Domestic Routes Research Articles

How has the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped the aviation network? A comparative pre- and during-pandemic analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted international flights, leading to substantial economic repercussions for the global tourism industry. While existing research has explored the resilience and recovery of the air transport system during the pandemic, this analysis delves into the structural transformation of the air transportation network within “the Belt and Road” region through a quantitative analysis. The findings reveal three critical aspects: (1) The pandemic caused a marked reduction in air transport connectivity, with flight frequency and route connectivity between cities decreasing by 27.82% and 35.87%, respectively, although the basic aviation framework remained intact. This impact varied across different administrative levels, regions, and distances, due to the impact of different countries' pandemic policies. Transnational connections were particularly hard-hit, experiencing more severe disruptions than domestic routes. (2) Significant shifts occurred in the rankings of aviation hubs. For example, cities like Singapore and Doha rose in prominence, while traditional hubs such as Moscow and Beijing saw a decline in their rankings. This shift reflects a reconfiguration of key nodes within the aviation network. (3) The network structure underwent significant reorganization and decentralization, transitioning from a conventional core-periphery model to a hybrid structure that blends core-peripheries with local communities. This transformation demonstrates the network's adaptability and its capacity to develop alternative structures in response to sudden external shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic. The insights from this analysis offer valuable guidance for policy-making and the development of emergency measures to better prepare for and mitigate future disruptions in air transport. The analysis underscores the importance of flexible and adaptive strategies in managing aviation networks, particularly in the face of global challenges.

Aircraft-related noises increased but compensation decreased in Chinese airports

The rapid development of the aviation industry has brought convenience and noise hazards, altering the modes of travel but adversely affecting public health. Noise pollution is one of the essential factors affecting public health. This study offers a comprehensive examination of noise pollution data associated with the aviation industry, focusing on an array of airlines operating over 400 domestic routes within China from 2014 to 2019. It scrutinizes the noise emissions during the Lateral, Flyover, and Approach phases. It employs European Union standards to derive a formula for noise compensation relative to passenger volume, elucidating the quantum of noise indemnity allocable per passenger. (1) An upward trend in noise emissions is observed annually within China's civil aviation sector, with marked disparities in emission levels across various airports and airlines. (2) The mean annual value of noise compensation has shown a general decline, with China Express Airlines assuming a principal role in these compensations. (3) There is a correlation between noise compensation, noise emissions, and passenger volumes. Utilizing aircraft with low-emission and high passenger capacities significantly reduces airline compensation costs and safeguards the health of passengers and nearby residents.

Regular domestic air passenger market dynamics: The Brazilian case

Brazil occupies a prominent position as one of the largest domestic air passenger markets globally. In May 2019, OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited (OAG), a renowned global travel data provider, ranked Brazil as the world’s 6th largest domestic market. This study identifies and meticulously analyses statistical trends in how service levels affect passenger demand on domestic air routes in Brazil. To that end, it employs a panel-data gravity model incorporating service as an instrumental variable. The findings confirm the influence of traditional gravity explanatory variables, while also contributing novel insights into the impact of service levels on domestic routes. The analysis reveals that, while factors such as income and distance play a fundamental role in shaping domestic demand, level of service emerges as a crucial determinant on regional connections. Overall, the statistics suggest growing divergences between Brazilian airlines and regional air transport. Accordingly, substantial changes are necessary in both government policies and the services offered by the airline industry in order to harness the full potential of Brazil’s domestic air transport passenger market and foster regional development.

Transoceanic ships as a source of alien dinoflagellate invasions of inland freshwater ecosystems

Ships' ballast water and sediments have long been linked to the global transport and expansion of invasive species and thus have become a hot research topic and administrative challenge in the past decades. The relevant concerns, however, have been mainly about the ocean-to-ocean invasion and sampling practices have been almost exclusively conducted onboard. We examined and compared the dinoflagellate cysts assemblages in 49 sediment samples collected from ballast tanks of international and domestic routes ships, washing basins associated with a ship-repair yard, Jiangyin Port (PS), and the nearby area of Yangtze River (YR) during 2017–2018. A total of 43 dinoflagellates were fully identified to species level by metabarcoding, single-cyst PCR-based sequencing, cyst germination and phylogenetic analyses, including 12 species never reported from waters of China, 14 HABs-causing, 9 toxic, and 10 not strictly marine species. Our metabarcoding and single-cyst sequencing also detected many OTUs and cysts of dinoflagellates that could not be fully identified, indicating ballast tank sediments being a risky repository of currently unrecognizable invasive species. Particularly important, 10 brackish and fresh water species of dinoflagellate cysts (such as Tyrannodinium edax) were detected from the transoceanic ships, indicating these species may function as alien species potentially invading the inland rivers and adjacent lakes if these ships conduct deballast and other practices in fresh waterbodies. Significantly higher numbers of reads and OTUs of dinoflagellates in the ballast tanks and washing basins than that in PS and YR indicate a risk of releasing cysts by ships and the associated ship-repair yards to the surrounding waters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high intra-species genetic diversity for multiple cyst species from different ballast tanks. Our work provides novel insights into the risk of bio-invasion to fresh waters conveyed in ship's ballast tank sediments and washing basins of shipyards.

Measuring the similarity of charts in graphical statistics

Figures used in statistics and other sciences play a vital role in understanding and analyzing the problems under study. Due to the complexity and diversity of these problems, figures such as cartograms, choropleth maps, or radar charts take various geometric forms. Their visual evaluation from the view of geometric similarity is essential but insufficient. This paper proposes and theoretically justifies new metrics based on graph theory. They make it possible to quickly determine the degree of similarity of the statistical figures used in the research procedure. The new metrics were used to 1. Determine the similarity of the domestic route networks of major U.S. airlines, 2. Determine the similarity of the distribution of votes cast in U.S. presidential election in each state in 2016 and 2020, 3. Compare radar charts of some countries, constructed based on the Global Competitiveness Index, 4. Analyze the similarity of neutrosophic double line graphs representing sets of approximate (neutrosophic) numbers. This improves analytical capabilities concerning various processes mapped with well-known types of statistical charts, such as choropleth maps, radar charts, etc.

William Thompson and John Stuart Mill on co-operation and the rights of women

Abstract William Thompson and, later, John Stuart Mill argued that women’s inferior position in society was a product of their environment and upbringing. As such, access to the franchise, and opportunities for education and employment would improve the welfare and position of women. Recognition of women’s reproductive roles led Thompson to argue that equality of outcome for women could not be achieved within the competitive framework and required a re-organisation of society into self-supporting co-operative communities in which women’s reproductive role would be valued and childcare and catering provided communally. While John Stuart Mill advocated access for women into all employments, he thought that a purely domestic role was consistent with women’s emancipation provided that role was freely chosen. Free choice was supported by better outside options but the bargaining power of women choosing the domestic route was not addressed by Mill. Mill supported co-operation but his favoured form involved co-operative ownership of firms operating within competitive markets. He believed that a society based on co-operation would foster favourable attitudes towards women’s emancipation and moral improvement more generally, but he saw no direct relationship between the development of co-operative enterprise and the status of women.

Analisis Kapasitas Parking Stand dan Pengembangan Apron Bandar Udara Sentani – Jayapura

Sentani Jayapura Airport is one of the airports in Papua Province and is the busiest airport serving domestic routes in Indonesia. Papua Province is experiencing growth and equitable growth. In 2018 the growth of 64,698 aircraft movements took off and landed every day. An average of 120 flights per day. In 2018 the movement growth of 64,698 aircraft took off and landed every day. An average of 120 flights per day. The method used for motion prediction is the linear trend method, using data information for the last 5 years (2015-2019) obtained by PT Angkasa Pura I Sentani Branch. The method used the Pignataro method to obtain the peak hour rate pattern for the current year, then use it to determine the number of aircraft movements for the planned year by multiplying the rate pattern obtained by the number of annual aircraft movements generated by the forecast. The capacity of the Sentani Papua Airport Apron is 38 parking stands but in operation it is only used as many as 27 parking stands consisting of large and small body aircraft. The number of parking stands needed for the next 10 years (2029) is 21 parking stands for the category of large-bodied aircraft types (narrow body). The results showed that for the next 10 years (2029) the capacity required geometric development / expansion of the apron with a length of 936 m and a width of 136 m

BEYOND OTTOMAN HISTORY: THE CARAMOUSSALS AND THE EARLY MODERN MEDITERRANEAN

The article is concerned with a class of early modern Ottoman vessels, known as caramoussals. It reveals an ignored aspect of their past by providing evidence for the fact that these ships were owned, traded and used outside the boundaries of the Ottoman world. While historians have so far used available sources to determine the part played by caramoussals in Ottoman economic and military affairs, this paper refers to several neglected sources revealing the acquisition and capture of these vessels by Western Christians in order to reuse them. This explains their presence on the sea routes linking Western Europe to the Ottoman Empire, as well as on the domestic routes of some of the Mediterranean maritime powers, such as Venice. The sources analyzed here emphasize the topic as being relevant not only to Ottoman maritime history, but also to the history of early modern Mediterranean. Thus, they serve as an incentive to a comprehensive study of caramoussals within the framework of Mediterranean maritime history..

МАЙБУТНЄ АВІАЦІЙНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ: ТРЕНДИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article substantiates quantitative changes in passenger flows by different types of transport over the past 40 years. The article analyses the passenger flows of Ukrainian airlines, compares the share of different types of transport in the total volume of passenger traffic during the period of Ukraine’s independence, and draws relevant conclusions about trends in the development of air transport in Ukraine. It is shown that Ukrainians with high incomes remain the main category of passengers on domestic routes. Future growth in demand will depend on the country’s economic growth, airline tariff policy, flight frequency, and convenience of connections. The significant growth in international passenger traffic is partly due to trends that began in 1990. After Ukraine’s independence, imports of goods increased significantly, and demand for international travel increased significantly. It is also worth noting that Ukraine’s transport infrastructure allows you to reach any part of the country using land transport, which is much cheaper than air travel. Therefore, it is not surprising that most domestic airlines are focused on international transport. The significant potential for the development of international flights in Ukraine is due to the country’s geographical location, which facilitates high transit passenger traffic. When analysing the performance of European airports, it is worth noting that Ukraine became the leader in terms of passenger traffic growth in 2019. In six months, Ukraine’s airports handled 10.7 million passengers, up 20 % year-on-year. Ukraine ranked second after Poland in terms of passenger traffic. In addition, Ukraine has seen a steady increase in passenger traffic due to the emergence of new airlines and the expansion of international routes. Low-cost airlines, such as Ryanair and Wizz Air, have begun to operate in the Ukrainian market, which has led to lower airfares and increased accessibility of air travel for the general population. At the same time, Ukrainian airlines, such as UIA (Ukraine International Airlines), continue to expand their routes, which is contributing to further growth in passenger traffic. Looking at domestic traffic, although the share of air travel remains relatively small compared to other modes of transport, such as rail and road, there is a gradual increase in interest in air travel due to improved services and infrastructure at airports. The development of regional airports is also contributing to an increase in the number of passengers using air transport within the country. Overall, the prospects for the development of air transport in Ukraine look optimistic. The main factors that will contribute to further growth of passenger traffic are economic stability, development of the tourism industry, improvement of service quality and investment in infrastructure.

Analysis of Fuel Consumption and Emissions Produced by Aircraft at Indonesian Airports

Indonesia recorded the largest aviation market in Southeast Asia in December 2022 with 9.6 million seats available. This represents a 69% growth compared to the same period in 2019 before the pandemic, driven by an increase in domestic routes with the top 10 busiest airports in Southeast Asia. The increase in flight demand creates operational costs for airlines. Fuel when flying will also emit a lot of emissions so the airline is also obliged to pay a carbon fee (CO2) covering the environmental costs of emissions. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of flight time on fuel consumption and the resulting emission burden at Indonesian Airports. The method used to calculate fuel is using the calculation of Horonjeff et al., (2010) and for the calculation of emissions using the "Carbon Emissions Calculator Methodology". Sultan Hasanuddin Airport has the largest difference in fuel and emissions compared to other airports. The importance of actual flight time in increasing emissions can be used as an indicator of airline fuel efficiency. In addition, the results of this study can provide a reference for related parties to develop more efficient methods of fuel use, so as to reduce aviation fuel costs.

An Analysis of Long-Process Ironmaking in a Reduction Smelting Furnace with Hydrogen-Enriched Conditions

The blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) is still the main process used for the production of iron and steel in China. With the approach of the “dual carbon” target, the iron and steel industry needs to transform and upgrade to “green” and “low-carbon” practices. At present, the low-carbon hydrogen metallurgy technology route based on hydrogen instead of carbon is mainly adopted at home and abroad, and the domestic route is mainly based on oxygen-rich BFs and hydrogen-based shaft furnaces (SFs). It promotes the transformation of the traditional BF to hydrogen-rich, oxygen-rich, and carbon-recycled (Hy-O-CR) technology. A new ironmaking system and method for a reduction smelting furnace (RSF) with Hy-O-CR is presented in this paper. The ironmaking system includes nine sets of equipment, such as an RSF, gas dust collector, dryer, CO2 separator, electrolytic water device, blower, heat exchanger, storage tank of reduction gas, and chimney. From top to bottom, the RSF includes an indirect reduction zone, a soft melting dripping zone, and a coke combustion zone. The ironmaking methods include coke and ore mixed charging, injection of the mixed reduction gas composed of electrolytic green hydrogen and circulating gas from the furnace gas into the indirect reduction zone, injection of oxygen into the coke combustion zone, CO2 recovery of the furnace top gas, and slag and iron treatment. By redesigning the size of the furnace type and optimizing the parameters, the metallization rate of the indirect reduction zone can be as high as 85–95%, and the carbon consumption per ton of hot metal can be greatly reduced. By using oxygen to recycle the reduction gas produced by its reactor, the process achieves the goal of reducing CO2 emissions by more than 50%, thus realizing green and low-carbon metallurgy.

Elasticities of Passenger Transport Demand on US Intercity Routes: Impact on Public Policies for Sustainability

Passenger transport is a key sector of the economy, and its sustainability depends on achieving the greatest possible efficiency, avoiding problems of congestion or underuse of infrastructures, and reducing the sector’s environmental impact. Knowing the elasticities of demand is critical to achieving these objectives, estimating the intensity of transport demand, and predicting the effect of different policies on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This research proposes a relatively simple model for estimating and predicting the elasticity of demand for different modes of transport at the route level. This model could be used by companies and public management to obtain a vision of the different analysed routes and the pressure of their demand, as well as a relative perspective of each of them. Such a model is used to estimate the price and income demand elasticities of passenger transport modes in domestic routes in the United States (2003–2019), where there is competition between road, rail, and air transport. Series of passenger numbers, fares, and budget shares are reconstructed from the available data. A Rotterdam demand model (RDM) is estimated using a seemingly unrelated regression method (SUR). The estimated income elasticities imply that demand for road transport increases somewhat more proportionally than the increase in income, somewhat less than proportionally for air transport, and with very low proportionality for rail transport. This indicates the need to target investment and service improvement efforts, as well as technological solutions, according to this difference in demand pressures. Finally, the demand response of the three modes of transport to price increases is inelastic, and there is little or no pass-through from one mode to another. This implies that fiscal or carbon pricing actions could have a very limited impact and high social costs. Again, strategies based on investments in technological progress, infrastructure development, and normative interventions could be more effective.

Pre-Evaluating Efficiency Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions of Full-Service Carriers in Korea

In November 2020, Korean Air signs an agreement to acquire and merges with 63.88% of Asiana Airlines’ shares, which is conditionally approved by the Korea Fair Trade Commission to address exclusivity concerns. The conditions require both airlines to return certain take-off or landing positions and revise their licenses for 26 international and 8 domestic routes within 10 years. This paper collects passenger traffic data from 2009 to 2019 using Korean data analysis, retrieval, and transfer systems employed by both airlines. Data envelopment analysis is utilized to assess their performance assuming the merger and acquisition. The analysis reveals that Korean Air’s super-efficiency performance in 2011 is the highest among all decision making units (DMUs). The best super-efficiency performance is achieved not only by individual companies but also by the combined enterprise in 2019.

Assessment of Aircraft Carbon Emission in Nigerian Airspace towards Climate Change Mitigation

Global effects of climate change due to greenhouse gas emission are increasing this need to be given more attention. Also further improvements required for the global long-term demand of air transportation and reduction the net greenhouse gas emissions as a contributor to climate change mitigation. This study aimed at examining the carbon emission from domestic air traffic operations in Nigerian with view to mitigating climate change impact from aviation sector. in line with International Civil Aviation Organization resolution A38-18 of 2013 targeting annual emission reduction by at least 2% from 2021 to 2050. Carbon Emission Calculation Methodology was adapted in assessing total carbon dioxide emission by some Nigerian domestic airline in 2019. Cluster and purposive sampling methods were used in selecting the aircrafts. Results indicate B737 as the most commonly used aircraft in domestic routes with 44.9% fleet in the period. 71.5% of routes had fuel consumption to Carbon dioxide emission ratio of 1:3. Azman air had the highest percentage (83%) of the commonest aircraft type (B737s). Again it had 5,984 domestic trips on a cumulative distance of 3,521,218 kilometers with total carbon dioxide emission of 55,729,531 kgCO2. Pearson correlation analysis indicated positive relationship between great circle distance, fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission on each route and collectively with a high level of significance (r = 0.798, P = 0.001). Sustainable improvement of airspace infrastructures to reduce flying time and carbon dioxide emission. Environmental economics market based measures should be applied to aviation operations to ensure environmental sustainability

Whole genome scanning of a Mediterranean basin hotspot collection provide new insights into olive tree biodiversity and biology.

Olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is one of the most important species of the Mediterranean region and one of the most ancient species domesticated. Τhe availability of whole genome assemblies and annotations of olive tree cultivars and oleasters have contributed to a better understanding of genetic and genomic differences between olive tree cultivars. However, compared to other plant species there is still a lack of genomic resources with olive tree populations that span across the entire Mediterranean region. This study has developed the most complete genomic variation map and comprehensive catalogue/resource of molecular variation to date for 89 olive tree genotypes originating from the entire Mediterranean basin, revealing the genetic diversity of this commercially significant crop tree and explaining the divergence/similarity among different variants. Additionally, the monumental ancient tree "Throuba Naxos" was studied to characterize the potential origin or routes of olive tree domestication. Several candidate genes, known to be associated with key agronomic traits, including olive oil quality and fruit yield, were uncovered by selective sweep scan to be under selection pressure on all olive tree chromosomes. To exploit further the genomic and phenotypic resources obtained from the current work, Genome Wide Association Analyses were performed for twenty-three morphological and two agronomic traits. Significant associations were detected for eight traits that provide valuable candidates for fruit tree breeding and for deeper understanding of the olive tree biology.

An Empirical Analysis of the Aircraft Emissions by Operating from Scheduled Flights within the Domestic Market in Spain

Over the past 20 years, civil aviation has substantially reduced its environmental impact to augment sustainable transportation. In Spain, the domestic market has been habitually characterized by a few enterprises providing air transport services linked to scheduled flights on domestic corridors. Because of geographic diversity and the highly concentrated population characterizing this southern European country, many of them could not be supplied by alternative transport modes in terms of both time and distance by comparison with air transportation. For air quality monitoring from 139 national corridors, this paper aims to study related aviation emissions to conduct an economic analysis in terms of positive or negative externalities. For such purposes, the study focused on these domestic routes served by the five most important Spanish airports, specifically on the number of passengers transported from 2011 to 2020. Up to 10 aircraft types representing no more than 89% of regular operations on these flyways were subsequently identified. In addition, certain engine types also were selected as representatives to evaluate their emissions, depending on the great-circle distance in each route. The research findings, though particularly conditioned by aviation peculiarities of such a domestic market, point decisively to significant dependence upon emissions in connection with the seasonality of the demand and the concentration of flights with low occupancy indices from any one of them. Results suggest that airlines would benefit from operating turboprops instead of turbojets on selected routes, especially when oil prices are high. However, it is not always easy to find a balance between uncompromising economic profitability and effective fleet availability, since nowadays air transport undertakings tend to unify their fleets by using a few aircraft families, mostly powered by jet engines, apart from regional carriers.

Support vector regression model for flight demand forecasting

Flight demand forecasting is a particularly critical component for airline revenue management because of the direct influence on the booking limits that determine airline profits. The traditional flight demand forecasting models generally only take day of the week (DOW) and the current data collection point (DCP) adds up bookings as the model input and uses linear regression, exponential smoothing, pick-up as well as other models to predict the final bookings of flights. These models can be regarded as time series flight demand forecasting models based on the interval between the current date and departure date. They fail to consider the early bookings change features in the specific flight pre-sale period, and have weak generalization ability, at last, they will lead to poor adaptability to the random changes of flight bookings. The support vector regression (SVR) model, which is derived from machine learning, has strong adaptability to nonlinear random changes of data and can adaptively learn the random disturbances of flight bookings. In this paper, flight bookings are automatically divided into peak, medium, and off (PMO) according to the season attribute. The SVR model is trained by using the vector composed of historical flight bookings and adding up bookings of DCP in the early stage of the flight pre-sale period. Compared with the traditional models, the priori information of flight is increased. We collect 2 years of domestic route bookings data of an airline in China before COVID-19 as the training and testing datasets, and divide these data into three categories: tourism, business, and general, the numerical results show that the SVR model significantly improves the forecasting accuracy and reduces RMSE compared with the traditional models. Therefore, this study provides a better choice for flight demand forecasting.

Determination of Structural Changes of Domestic Air Travel Demand in Nigeria

This article investigates structural changes throughout time. Air demand is heavily influenced by fare and frequency. The focus of this research is primarily on structural alterations connected to these two elements. The idea that fare sensitivity has grown and frequency sensitivity has (roughly) reduced is explored in particular. It is critical to investigate the stability of the structure of air travel demand. Demand elasticities with these variables, as well as coefficient ratios, can be utilized to depict structural changes over time. While no particular temporal trends for scheduled flight time and fare impacts have been discovered, no structural changes relating to other factors have been discovered. From 2009 and 2013, we conducted paired sample t-tests for the important operational and economic factors of air travel demand, and there was no statistically significant variation in the parameter estimates. The ratios of frequency of flight and airline fares change over time, and all ratios of airlines have identical patterns- they rise or drop concurrently because frequency coefficients are more stable than pricing coefficients. Furthermore, changes in fare elasticities follow patterns comparable to changes in fare-to-frequency coefficient ratios. These adjustments are thus mostly driven by increases in fare sensitivity. This research provides a framework for airlines to evaluate demand on domestic routes and place their services by constructing a service positioning matrix to guarantee commercial sustainability.

Has the belt and road initiative boosted the resident consumption in cities along the domestic route? – evidence from credit card consumption

Abstract The Belt and Road (B&R) is a major initiative and vision for China and the world to jointly create prosperity. Based on the data of resident credit card consumption in 291 cities in China from 2011 to 2016, this article establishes a consumption relationship model for cities along the B&R to investigate the impact of the initiative on resident consumption. Through the DID model, there are the following findings. First, the B&R Initiative has a significant positive impact on the resident consumption in cities along the route. Second, the B&R Initiative has a significant effect on the promotion of various industries, and the crowding-out effect of government investment is relatively small. The research conclusions are of reference significance for policy formulation on the specific practice path and detailed measures of the B&R Initiative.

조선통신사 국내루트의 역사문화콘텐츠 고찰

In this article, the historical and cultural contents of the domestic route of the Joseon Tongsinsa were reviewed with the records of the Joseon Tongsinsa. First, the domestic route of the Joseon Tongsinsa was organized by comparing the official route proposed by Yang Hyo-sung, 1-jin 1-po 32, with the current administrative district. Based on this, the historical and cultural contents of the Joseon Tongsinsa were classified into place contents, person contents, and festival events. The location contents were divided into five sections: Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulsan, and Busan, and the main areas of each section were derived. Moreover, the historical meaning and current address were also considered. In the character content and festival events, the direction of historical and cultural content that local governments related to the domestic route where the Joseon Tongsinsa event took place was presented. Among the historical and cultural contents of Joseon Tongsinsa considered in this article, the place contents will be particularly important if a physical restoration of the Joseon Tongsinsa's meandering path is carried out in the future.