Degree Of Dominance Research Articles

Selection, inheritance, life-history traits, and flight capacity of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin.

Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a globally significant fruit pest traditionally managed using chemical insecticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin. However, repeated applications have led to the development of resistance in field populations. The mechanisms and fitness costs associated with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in G. molesta remain poorly understood. In this study, we established a lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant strain (RS) of G. molesta through continuous selection with lambda-cyhalothrin in the laboratory for 21 generations, resulting in a 249.6-fold increase in resistance. Bioassay data from the F1 progeny (F1RS and F1SR) of reciprocal crosses between RS and susceptible strain (SS) showed similar degrees of dominance (0.40 for F1RS and 0.32 for F1SR). Significant differences between observed and expected mortalities of backcross individuals suggested that resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin is polygenic. Compared to the SS strain, the RS strain exhibited significantly prolonged periods of larval, prepupal, and pupal stages, as well as a significant decrease in larval weight. In addition, the RS strain showed significant reductions in fecundity, cumulative flight distance, maximum flight distance, cumulative flight time, maximum flight time, and average flight speed. These results suggest that resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in G. molesta is autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. Life-history traits such as fecundity and flight capacity were significantly reduced in RS strains compared with the SS strain. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating lambda-cyhalothrin resistance development and promoting sustainable control of G. molesta in the field.

HETEROSIS AND GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN MAIZE USING HALF DIALLEL CROSS

The study was aimed to determine heterosis, GCA, SCA and some genetic parameters in maize (Zea mays L.). Seeds for half diallel crosses among eight inbred lines Planted in spring season 2021 during fall season 2021, the eight parents and 28 hybrids were sowing (10/7/2021) using Randomize Complete Block Design with three replications at the field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok. The results revealed that the mean square for all genotypes was highly significant effects in all studied traits except number of ears per plant. The (Un44052) line was superior in number of rows per ear and grain yield per plant, while the cross (Zp-505 x Un44052) was superior in number ear per plant and number of rows per ear. Six crosses exhibited significant positive heterosis, the crosses Dkc-f-59 x Dk-17, Dkc-f-59 x Un44052, Dkc-f-59 x Zp-430, Zp-505 x Un44052, Zp-607 x Zp-505 and Zp-179 x Un44052. The heritability in broad sense was higher than the heritability narrow sense in studied traits, between 0.33 and 0.97 for number of ear per plant and grain yield per plant. The average degree of dominance was higher than one in studied traits.

Web Application Development for TODIM Method Automation and Alternatives Evaluation

The TODIM method (Tomada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio), which in Portuguese means “Interactive and Multicriteria Decision Making”, is a process of evaluation alternatives, with various academic and professional uses. The current project focuses on the first approach, considering students, professors and investigators as the main beneficiaries and target audience. There is a shortage of software that automate the TODIM method, therefore it is proposed to develop a web application mainly using Python, HTML and JavaScript programming languages that can satisfy this necessity. To guarantee a uniformity in the results obtained by this program, samples of results obtained by this method by other researchers are taken as a basis and guide. To develop the application, the complete functioning of TODIM as an alternative evaluation approach must be understood. In a general view, TODIM uses pairwise comparisons between decision criteria while eliminating the inconsistencies that arise from such comparisons. Thus, the main idea is to measure the degree of dominance in each alternative over the others using the prospective value function. As result, it calculates the overall and partial degrees of dominance of each alternative to finally lead to a classification or “ranking” of the best alternatives.

Patterns of fish assemblage structure on reefs with varying degrees of hard coral and soft coral dominance in Okinawa Island, Japan

Patterns of fish assemblage structure on reefs with varying degrees of hard coral and soft coral dominance in Okinawa Island, Japan

Genetic analysis of late blight (Phytophthora infestans (mont.) de Bary) resistance in tomato

ABSTRACT Diallel analysis provides basic genetic information that is critically important to identify parents involved in hybridization breeding programs. This study was initiated to estimate combining ability effects and determine the type of gene action involved in inheritance of late blight resistance. Five tomato lines and 10F1 progenies produced by crossing of parents in a 5 × 5 half-diallel fashion were assessed for late blight resistance in field conditions. The combining ability ratio was greater than unity for all traits considered in this stud. At the same time, the degree of dominance was less than unity for all the traits, indicating a greater importance of additive gene effects for the inheritance of late blight resistance. The parents ’Eshete’ and ’Roma VF’ were general combiners, exhibiting significantadverse general combining ability effects for all studied traits. Specific combining ability effects of ’Roma VF × Eshete’ and ’Melkashola × Eshete’ were significantly negative for disease incidence, with all the lines exhibiting significant negative general combining ability effects for the trait, indicating transgressive segregants that are late blight resistant could be produced from crossing of these parental lines. These results, accordingly, indicated that the parents could be utilized in the crossing programme to develop late blight resistant transgressive segregant varieties.

Convergence or distinctiveness? Exploring how geographic location influences fan behavior in online fan communities

PurposeThis article examines how geographic location (i.e. local or nonlocal) influences fans’ communicative convergence or distinctiveness in the context of an informal online fan community (i.e. Twitter [X]). Nonlocal fans, who live geographically distant from the team they support, derive distinctiveness and belonging from supporting a team from afar. This study considers how these needs materialize in online communication.Design/methodology/approachText mining and textual analysis were employed to collect and evaluate tweets (N = 12,865) in terms of expressed emotion. Tweets were evaluated using the NRC VAD sentiment lexicon (i.e. valence, arousal, dominance) and then categorized based on geographic location and in-group/out-group status. The resulting groups were then analyzed with a two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine how geographic location relates to the expressed emotion of tweets.FindingsThe findings indicate nonlocal fans expressed statistically greater arousal compared to local online community members, reflecting their distinctiveness as nonlocal fans. Nonlocal and local fans expressed similar degrees of valence and dominance in their language, suggesting nonlocal fans converge communication behavior, seeking social approval from the salient online fan community.Originality/valueThis study suggests that geographic location influences communication behavior in online fan communities. Moreover, nonlocal fans may be valuable, and underutilized, advocates for sports teams in online community settings.

Deciphering the estimates of combining ability and heterosis for selecting superior parents and hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Twenty F1s, parents and checks viz., MTU 1010 and RNR 15048 were assessed for grain yield and its contributing attributes to study combining ability and heterosis. The mean of hybrids was greater than that of the parents except for days to 50% flowering and plant height. For majority of the investigated characters, the analysis of variance indicated considerable variations among parents and hybrids. Degree of dominance was more than unity for majority of traits including grain yield. For the examined characters, SCA variances were equal to GCA variances, indicating the dominance of additive and non-additive gene activity. The traits days to 50 % flowering, plant height, panicle length, test weight, kernel length and kernel length/breadth ratio showed additive gene action whereas the remaining traits showed non-additive gene action. The gca effects revealed that among the lines IR 72 had significant gca effects in desired direction for yield and yield attributing traits. Among the 20 hybrids, MTU 1001 x Akshyadhan was found to be a good specific combiner for grain yield per plant. Similarly, the hybrids NLR 34449 x IR10N270 and IR 72 x IR10N270 were found to be good specific combiners for grain yield and yield contributing characters. The standard heterosis of these three hybrids was positively significant over the check varieties MTU 1010 and RNR 15048. Based on mean, sca and heterosis estimates, MTU 1001 x Akshyadhan, NLR 34449 x IR10N270 and IR 72 x IR10N270 were identified as promising hybrids. Keywords: Combining ability, gene action, heterosis and hybrid rice

Effect of zeolite on growth, yield, and active substances of genotypes of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and its Half–Diallel Crosses

Two field experiments were conducted on the private farms of a farmer in the village of Al-Jilawiyah in Al-Musayyab district (40 km north of the center of Babylon province) for the years 2021 and 2023 for the purpose of studying some genetic features of four genotypes of Roselle and their Half – Diallel Crosses. They gave the following results:The eggplant cultivar excelled in all the studied traits (plant height, chlorophyll content of leaves, number of branches in the plant, number of bolls in the plant, total yield of sepal leaves and anthospanin content), giving averages of (184.86 cm, 42.83 spad, 48.30 leaves.plant -1, 153.50 bolls.Plant -1, 1208.16 kg ha -1, 0.338%) respectively. As for the hybrids, the hybrid (1*2) excelled on the other hybrids by giving it the highest average for the studied traits (plant height, chlorophyll content of the leaves, number of branches, number of bolls in the plant, anthocyanin content, giving the averages (191.98 cm, 43.04 spad, 50 branches. plant -1, 157.22 bolls.plant -1, 0.345%), respectively. As for the hybrid strength, the hybrid (1*2) excelled giving it the highest hybrid strength at level Z 10, amounting to 19.97%, while the hybrid (2*4) gave it the lowest hybrid strength at level Z10, amounting to - 0.30%. As for the gene action, it gave the trait of chlorophyll content the highest percentage of heritability in the broad sense, amounting to 99.48%, at the level Z 10, while it gave the lowest percentage of heritability in the broad sense, amounting to 75.65%, for the trait of plant height, at the level Z 10. As for the heritability rate in the narrow sense, it reached its highest average of 60.06% for the trait number of branches at level Z 20. While it gave the lowest percentage of heritability in the narrow sense of 4.16% at the Z10 level. The average degree of dominance was 4.44% for the trait of plant height, while the lowest value for the average degree of heritability was 1.27 for the trait of the number of bolls. plant-1.

Analysis of the Possibilities of Energy Supply to Consumers in Cold Conditions During Large-Scale Emergency Installations in the Gas Industry

The article presents the main components of the methodological approach to the analysis of the possibilities of supplying final types of energy to consumers in the event of a loss of performance of critical facilities of the Russian gas industry in conditions of cooling in the territories of the federal districts. The principle of choosing a territorial section for analyzing the situation with a simultaneous increase in demand for fuel and energy resources is described. An algorithm for conducting research is given. Research is carried out by modeling the work of the country’s fuel and energy complex during the period of the average day of January in the conditions of a peak-increasing demand for thermal energy in the territories of federal districts. At the same time, the cooling is modeled in turn for each of the federal districts in the zone of operation of the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia. An analysis of the possibilities of meeting the demand for final types of energy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out for all key scenarios of cooling and loss of efficiency of critical gas industry facilities. The principles of modeling the situation with the supply of final types of energy to consumers in these situations are shown. The most vulnerable regions under the analyzed conditions are identified. The conclusion is made about the need for a balanced approach to determining the optimal degree of dominance of natural gas in the fuel and energy balance of the regions, taking into account the existing opportunities for its supply in the conditions of large-scale emergencies in the gas industry.

EXPRESS: The Female Consumer Response Implications of Male Dominance in a Product’s Online Community

Does male dominance of a product’s online community deter female community voices? Does it affect product ratings and the nature of content produced too? How might female consumers’ brand attitudes and intentions be affected ultimately? Utilizing a large panel dataset of online customer reviews in the beer industry and three experimental studies, these questions are empirically investigated. This product category is highly male dominant, on average, but there is significant variation across products to enable degrees of male dominance to be empirically examined. Other theoretical accounts of simple majority, tie-strength, homophily, and cultural masculinity are empirically considered as well. The findings serve to complement prior work on online word of mouth (OWOM), demonstrating that male dominance of an online community can deter contributions from female reviewers and generate lower rating departure from community average sentiment by female reviewers. The type of content that is generated by female reviewers is also affected, with a reduction in the evocation of femininity themes and an increase in the evocation of masculinity themes. Downstream brand attitudes and trial intentions are also impacted. A resulting implication of high product community male dominance is the availability of less information for consumers when evaluating products.

Genetics of Fruit Yield and Its Traits in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

A Half-diallel mating design involving nine okra genotypes was used to study the inheritance of fruit yield and its component characters in okra. Data from the F1 generation and parents were analysed using Hayman's (1954) method of diallel analysis. The estimated component of genetic variation revealed that additive component (D) was significant for number of branches per plant and fruit girth in E1 and fruit girth in E3 environment. However, additive component was non-significant in all three environments for fruit yield per plant. The dominant components (H1 and H2) were significant for all the characters in all the environments. These results revealed the importance of both additive and non-additive component of gene action in the expression of traits under study. The relative magnitude of dominant component (H1 and H2) was higher than additive component for most of the traits indicating that dominance gene action involved in expression of most of the characters under studied. The average degree of dominance for fruit yield per plant and most of the traits was more than unity in all the three environments which suggested over dominance effect in expression of all the traits. The proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in parents was deviated from 0.25 in all three environments suggesting asymmetrical distribution of positive as well as negative alleles among the parents for fruit yield per plant. The ratio of dominant and recessive genes in the parents were also greater than unity in all the three environments, indicated excess of dominant genes were present in the parents for fruit yield per plant. In the presence of overdominance for yield, reciprocal recurrent selection is the best recurrent scheme to develop hybrids.

Genetic Component Analysis in Fruit Yield and Quality Traits in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

A half-diallel cross involving nine okra genotypes was utilized to investigate the inheritance of fruit yield and its component traits. Data from the F1 generation and the parent genotypes were analysed using Hayman's (1954) diallel method. The additive genetic component (D) was found to be significant for the traits like days to last picking in environment E1, and for the number of fruits per plant in environments E2 and E3, but non-significant across all environments for fruit yield per plant. The dominant components (H1 and H2) were found significant for all traits studied under all environmental condition. This revealed that both additive and non-additive gene actions play a vital role in the expression of the traits studied. The dominant component's (H1 and H2) relative magnitude was greater than the additive component for most of the traits, suggesting the importance of dominance effects on expression of those traits. The average degree of dominance showed an overdominance effect for the traits studied. The ratio of dominant to recessive genes indicated that the parents had an excess of dominant genes for fruit yield per plant. Thus stated the presence of overdominance for yield, reciprocal technique is the most effective recurrent breeding scheme for producing improved hybrids.

Analyzing Genetic Variation and Graphical Representation (Wr-Vr) in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) using the Hayman Approach in the Northwestern Region of India

Background: Brinjal, also known as eggplant, is a resilient and widely cultivated vegetable crop in the Solanaceae family. It plays a crucial role in diets due to its rich supply of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, helping address the deficit in vegetable consumption recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which advises a daily intake of at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables. Estimating genetic parameters is essential for understanding the genetic architecture of yield and its determining factors. Hayman’s diallel cross analysis method is extensively utilized in plant breeding due to its capacity to provide comprehensive insights into diverse genetic parameters, including gene action, degree of dominance and heritability. Methods: Nine parents with thirty six F1 hybrids of brinjal derived using a half diallel mating design with nine brinjal genotypes, namely JBL-1, JBR-1, JBR-2, JBR-3, JBL-2, JBL-3, JBR-4, JBR-5 and JBR-6 were evaluated for yield and other yield attributing traits during kharif season 2023) using randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Result: The dominance effect (H1) was significant and displayed a greater magnitude, indicating dominance gene action for yield per plant. The regression coefficient slope showed a significant deviation from zero, but not from unity, indicating the absence of non-allelic interaction. Furthermore, the regression line intersected the Wr axis below the origin, suggesting the presence of over-dominance for days to 50% flowering, fruit length (cm), number of primary branches per plant, plant height (cm), total fruit yield per plant (kg) and fruit borer infestation (%). The mean degree of dominance exceeding one indicated the prevalence of over-dominance for all traits except days to first picking, average fruit weight (gm), fruit girth (cm) and number of fruits per plant. These findings emphasize the importance of dominance variation in eggplant improvement, enabling successful heterosis breeding for advancing these populations and development of hybrids.

INFLUENCE OF THE BREED AND BREEDING METHODS OF PIGS ON THEIR REPRODUCTIVE QUALITIES AND GROWTH OF SUCKLING PIGLETS

The purpose of this article is to study the dependence of the reproductive productivity of sows of English origin and the intensity of growth of their offspring on the direction of their selection for purebred (internally linear) breeding, crossing and hybridization and the influence of breed and breeding methods on their manifestation, as well as the degree of phenotypic dominance under direct and reverse crossing of parent breeds. It was established that the sows of the parental synthetic line were inferior to their counterparts of the maternal genotypes in terms of fertility, litter weight of piglets at birth, number of piglets at weaning, had a higher proportion of non-viable piglets at farrowing, but showed higher fertility, average daily and absolute gains, average weight of one piglet at weaning and better preservation of piglets until weaning. It was proved that under the conditions of hybridization, domestic sows surpassed animals of the original maternal form only in terms of average daily growth, while animals of the parental form they prevailed in terms of multifertility, number of piglets at weaning, weight of the nest at birth and at weaning and were inferior to them in terms of high fertility, growth intensity, mass one piglet at weaning and preservation. It was found that when two mother breeds were crossed, the effect of phenotypic dominance appeared in almost all indicators of reproductive performance, and its level depended on the combination of parent breeds. It was proved that the breed factor had a probable influence on the number of piglets at weaning and the weight of the nest of weaned piglets. The method of pig breeding likely influenced the weight of one piglet at weaning, the weight of their litter during this period, and the number of piglets at weaning. The interaction of these two factors had an impact on the survival of the herd, on the number of piglets and the weight of the nest of piglets at weaning.

Revisiting Dominance in Population Genetics.

Dominance refers to the effect of a heterozygous genotype relative to that of the two homozygous genotypes. The degree of dominance of mutations for fitness can have a profound impact on how deleterious and beneficial mutations change in frequency over time as well as on the patterns of linked neutral genetic variation surrounding such selected alleles. Since dominance is such a fundamental concept, it has received immense attention throughout the history of population genetics. Early work from Fisher, Wright, and Haldane focused on understanding the conceptual basis for why dominance exists. More recent work has attempted to test these theories and conceptual models by estimating dominance effects of mutations. However, estimating dominance coefficients has been notoriously challenging and has only been done in a few species in a limited number of studies. In this review, we first describe some of the early theoretical and conceptual models for understanding the mechanisms for the existence of dominance. Second, we discuss several approaches used to estimate dominance coefficients and summarize estimates of dominance coefficients. We note trends that have been observed across species, types of mutations, and functional categories of genes. By comparing estimates of dominance coefficients for different types of genes, we test several hypotheses for the existence of dominance. Lastly, we discuss how dominance influences the dynamics of beneficial and deleterious mutations in populations and how the degree of dominance of deleterious mutations influences the impact of inbreeding on fitness.

The effect of farm size and farmland use on agricultural diversification: a spatial analysis of Brazilian municipalities

Brazilian agriculture is characterized by the prevalence of small farms and regions with a high degree of rurality and dominance of the agricultural sector in the economy. These two characteristics affect the diversity of agricultural production in the country. Specifically, the article aims to analyze the effects of size farm and farmland use on agricultural diversification and the effects of demand and technology adopted by farmers. The database encompasses 4298 Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2017 (the last three agricultural censuses). Empirically, we consider spillover effects by estimating spatial models at the municipal level using panel data, highlighting the importance of location and neighborhood. The study’s findings indicate a tendency toward local concentration of agricultural production in the country, despite the balance between municipalities with diversified and concentrated production. The results showed a significant effect of small farms and the municipalities’ rurality degree on the agricultural output diversification. The study provides insights into the discussion on measures to strengthen support for small properties and regions that diversify crops to ensure economic efficiency and food security.

The $$\gamma $$-diagonally dominant degree of Schur complements and its applications

The $$\gamma $$-diagonally dominant degree of Schur complements and its applications

Manifestation of the Effect of Growth Heterosis in Intraspecific Hybrids of Soft Wheat

The presented article presents the results of the study of height inheritance in hybrid combinations of the first generation (F1) of bread wheat. The research was conducted in the 2019-2020 growing season at the Apsheron District Experimental Farm under irrigation conditions. In 32 combinations of hybrids of the first generation (F1), obtained as a result of reciprocal crossing of 9 local varieties («Mirbashir-128», «Azeri», «Gobustan», «Fatima», «Gyrmyzy gul-1», «Murov-2», «Askeran», «Matin» and «Onur»). Studied the height of plants in comparison with parental forms and determined the degree of true heterosis and dominance. In the studied hybrid combinations, a variety from high dominance to depression was found in the transmission of heredity. When analyzing hybrids of bread wheat of the first generation (F1) according to the inheritance of plant height, high dominance was determined in 19 combinations (59.4%), depression — in 8 combinations (25.0%), intermediate heredity - in 5 combinations (15.6% ). Positive heterosis was revealed in 19 combinations (59.4%), negative heterosis - in 13 combinations (40.6%). As a result of the research, it is possible to initially conclude that it is possible to obtain low-growing hybrids by involving in the hybridization a variety of the same height.

Bounds on Zero Forcing Using (Upper) Total Domination and Minimum Degree

Bounds on Zero Forcing Using (Upper) Total Domination and Minimum Degree

A 7×7 diallel cross for developing high-yielding and saline-tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

In this experiment, F1s produced from a 7 × 7 half-diallel cross along with their parents were evaluated to develop high yielding and saline-tolerant barley lines. The investigation focused on the general combining ability (GCA) of parents, specific combining ability (SCA) of offspring, genetic action, and heterosis of eight quantitative variables. Genetic analysis and potence ratio suggested that different degrees of dominance controlling the inheritance of the studied traits. Significant GCA and SCA variances suggested the presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions controlling the traits. However, a GCA:SCA ratio lower than 1 indicated the preponderance of the non-additive gene action involved in the expression of the traits. The parents P5 and P6 possess the genetic potential favorable for early and short stature in their F1s. Conversely, P2 and P4 were more likely to produce short F1s with high yield potential. Based on the mean performance, SCA, and heterobeltiosis, crosses P2 × P3, P2 × P7, P3 × P4, P4 × P5, P5 × P6, and P6 × P7 were selected as promising F1s for earliness, short stature, and high yield potential. These crosses are recommended for further breeding to obtain early-maturing and high-yielding segregants. To identify saline-tolerant F1s, screening was conducted in saline media prepared in half-strength Hoagland solution. The salinity stress involved exposing F1s to 100 mM NaCl for first 10 days, and followed by an increase to 150 mM until maturity. Among the F1s, five crosses (P1 × P2, P2 × P3, P3 × P5, P4 × P6, and P4 × P7) exhibited promising signs of saline tolerance based on a comprehensive evaluation of healthy seed set, K+/Na+ ratio, root volume, generation of reactive oxygen species (O2•− and H2O2), and activities of key antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR). These crosses will undergo further evaluation in the next filial generation to confirm heritable saline tolerance.