Reform and modernization in the Ottoman Empire

The boundaries of the Ottoman Empire span several centuries on a vast expanse, across the ancient continents of the world, with different races, diverse peoples and multiple faiths, and the Ottoman Empire was one of the forces that influenced the course of international politics at the time, and then it was weakened by the political balance and administrative, which was governed by the laws of the sultan between the central authority on the one hand, and those who carry out that policy from Baswat and Pikatagwat... and others on the other hand.
 The weakness is growing in state institutions and despite repeated attempts by some sultans to restore power and prestige to the body of the sprawling empire, it has achieved little or nothing.
 The first reformist calls were inspired by the spirit and principles of Islam in remedying the imbalance, and the reformers advocated the necessity of applying Islamic law within the various institutions, to return to its prosperous past, and on that basis the pioneering attempts were based on Islam and its basic principles at a stage where it did not expand The Ottoman Empire in the European-style quotation, as the European superiority was not as impressive as the Ottomans and pushed them to quotation, and the Ottomans were preparing themselves a major state during the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century, and during that stage many of the leaders of the movement tried Reform in the Ottoman Empire, doing self-reliant reforms not on the quotation from the West, including Shaykh al-Islam Saad Eddin Effendi, Osman II, Murad IV and others.
 The nature of the research required it to be divided into an introduction, six axes and a conclusion, the first axis addressed the beginning of the Ottoman retreat since 1683, and the signs of weakness experienced by the Ottoman state, as well as the emergence of European supremacy during that era, and the emergence of a number of early Ottoman reformers and their role in the beginnings The reform process.
 The second theme was devoted to the ways in which they showed Salim III in the reform, which led to his eventual execution, and the third axis was devoted to the study of the reign of Sultan Mahmud II at an important stage of the nineteenth century, with the appearance of a number of eminent personalities in Egypt and Iraq, as well as some changes of Europe.
 The fourth axis touched upon the Ottoman organizations, the efforts of a number of Ottomans and their influence on Western culture, which led to the promulgation of a number of important decrees (orders), including the line of Sharif kolkhanf in 1839 and the decree of Humayun in 1856, and a number of laws including the Land Law of 21 April 1858 The law of the Tarabo of 14 January 1859, as well as the state law of 1864, and its interpretation in the stabilization of the new correctional grounds.
 The fifth axis dealt with a brief presentation of the results of the movement of Ottoman organizations, and its influence in the Arab States, especially the state of Baghdad, and devoted the sixth (last) to the features of the Iraqi reformist Midhat Pasha, the most important administrative works in the state of Baghdad, as well as giving a brief presentation Of the subsequent changes to the reign of Medhat Pasha until the early 20th century.
 In conclusion, we tried to show the most important conclusions reached through the research hubs, seeking reference to several related sources including a number of research and university messages as well as the use of the International Information Network (Internet), and these sources can be identified through the margins Search or list of sources.

A. K. Armah’s Exploration of the Pervasive Disillusionment

The struggle for national independence and the search for an authentic cultural identity often coincide. In the case of Africa, where an entire continent has been subjected to unprecedented levels of exploitation as a result of Western imperialism, cultural assertion and the revival of indigenous social traditions have gone hand and hand with the political struggle for freedom from foreign domination. The work of the Ghanaian writer Ayi Kwei Armah continues this tradition. Like the generation of writers who wrote during the period immediately preceding and following independence in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Armah was inspired by the anti-colonial struggle and shared the hopes and aspirations of the broad masses. Like these writers, he exposes in his work the destructive nature of imperialism, documents the mental anguish that results from colonial racial policies and sets out to rehabilitate Africa’s history by evoking the sense of continuity that has existed throughout the continent’s long struggle to survive the onslaught of European domination. What distinguishes Armah’s novels from the literature that was produced on the eve of independence is their exposure of the betrayal of African independence and their condemnation of Africa’s new ruling elites. The purpose of this paper is to trace the intellectual and artistic progression in Armah’s work and in doing so to demonstrate that the strength and limitation of the author’s vision is his radical nationalism.

Development of the Regional Natural Gas Market in Southeast Europe

The high level of reliance on external energy supplies, mainly from Russia, is considered a major risk to the energy security in Southeast Europe. This dependency is being addressed by the European Union’s new contractual and institutional framework. The construction of new gas pipelines and related infrastructure is being undertaken in a timely manner to secure supplies from alternative energy sources and enhance their sustainability. Still, the EU’s policies have run up against Russia’s systematic and stubborn resistance as it struggles to preserve its dominance in Europe’s energy market and thwart the implementation of competing energy projects. Despite this, Southeast Europe’s energy markets will soon be able to ensure a higher level of diversification and secure its supplies.