Domestic Quarantine Research Articles

Non-Native Neotropical Nesting Whitefly, <i>Paraleyrodes minei</i> Iaccarino on Coconut Palms in India and its Co-Existence with Bondar’s Nesting Whitefly, <i>Paraleyrodes bondari</i> Peracchi

Field occurrence of the exotic neotropical nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes minei Iaccarino in association with Bondar’s nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi on coconut leaflets is reported from Kerala, India. These coconut palms were previously infested by the rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, which was reported from Kerala and Tamil Nadu during 2016. P. minei closely resembles P. bondari , but is devoid of the oblique grey bands on the wings and it constructs loosely woven, woolly wax nests. Female P. minei are white, but males are smoky grey. Cockhead-like male aedeagus with two thin appendixes projected downwards is the unique feature for species-level identification of P. minei . Detection of three non-native whiteflies of neotropical origin infesting coconut palms in India within a span of two years suggests their simultaneous introduction. Invasive potential of P. minei due to its polyphagous nature and short lifecycle calls upon strict policy frameworks in exchange of planting materials. Domestic quarantine should be strictly enforced in the country to avoid spread of this pest to other coconut-growing regions.

Mango fruit borer Citripestis eutraphera (Meyrick) in South Gujarat: Need for domestic quarantine

Mango fruit borer <i>Citripestis eutraphera</i> (Meyrick) in South Gujarat: Need for domestic quarantine

Federal state level management of an imported Lassa fever case to North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, March 2016

Purpose: Lessons learned from a Federal state level regarding contact person management. One imported Lassa fever case in March 2016 from Togo to Germany involved 57 contact persons and 16 local public health departments in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). The patient was flown out to Cologne on 25 Feb with diagnosis of malaria and sepsis and died on 26 Feb. Lassa virus diagnosis on 9 March immediately set off a number of public health measures. This case was part of a WHO outbreak investigation with one secondary case in another German Federal state and one more case in Togo, who was repatriated to the US. Methods & Materials: Contact persons of the index case were categorised, informed and followed up accordingly to their category of contact. An anonymous line list of contact persons was available on state level with the contacts’ data being investigated on local level. Results: Overall 57 contact persons were followed up in NRW. Of those 52 were health care personnel. Contact categories included zero high risk contacts, 33 persons with increased, 18 with moderate and 6 with low risk. Public health measurements such as domestic quarantine, measuring temperature twice daily and interrogation by the local public health department were implemented. Several teleconferences were held to exchange information between the health departments and other authorities involved. One major problem was the unreliableness of some contact persons, who did not adhere to communicated control measures and provoked a number of further contacts. Six contact persons developed mild symptoms consistent with a mild Lassa virus infection and were therefore biosafety level 3 isolated. All of whom were finally tested negative for Lassa virus. Conclusion: Information between different authorities involved has to be shared rapidly and should be facilitated by a central coordination. It is mandatory to well-inform those affected, reinforced by a written order for the contact person from the authority in charge. Implementing public health measures requires sufficient staff on all levels to be able to meet such challenges. Even one imported case may have an impact on an international level. Rapid communication and cooperation at all levels is crucial.

Tri-hooked Monogenean Parasite (Heteronchocleidus buschkieli; Ancyrocephalidae: Heteronchocleidinae) Isolated from Ornamental Fish (Colisa lalia) Imported into Iran

Parasites imported with dwarf gourami fish may present risks, both to native fish populations and to the aquaculture industry. Heteronchocleidus buschkieli Bychowsky, 1957 is an important Anabantidae fishes parasite. A large number of imported anabantid fish originate from Southeast Asian countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of infection with monogenean parasite in dwarf gourami fish imported from Southeast Asia into Iran. In this study, a total of 400 dwarf gouramies were randomly selected from aquaria containing this fish imported from Southeast Asia into Iran. After euthanizing, the gills were removed and arches and skin were examined microscopically for monogenean parasites. Heteronchocleidus buschkieli (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) was the only monogenean parasite identified morphologically in 120 of 400 (30%) imported fish. The infected fish were lethargic and had hyperemic gills with small skin lesions. Prevalence, abundance and mean intensity of infection for four years were 0.3, 30 and 30±1.96, respectively. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of dwarf gourami infection with H. buschkieli in Iran. In order to prevent the introduction of this parasitic pathogen from imported fishes, we recommend imported fishes should be examined and treated before domestic distribution and quarantine practices should be implemented.

Multiple introductions are responsible for the disjunct distributions of invasive Parthenium hysterophorus in China: evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA

Summary Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed native to tropical and subtropical America. Since its introduction into China in 1926, this weed has been limited to southern areas (18°–25°N). However, new populations were recently reported in Shandong (35°N). The origin of this geographically isolated population remains unclear. In this study, we used inter simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA sequence markers (trnQ‐5’rps16) to investigate the genetic structure of 18 invading populations of P. hysterophorus and to examine the genetic relationship of Shandong and southern populations. Our data show that Shandong population is genetically different and has apparently higher levels of genetic diversity than most populations in southern China. Both neighbour‐joining clustering and principal coordination analysis clearly separated Shandong from other populations. Chloroplast DNA sequence analysis further confirmed that the Shandong population was characterised by a unique haplotype that was not found in southern populations. We conclude that the population in Shandong may have been independently introduced from areas outside China. As P. hysterophorus has a broad potential distribution in China, attention should be paid to both international and domestic quarantine to prevent new introductions and curtail the possible hybridisation and gene flow between populations in different regions.

VIRAL PATHOGENS OF BANANA: OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS AND OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

ISHS III International Symposium on Banana: ISHS-ProMusa Symposium on Recent Advances in Banana Crop Protection for Sustainable Production and Improved Livelihoods VIRAL PATHOGENS OF BANANA: OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS AND OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

Methods for Monitoring the Spread of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Populations in the Appalachian Mountains

Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), is gradually spreading in North America from New England to the west and south. Monitoring this expansion is important for evaluating effects of population management on the rate of gypsy moth spread, for planning areas regulated by domestic quarantine, and for accurate timing of preventive silvicultural measures. Spread rate was measured as the distance between population boundaries in consecutive years. Gypsy moth population boundaries from 1988 to 1995 were estimated in northwestern Virginia and southeastern West Virginia using counts of male moths in pheromone-baited traps. Population boundaries estimated using the 10 moths per trap threshold were most stable in space and time compared with the boundaries estimated for other thresholds ranging from 1 to 300 moths per trap. Thus, the 10 moths per trap threshold is reliable for the monitoring of gypsy moth spread. Local spread rates were significantly autocorrelated in space (range, 80 km) but not in time. The rate of gypsy moth spread decreased from 16.9 km/yr in 1984-1990 to 8.8 km/yr in 1991-1996. An 8-km intertrap distance was adequate for detecting this decline in the rate of gypsy moth spread.

1992 Gypsy Moth Programs in the Southeast

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), has been one of the most destructive hardwood forest insect pests in the northeastern U.S. since it was accidentally introduced in the late 1860's. The U. S. range of the insect has expanded annually by a few kilometers through natural spread. However, gypsy moth range expansion has been greatly mitigated by accidental transport of life stages on recreational and commercial vehicles and on outdoor household articles. They gypsy moth is one of two forest insects that are under Federal Domestic Quarantine enacted in 1912. Since the late 1800's Federal, State, and local governments have worked cooperatively in trying to eradicate, suppress, and/or control gypsy moth populations. Thousands of worker-hours and millions of dollars are expended annually on these cooperative projects. Although the goals of these projects are developed and implemented cooperatively, comprehensive summarizations of these efforts are limited. This study was designed to summarize and document the results of the 1992 cooperative gypsy moth survey projects in eight states that comprise the USDA-APHIS-PPQ southeastern region.

The Relation of the United States Public Health Service to the Preparedness Program

THE question has been asked: “What, under the present existing conditions, are the plans of the U. S. Public Health Service for preparedness and what help and assistance can the radiologist specifically give?” One of the main purposes of the Public Health Service in such an emergency as exists to-day is to support the military processes by any or all of its facilities. At the same time it must see that the general public health standards are maintained as high as possible. It is, therefore, one of the champions of civil health interests. It is an agency with widely diversified interests by virtue of numerous statutory obligations. Some of these are semimilitary, but the majority deal with civil life, and are met through eight divisions: Mental Hygiene, Scientific Research, Foreign and Insular Quarantine and Immigration, Sanitary Reports and Statistics, Marine Hospitals and Relief Stations, Personnel and Accounts, Domestic Quarantine, and Venereal Diseases. In an address before the New York State conferenc...

Domestic quarantine and venereal disease

Domestic quarantine and venereal disease

The Division of Domestic Quarantine: Bureau of the Public Health Service

The Division of Domestic Quarantine: Bureau of the Public Health Service