Domestic Life Research Articles

The Content of Physiotherapy and Factors Impacting on Reablement - A National Study.

Reablement is a multidisciplinary intervention aimed at promoting function and independence for people with functional decline. Detailed descriptions of various professions' actions are needed for organization and evaluation of reablement services. This study describes physiotherapy practice in a reablement context in Swedish municipalities, focusing on the content and magnitude of interventions. Physiotherapists (n=108) from 34 municipalities answered a web-based survey covering the target group, content and duration of their actions, and number of contacts initiated over a 3-week period. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. Overall, 1005 cases were reported, with a mean age of 78.9 years (SD: 11.7); about 91% (n=912) were aged ≥65 and 61% (n=612) were women. About 70% were allocated to home care; 16% (n=160) of these had minor functional limitations (eg, needing safety alarms/help with domestic tasks), and 55% (n=550) had major functional limitations (eg, needing help with personal activities of daily living). The most reported actions were providing technical aids (60.8%, n=576), instructions/counseling (41.5%, n=393), walking/climbing stairs (27.6%, n=262), strength training (27.2%, n=258), and fall prevention (25.5%, n=242). Almost half of the cases included one action (n=494) and about 89% (n=890) targeted primary needs (body functions, walking indoors, self-care, or domestic life), mainly in clients with major functional limitations (odds ratio=2.96; 95% confidence interval: 1.95-4.49). About 50% (n=517) of the cases involved 1-2 contacts; about 55% (n=549) were completed within 3 weeks. Exercise was associated with ≥6 visits over ≥7 weeks. Supervision of home care staff was performed in 19.1% (n=181) of cases. Reablement physiotherapy mostly comprises a few actions over a relatively short period. Whether this is a conscious strategy based on the purpose of home-based physiotherapy or clients' needs and wishes, or conversely an expression of limited resources, remains to be investigated.

Why Don't We Look at Television?

The television set was for many decades a ubiquitous household technology. Though omnipresent and designed to be watched, it has faded into the background of domesticity. The era of streaming and portable viewing devices questions the continuing need for a television set-an opportune moment to reconsider the materiality of this object technology in domestic life. Taking television's entry into British homes as a case study, this essay asks what the act of looking at-rather than watching-television means. It explores the paradox in television's design and function, both to be viewed and to disappear. The essay argues that its materiality became embedded in mediated debates about design and taste, while television owners appropriated the television set according to their domestic requirements and tastes-sometimes bypassing what manufacturers and designers intended.

How Profit Efficient is Indian Life Insurance Industry: A DEA Study

The cost and profit efficiency of all Indian life insurance businesses is examined in this article using the data development analysis technique for the years 2017 through 2021. The Tobit regression is also used in this study to look into how well life insurance performs in relation to company factors. Cost efficiency scores were higher than profit efficiency ratings, as shown by the study. According to this, one of the most important inefficiencies for Indian life insurance is revenue inefficiency. In addition, state-owned life insurance firm in India is more profitable and economical than private ones, according to this study. In general, joint life insurers are more cost-effective than domestic life insurance companies, whereas domestic life insurance companies are more profit-efficient than joint venture insurers. The profitability and cost-effectiveness of life insurers are positively impacted by the claims ratio. While there are favorable effects of the distribution ratio and market share, respectively, effects on profit and cost-effectiveness. During the study period, the Indian life insurance businesses were relatively cost and profit efficient, according to empirical evidence. This study is the first to examine the profit and cost efficiencies of all Indian life insurance businesses. Decision-makers, top management, regulators, and other industry stakeholders will all gain from the research.

Unmet needs in countries participating in the undiagnosed diseases network international: an international survey considering national health care and economic indicators.

Patients, families, the healthcare system, and society as a whole are all significantly impacted by rare diseases (RDs). According to various classifications, there are currently up to 9,000 different rare diseases that have been recognized, and new diseases are discovered every month. Although very few people are affected by each uncommon disease individually, millions of people are thought to be impacted globally when all these conditions are considered. Therefore, RDs represent an important public health concern. Although crucial for clinical care, early and correct diagnosis is still difficult to achieve in many nations, especially those with low and middle incomes. Consequently, a sizeable amount of the overall burden of RD is attributable to undiagnosed RD (URD). Existing barriers and policy aspects impacting the care of patients with RD and URD remain to be investigated. To identify unmet needs and opportunities for patients with URD, the Developing Nations Working Group of the Undiagnosed Diseases Network International (DNWG-UDNI) conducted a survey among its members, who were from 20 different nations. The survey used a mix of multiple choice and dedicated open questions covering a variety of topics. To explore reported needs and analyze them in relation to national healthcare economical aspects, publicly available data on (a) World Bank ranking; (b) Current health expenditure per capita; (c) GDP per capita; (d) Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP); and (e) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) were incorporated in our study. This study provides an in-depth evaluation of the unmet needs for 20 countries: low-income (3), middle-income (10), and high-income (7). When analyzing reported unmet needs, almost all countries (N = 19) indicated that major barriers still exist when attempting to improve the care of patients with UR and/or URD; most countries report unmet needs related to the availability of specialized care and dedicated facilities. However, while the countries ranked as low income by the World Bank showed the highest prevalence of referred unmet needs across the different domains, no specific trend appeared when comparing the high, upper, and low-middle income nations. No overt trend was observed when separating countries by current health expenditure per capita, GDP per capita, domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP) and life expectancy at birth, total (years). Conversely, both the GDP and domestic general government health expenditure for each country impacted the presence of ongoing research. We found that policy characteristics varied greatly with the type of health system and country. No overall pattern in terms of referral for unmet needs when separating countries by main economic or health indicators were observed. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying actionable points (e.g., implemented orphan drug acts or registries where not available) in order to improve the care and diagnosis of RDs and URDs on a global scale.

Profile of a disabled person with HIV/AIDS 18 years and older from the standpoint of the International Classification of Functioning

The spread of HIV infection continues not only in the Russian Federation, but throughout the world. With the onset of secondary lesions in HIV infection, patients develop persistent dysfunctions of various organs and body systems, leading to a limitation in the main categories. The International Classification of Functioning and Disabilities and Health ICF, as a tool for describing the life of an individual, is gradually being introduced into medical practice, most often used to assess the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. By now HIV infection/AIDS does not have a basic comprehensive description in terms of the ICF. The authors, in the article, provide an analysis of the existing problems from the standpoint of the ICF in patients and disabled people with HIV infection/AIDS. As a result of the analysis, the authors propose a set of domains that correspond to the most common disorders in patients and disabled people with HIV infection and characterize limitations in daily activities (self-service and domestic life) and in the main areas of life (education, work and employment).

First report on tick-borne pathogens detected in ticks infesting stray dogs near butcher shops.

Public health is a major concern for several developing countries due to infectious agents transmitted by hematophagous arthropods such as ticks. Health risks due to infectious agents transmitted by ticks infesting butcher-associated stray dogs (BASDs) in urban and peri-urban regions have been neglected in several developing countries. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study assessing public health risks due to ticks infesting BASDs in Pakistan's urban and peri-urban areas. A total of 575 ticks (390 from symptomatic and 183 from asymptomatic BASDs) were collected from 117 BASDs (63 symptomatic and 54 asymptomatic); the ticks belonged to 4 hard tick species. A subset of each tick species' extracted DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the 16S rDNA and cox1 sequences of the reported tick species, as well as bacterial and protozoal agents. The ticks' 16S rDNA and cox1 sequences showed 99-100% identities, and they were clustered with the sequence of corresponding species from Pakistan and other countries in phylogenetic trees. Among the screened 271 ticks' DNA samples, Anaplasma spp. was detected in 54/271 (19.92%) samples, followed by Ehrlichia spp. (n = 40/271, 14.76%), Rickettsia spp. (n = 33/271, 12.17%), Coxiella spp. (n = 23/271, 4.48%), and Hepatozoon canis (n = 9/271, 3.32%). The obtained sequences and phylogenetic analyzes revealed that the pathogens detected in ticks were Ehrlichia minasensis, Ehrlichia sp., Hepatozoon canis, Coxiella burnetii, Coxiella sp., Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma sp., Rickettsia massiliae, "Candidatus Rickettsia shennongii" and Rickettsia aeschlimannii. Tick-borne pathogens such as E. minasensis, H. canis, A. capra, A. platys, and R. aeschlimannii, were detected based on the DNA for the first time in Pakistan. This is the first report on public health risks due to ticks infesting BASDs. These results not only provided insights into the occurrence of novel tick-borne pathogens in the region but also revealed initial evidence of zoonotic threats to both public health and domestic life.

Time at Home: The October Revolution and Soviet Temporalities

AbstractThe October Revolution ushered in a radical, future‐orientated political agenda. Almost immediately, through the press, advice literature, activism and avant‐garde planning, a lively discourse on domestic life presented the home as a central site for building this ‘new epoch’. The home became the hub of a new and burgeoning Soviet temporality – a professed modern vision of time, which pitched the past against the future, embraced rational time discipline, pictured the world through a progress‐orientated teleology, and stressed mankind's ability to master time itself. While Marx famously refrained from outlining what communism would actually look like, the home and visions of the home provided a very immediate means of picturing the communist future – and how people would occupy it. As historians have started to note, the home became a temporal marker of difference between the self‐identified scourge of ‘Russian backwardness’ and the future‐orientated promise of Soviet communism. This was the difference between the fatalism and rigidity of old Russia and the intentionally disruptive mobilisation campaigns of the Soviet project. This article examines how visions of a ‘new way of life’ and modern utopian thinking on the home grounded a future‐orientated revolutionary ideology, making the promise of communism and new temporal understandings of the world tangible in the wake of 1917. But, crucially, drawing on the latest debates about time and temporalities, the article examines how different temporal modes can exist side by side in dynamic form – even in creative tension. Past and future temporalities, it posits, together formed radical Russia's vision of revolutionary time.

“We are everyone's ASHAs but who's there for us?” a qualitative exploration of perceptions of work stress and coping among rural frontline workers in Madhya Pradesh, India

ObjectiveMore than a million female village-level lay providers called ‘Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)’, who deliver primary care, face high levels of stress due to work demands and low compensation, within the context of poverty and gender inequality. Evidence on ASHAs has focused on workplace challenges from a system perspective, without sufficient probing into individual-level stress. This study aims to gain perspectives into the experiences of work stress, the related health symptoms, and the responses to stress among ASHAs in India. MethodsFocus group discussions (FGDs) conducted with ASHAs in Sehore district, Madhya Pradesh, were audio-recorded and transcribed. Grounded theory was used to generate themes under the various domains of ASHAs’ work and domestic life. We identified pathways between the conditions that trigger stressful events, experiences of these events, resulting perceptions, effects on health and wellbeing, and approaches used by ASHAs to respond to stress. ResultsSix FGDs with 59 ASHAs generated the following themes: (a) Facility: Workload, undue pressures, unstructured work; ASHAs’ relationships with seniors (e.g., feelings of being disrespected, blamed, or targeted), and low access to physical and administrative resources; (b) Home: Feelings of guilt for putting less time for family/child care; disrespect by the elderly for a poorly incentivised job; (c) Community: Low acceptance by the villagers; caste- and gender-bias; difficult community-level relationships (emotional labour, fear/stigma towards her services); (d) Somatic and psychological symptoms: headache, exhaustion, depressive symptoms (to cite a few); and (e) Responses to stress: Motivation (support from peers, family, a sense of identity/pride, incentives), Individual strengths (e.g., social responsibility), and spiritual recourse mechanisms. ConclusionsThis study will inform the development of a strengths-based coaching intervention to address work stress among ASHAs. The findings are relevant to building the evidence on alleviation of work stress among female frontline cadres in low-resource settings globally.

Ageing and the Transportal Home

Taking a comparative approach to two field sites – Shanghai in China and Dublin in Ireland – this paper explores the relationship between ageing, home, and the impact of the smartphone on domestic space. Although Shanghai and Dublin are extremely diverse contexts, both have seen rapid social shifts in recent decades, and domestic life seems to reflect these changes. Here, we outline how older people reconfigure their lives through the manipulation of their homes, variously upsizing, downsizing, and rightsizing – but also through sifting through their possessions, decluttering, and adopting or adapting to new domestic spaces in different ways. However, whereas these material practices may be found in cities worldwide, we examine the smartphone in domestic environments and consider how the digital expands, create, blurs, or traverses conventional views of the home in each field site. A central concept here is the ‘transportal home’ (Miller et al. 2021). Weaving perspectives from material and digital approaches in anthropology, we explore and expand the notion of the transportal home, as outlined in the comparative book, The Global Smartphone (Miller et al., 2021) and reiterated in brief here. We adopt this concept but take it further by asking how the transportal home differs in both fieldwork sites. This leads us to question the role of the transportal home in Shanghai and Dublin in terms of mediating, blurring, or traversing domestic boundaries, or expanding or shrinking social and architectural environments. Through these practices, conventional notions of home itself are challenged.

Rent Arrears, Food Shortages and Evacuees: How War Enters the Worcester Home in Two World Wars

ABSTRACT The strong military traditions of Worcester may mean the city’s engagement in two world wars is often thought about in terms of the soldiers or even the ammunition produced at Blackpole Munitions Works. The ways in which both wars impacted the more mundane lives of the majority of women who were housewives have received less attention. As housewives, daughters, sisters or domestic servants, women undertook the lion’s share of the domestic and emotional labours needed to maintain homes, communities and neighbourhoods. This was played out at a local level, shaped by the geographical, economic and cultural specificity of not only regions but towns and cities. There were as many different home fronts as there were battle fronts; thus, Worcester residents experienced the privations and problems of twentieth-century large-scale international warfare, through their local home front. This contextualized case study of Worcester explores the financial challenges housewives faced, their problems with food provisioning and the care of evacuees to argue that both wars entered the home in a multitude of ways. It provides evidence of how, the boundary between public and private spheres was blurred, as in wartime the state interfered in the domestic life to an unprecedented degree.

Day Today: Circadian Rhythms and the Sense of Unending in Poetic Diaries by Gertrude Stein and Harryette Mullen

Abstract: Poetic diaries kept by Gertrude Stein and Harryette Mullen, neither originally intended for publication, offer insight into an unexplored aspect of the diary as literary form: the genre's diurnality (or dailiness) as a shape governed more by seasonal and bodily cycles than by time as measured by clocks or calendars. Mullen has at times responded to Stein as a problematic modernist predecessor, but these two diaries do not engage in direct dialogue. Rather, as Stein's diary encodes the lesbian relationship at the heart of her domestic life and Mullen's diary participates in a newly recovered tradition of African American nature writing, both poets find a welcoming home for subtext in the diurnal rhythms and stylistic conventions of diary form.

Kitchens of Dejima: Japanese Cookery and Dutch Sovereignty in Nineteenth-Century Miniatures

Abstract: Through an object-oriented history of Japanese foodways on the move, this article explores how a miniature kitchen diorama collected by Jan Cock Blomhoff in Nagasaki in the 1820s situated Japan within the Netherlands’ narrative of post-Napoleonic national sovereignty. Blomhoff’s kitchen blended a display of Japanese culinary craftsmanship—its tools, vessels, and utensils procured from Japanese artisans—with classical Dutch dollhouse design that evoked Golden Age domestic prosperity, a microcosm of a properly functioning state. Everyday life objects like Blomhoff’s kitchen became powerful symbols for continuity throughout the Netherlands’ era of national dissolution. Despite limited mobility outside Japan during the early modern period, representation of cooking and domestic life through miniaturized kitchen accouterments produced an insistent presence of Japanese foodways in the European imagination.

Occupational Performance 1 Year After a Distal Radius Fracture From the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

Distal radius fractures (DRFs) frequently compromise independent functioning. To analyze occupational performance post-DRF using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and related interviews, guided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). COPM score was compared with standard metrics: Patient-Reported Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) and Participation Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ). Through a semistructured COPM interview, participants highlighted self-care, productivity, and leisure. They completed the PRWE and PBQ, linking results to ICF sets. Prospective cohort. Outpatient hand surgery clinic at a trauma center. Patients (N = 120), 1 yr post-DRF. Incorporated COPM, PRWE, and PBQ, linked to ICF. Analysis identified 73 codes, aligning with 30 ICF Hand Conditions codes. Main concerns related to self-care (15.21%), leisure (12.16%), and productivity (16.22%). Major challenges pertained to domestic (67.00%) and civic life (64.53%) within ICF. Occupational performance was positively correlated with participation (r = .62) and inversely with disability (r = -.62). DRFs result in varied occupational challenges that are not always reflected in standard measures. The COPM offers a comprehensive insight into post-DRF patient challenges, emphasizing the value of diverse clinical assessment approaches. What This Article Adds: This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach in occupational therapy for DRF patients, revealing that standard measurements might overlook key challenges that they face. By adopting broader evaluative methods, occupational therapists can better address patient-specific needs and enhance their rehabilitation outcomes.

Unveiling the influence of COVID-19 on the online retail market: A comprehensive exploration

The global economy has experienced significant disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, profoundly impacting production and consumption patterns. This paper examines the effect of the pandemic on consumer goods prices, focusing on a sample of hand sanitizers, soap, disinfectants, and baking yeasts. The selection of these products was motivated by multiple and comprehensive criteria, where we considered various factors such as changes in consumption patterns during the pandemic, the relevance of these products in household consumption, consumer behavior, availability of historical price data, their significance in daily domestic life, and their utility in the prevention of the disease. Employing a time-series analysis, the study investigates the relationship between product prices and the S&P 500 index, as well as the presence of structural breaks in the time series. The results reveal a significant correlation between all prices in the sample and the S&P 500 index, indicating the index's efficacy as an indicator of the overall economic state. Moreover, the study identifies a single structural break in each price time series, coinciding with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, hand sanitizers, soap, and disinfectants exhibit particularly substantial price jumps near the time of the break. These findings offer crucial insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer prices, which can guide policy decisions aimed at mitigating the pandemic's economic consequences.

Profiling Daily Life Performance Recovery in the Early Subacute Phase After Stroke Using a Graphical Modeling Approach.

Background Laboratory-based assessments have shown that stroke recovery is heterogeneous between patients and affected domains such as motor and language function. However, laboratory-based assessments are not ecologically valid and do not necessarily reflect patients' daily life performance. Therefore, we aimed to give an innovative view on stroke recovery by profiling daily life performance recovery across domains in patients with early subacute stroke and determine their interrelatedness, taking stroke localization into account. Methods and Results Daily life performance was observed at neurorehabilitation admission and weekly thereafter until discharge, using a scale containing 7 daily life domains. Graphical modeling was applied to investigate the conditional independence between recovery of these domains depending on stroke localization. There were 592 patients analyzed. Four clusters of interrelated domains were identified within the first 6 weeks poststroke. The first cluster included recovery in learning and applying knowledge, general tasks and demands, and domestic life. The second cluster comprised recovery in self-care and general tasks and demands. The third cluster included recovery in mobility and self-care; it incorporated interpersonal interactions and relationships in left supratentorial stroke, and learning and applying knowledge in right supratentorial stroke. The final cluster included only communication recovery. Conclusions Daily life recovery dynamics early poststroke show that although impairments in body functions are anatomically determined, their impact on performance is comparable. Second, some, but by no means all, domains show an interrelated recovery. Domains requiring cognitive abilities are especially interrelated and seem to be essential for concomitant recovery in mobility and domestic life.

Protection of Human Rights Against Women in an International Legal Perspective

Violations of human rights against women are still a serious debate, because there are still many women who experience acts of human rights violations, even though the National Human Rights Commission and the National Women's Commission have been initiated, it is not a guarantee that human rights violations against women will not occur. Sexual violence in international law develops according to the circumstances when acts of violence occur. sexual, where the act of sexual violence occurs. This occurs in conditions of armed conflict or in conditions where there is no armed conflict, namely in domestic life and at work. Sexual violence International law is regulated in many cases, including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1974, which classifies sexual violence as the most serious crime. Apart from that, it is also regulated in the general agreement to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, if the regulations are stricter, preventive measures related to protection against sexual violence are in accordance with this Convention. The National Commission on Violence Against Women has also classified gender-based violence

The human-animal bond and at-home behaviours of adopted Indian free-ranging dogs

Free-ranging dogs (FRDs) represent the largest population of dogs around the world. Their lives are not under direct human supervision and these dogs can be found in and around all possible forms of human habitation. Increased urbanization, poor population management measures and open garbage dumps have compounded their population over the years, leading to increased dog-human conflict, especially in the Global South. Pet keeping has been on the rise in India but most dogs are commercially acquired and are typically foreign breeds. Adoption of FRDs may be a potential solution for both population management and better welfare. While many studies have been conducted on dog behavior across the Global North, studies pertaining to adoptability, dog-human bonds, and welfare of FRDs have been largely missing. We investigated the in-house behaviour and human-animal bonds among adopted FRDs in India using a mixed method approach. Participants were recruited using social media using a snowball method. Data were collected on demographics and lifestyle of both the owners and their dogs, along with owner responses on the Canine Behaviour and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ, Survey I) and the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS, Survey II). Questions on reasons for adoption, not sterilizing their dogs and behaviour consultation were kept as open responses. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the C-BARQ items to investigate differences in factor structure from previously established studies in Europe and United States. Influence of demographic and lifestyle parameters on factor scores were investigated using logistic regression. We received valid responses from 1484 respondents for Survey I and 427 responses for Survey II from participants, who had filled the surveys for the same adopted FRD. A 13-factor structure emerged from the EFA- Stranger directed aggression, Owner directed aggression, Dog directed aggression, Fear, Nonsocial fear, Touch sensitivity, Separation related problems, Attachment, Excitability, Energy, Chasing, Elimination and Stereotypy. Comparison of scores across sex and neuter status of the dogs revealed differences. Various demographic factors influenced the behaviour of the adopted dogs. Owners reported a very high Emotional Closeness, low Perceived costs and average dog-owner interaction. The dog-owner relationship was mostly influenced by lifestyle and demographic factors rather than the dog’s behaviour. Overall, our results indicate that FRDs can adapt to a domestic life and make good pets. This study is a first attempt to bridge the ethnocultural gap on dog-keeping from India and lays the foundation for multiple avenues for future studies on the welfare of FRDs in the Global South.

Content comparison of the EORTC CAT Core, SF-36, FACT-G, and PROMIS role and social functioning measures based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

In line with the World Health Organizations' health definition, patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures frequently cover aspects of social health. Our study aimed to evaluate the role functioning (RF) and social functioning (SF) contents assessed by PRO measures commonly used in cancer patients. We analysed the item content of the SF and RF domains of the EORTC CAT Core, the EORTC QLQ-C30, the SF-36, and the FACT-G aswell as the PROMIS item bank covering the Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities. Following an established methodology we linked item content to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. The content of 85 items was assigned to three ICF components ('Activities and Participation', 'Body Functions', and 'Environmental Factors'). The EORTC CAT Core RF items were mostly related to the first-level ICF categories'Domestic life' and 'Community, social and civic life', while its SF item bankfocused on 'Interpersonal interactions and relationships'. These three categories were also covered by the PROMIS social participation item bank. TheFACT-G Social/Family scale focused on environmental factors ('SupportandRelationships' and 'Attitudes') while the SF-36 Role-physical/emotional scales had a stronger focus on 'General tasks and demands' and 'Major life areas'. Our results highlight conceptual overlap and differences among PRO measures for the assessment of social health in cancer. This information may help toselect the most appropriate measure for a specific setting or study purpose and to better understand the possibilities of linking scores across different PRO measures.

A Patriarch of One’s Own Clutching the Chains That Bind: Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind

History has been the tool of patriarchy to establish and perpetuate its hegemonic hold on society by presenting the male narratives and marginalizing, often excluding, female and minoritarian perspectives and experiences. War history, likewise, has been the record of victories and failures of men. It seeks to idealize the figure of ‘war-hero’ who for the sake of nation or community had abjured personal desires and comfort and devoted himself to one goal alone, that is to protect and serve his country. Margaret Mitchell employs one such war, namely the American Civil War (1861-65) as the backdrop of her famous novel Gone with the Wind (1936) presenting itself to be the narrative of popular romantic story and attempts to foreground the history of female experience that is excluded from the official records of public history. This paper, therefore, intends to show how in spite of set against the backdrop of a war history the novel, that is chiefly dominated by female characters, does not engage in idealizing a male narrative rather brings to the fore the story of a changed nation traced through the female struggle. Mitchell shows how before the birth of any prominent feminist movement the domestic life of America that was ravaged by the Civil War was not protected and run by any ‘hero’, rather by women chiefly. This thesis, thereby, intends to explore how the domestic life, which is relegated at the back in any history of war, is chiefly handled and brought to normalcy by the women of the society and how the women being desperate and instrumental, became the entrepreneur in time of need and though not given any praise became the shaping force of the new social order as the nurturer, much unacknowledged even by themselves and the two manifestation of the spirit of women which is pushed to the margin in the male narrative of war. This thesis will bring into account the critical perspectives of Dianna Wallace, Linda Hutcheon, Jean-Francois Lyotard and Gerda Lerner in order to establish how Mitchell’s novel present a counter narrative through its appropriation of patriarchal hegemonic historical meta-narrative.

Productive Livelihood For Children On QS. An-Nisa Verse 09

A living became a necessity in domestic life. Most studies of living still revolve around consumptive livelihood (an-nafaqah al-istihlākiyah), because read from an outward point of the texts indicate that living is in the form of food, drink, clothing, food, and domicile. Even though these consumptive details can be productive. Productive livelihood (an-nafaqah al-isti'māliyah) for children has not been so massive discussion among researchers. Some published research on productive living still requires a stronger foothold as a legal backing. From there, researchers want to provide the basic foundation of QS. An-Nisa': 09 as a formalistic legal basis in order to be more effective in taking application actions in the practical realm of each family. With the approach of Islamic legal philosophy, researchers read and study QS. An-Nisa': 09, is the verse relevant as the basic basis for productive livelihood for children? And what are the laws born of it? From this study, the results obtained are 1) this verse is relevant to be used as a basis for the concept of productive livelihood for children. 2) with the approach of Islamic legal philosophy gave conclusion of law a) the necessity of applying productive income for children to families who have knowledge and an established economy; b) be an encouragement for families with knowledge or established economies to manage management towards productive livelihood for children; c) does not apply to those who do not have the capacity of both or one of them. Keywords: productive livelihood, children, QS. An-Nisa’: 09