Domestic Expenditure Research Articles

Domestic Energy Options and Household Health-Care Expenditures: Does Income-Driven Consumption Matter?

Many people who live in rural areas with low disposable income are unable to acquire clean energy. This means that they are exposed to respiratory diseases and are more likely to encounter unbearable healthcare expenditures. But when stakeholders are responsive, they create a healthcare system that offers affordable and accessible and encourages the use of clean energy. When health care expenditure is high, many poor households struggle to access the services, particularly for households not covered by health insurance. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the moderating role of income on the relationship between domestic energy options and healthcare expenditure. The study used a cross-sectional research design and collected data from a random sample osf 384 households from Kisii County. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that most of the households were earning less than Ksh. 30,000 a month. Similarly, more than two-thirds of the households relied on solid biomass including firewood and charcoal for cooking. Findings show that domestic energy options have a significant relationship with healthcare expenditure for households in Kisii County. However, income does not moderate the relationship between domestic energy options and healthcare expenditure. The findings help policymakers to improve the uptake of clean energy options among households by subsidizing the cost of clean energy or removing tax on the products. The findings also encourage the uptake of universal healthcare among poor populations to reduce incidences of catastrophic healthcare expenditure.

The Relationship Between Health aid and Health Outcomes and the Role of Domestic Healthcare Expenditure in Developing Countries

Foreign aid is a controversial tool for helping developing countries achieve economic growth and welfare. Nevertheless, the early 2000s saw a rise in development assistance dedicated to the health sector. The concept of sustainable development highlights the importance of a healthy population to achieve overall development. Using a dataset containing Official Development Assistance channelled towards 100 countries between 2002 and 2020, this paper studies the effect of health aid on health outcomes. To test aid effectiveness, regression models are estimated using infant mortality and life expectancy as proxies for health outcomes. The analyses show that health aid has a positive effect on population health. Moreover, this study tests whether domestic government health expenditure can give further insights into the complex relationship between aid and health improvements. Results yield no significant effect of health aid on public health expenditure; hence no mediation effect can be found. Findings are robust to varying controls and an instrumental variable approach, where two-year lagged health aid is used as instrument. Results also suggest that socioeconomic factors like urbanisation have a positive effect on health outcomes, which implies that population health depends on many factors besides monetary resources.

Synergistic role of agriculture production, fertilizer use, tourism, and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in South Asia: A static and dynamic analysis

The most crucial industries for growth, particularly in developing countries, are agriculture, tourism, and the fertilizer industry. These businesses are also linked to environmental deterioration. The current study uses empirical research to inspect the links between carbon dioxide (CO2) secretions and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) progression, government expenditure, tourism, fertilizer usage, renewable and non-renewable energies, and agricultural production. Information commencing from six South Asian nations is used to produce the findings between 1991 and 2019. Following the establishment of stationary and cointegration, a static analysis using a Fixed Effect and Random Effect Model and a dynamic analysis using a One Step Difference and System GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) are performed. This article employs Mean Group (MG) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) approaches to increase robustness, while multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and Cross-Sectional Dependency (CSD) are used for post-estimation. According to the study, the selected South Asian region's agricultural, fertilizer use, non-renewable energy use, tourism, GDP growth, and government spending all result in a rise in CO2 emissions, while using clean energy reduces those emissions and is crucial to reducing those emissions. The study offers some policy ramifications concerning green farming and tourism.

Factors influencing inequality in government health expenditures within African regional economic communities

BackgroundThe unequal distribution of government health spending within African regional economic groupings is a significant barrier to achieving Universal Health Coverage and reaching health-related Sustainable Development targets. It also hampers the progress toward achieving the African Union’s vision of an integrated and prosperous Africa, free of its heavy disease burden. Based on panel data from 36 countries nested into eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs), this study probes the effects of countries' macro-level factors on government health expenditure disparities within eight regional economic communities from 2000 to 2019.MethodWe use the multilevel linear mixed-effect method to show whether countries' trade gains, life expectancy at birth, poverty, urbanization, information and communication technology, and population aging worsen or reduce the differences for two government health expenditure indicators.ResultsThe insignificant effect of GDP per capita suggests that in most regional economic groupings, the health sector is still not considered a high-priority sector regarding overall government expenditures. Countries' poverty levels and urbanization increase the domestic general government health expenditure disparities as a percentage of general government expenditure within the regional groupings. However, trade gains and ICT diffusion reduce these disparities. Furthermore, the results reveal that external health expenditure per capita and life expectancy at birth positively impact within-regional inequalities in the domestic general government health expenditure per capita. In contrast, GDP per capita and trade gains tend to reduce them.ConclusionsThis study enriches the research on the determinants of government health expenditure inequality in Africa. Policies that can spur growth in trade and ICT access should be encouraged. Countries should also make more efforts to reduce poverty. Governments should also develop policies promoting economic growth and planned urbanization.

Public health spending in Sub-Saharan Africa: exploring transmission mechanisms using the latent growth curve mediation model

In response to the imperatives of universal health coverage, structural factors that may hinder the effectiveness of increased spending in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) need attention. This study assessed the mediating role of these factors in domestic general government health expenditure (DGGHE) effects to propose solutions for improving population health outcomes (PHO). The analysis used the Latent Growth Curve Mediation Model (LGCMM) approach within the structural equation model (SEM) framework for panel data from 42 SSA countries from 2015 to 2018. The findings were that malaria and female education formed a channel through which DGGHE imparted its effects on DALY in SSA, and these effects were achieved via the specific path from the DGGHE slope to the DALY slope, via malaria and female education slopes. However, the paper found no evidence of immunization coverage mediating the relationship between DGGHE and DALY in SSA. The paper concludes that structural factors affect the effectiveness of DGGHE on PHO, implying that governments should emphasize existing programs to fight against malaria and increase immunization coverage.

Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in emerging economies: Evidence from panel data analysis.

Achieving universal health coverage is one of the prominent targets of the United Nations' sustainable development goals. Reducing out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) is essential because high OOPE can deter the use of healthcare services, which can lead to poor health outcomes and medical impoverishment. The study sought to determine the effects of various factors such as Domestic General Government Health Expenditure, Gross Domestic Product, Government schemes and compulsory contributory healthcare financing schemes, and Voluntary health insurance schemes on OOPE per Capita in emerging economies. Econometric methods using panel data. The study analyzed the publicly available panel data from the World Health Organization using fixed, random, and dynamic models. Domestic General Government Health Expenditure and Gross Domestic Product are associated with an increase in OOPE. Government schemes, compulsory contributory healthcare financing schemes, and voluntary health insurance programs are linked to a reduction in OOPE. In conclusion, this study, conducted through econometric methods on panel data, sheds light on the critical importance of reducing OOPE to achieve universal health coverage, aligning with the United Nations' sustainable development goals. Countries shall implement a holistic approach focusing on preventive healthcare and health promotion, providing comprehensive health insurance, strengthening public health systems, and regulating medicine prices.

Role of Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development on Economic GDP A Time Series Forecasting Approach Using ARIMA Model

Abstract: Research and development is considered as one of the important factor to contribute strongly for sustainable development goals (SDG -9). These further may help in building resilient infrastructure, promoting industrialization, and fostering innovation. Contributions to research and development (GERD) and the number of researchers employed in R&D activities have a significant impact on research and development. The Innovation Index delves deeper than just total GERD figures. It analyzes how effectively countries allocate their R&D resources. This particularly provides reward to the countries that prioritize research in key areas like renewable energy, healthcare, and digital technologies while also considering the efficiency and impact of their R&D spending. The current availability of limited data for index-based studies is not conducive to the design of policy scenarios and technology deployment models. In this paper, we have studied various machine learning models and have employed the ARIMA model to study the impact of data variables to forecast time series forecasting. In this study, a comprehensive R&D spending estimate and its correlation with other variables is analyzed to reveal the global GERD shuffle to escalate the studies on technology impact.

The Effect of Healthcare Expenditure on Maternal Mortality in Uganda

The maternal mortality rate in Uganda of 189 per 100,000 live births remains above the global target of 70 per 100,000. Evidence shows that the mode of healthcare expenditure impacts the provision of maternal healthcare services and reduction in maternal mortality. Understanding how healthcare expenditure impacts maternal health outcomes in Uganda is important for policy. Data from World Development Indicators for the period 1985-2019 were used to explore the effect of healthcare expenditure on maternal mortality using an auto-regressive distributed lag model. The findings showed that domestic government expenditure targeted on maternal health conditions significantly reduces maternal mortality. An increase in nurses was also associated with significant reductions in maternal mortality; hence, the government should increase investment in training and posting adequate nurses at public health facilities, where the majority of Ugandans seek care. Similarly, out-of-pocket health expenditure and total health expenditure per capita were both associated with a reduction in maternal deaths in the short-run. However, while out-of-pocket health expenditure is associated with a reduction in maternal mortality, it is inequitable. The Uganda National Health Insurance should ensure that financial risk protection for the poor is implemented to move towards universal health coverage.

DAMPAK INDIKATOR PARIWISATA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI REGIONAL (STUDI PANEL PROVINSI-PROVINSI INDONESIA)

Tourism in Indonesia is still regarded as an ordinary industry. However, it has the potential to drive economic growth. This paper uses panel data regression to investigate how several tourism indicators, like tourist expenditure, accommodation availability, and number of workers, affect regional tourism revenue in Indonesia and how regional tourism revenue affects GRDP. Results show that domestic tourist expenditure and accommodation availability positively impact regional tourism revenue and are statistically significant. It was also found that the effect of regional tourism revenue on GRDP is positive and significant. It is recommended that the local government improve the quality and increase the quantity of accommodation.
 
 Keywords: Tourism Revenue, Tourism Labor, Tourist Expenditure, Accommodation, GRDP

Impact of Domestic Investment, Foreign Investment, Government Expenditures, and Labor on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in North Sulawesi

The influence of domestic investment, foreign capital, government spending and labor on gross regional domestic product in North Sulawesi province. This is a very important process in advancing the country's progress. This process involves many aspects, including changes in social structures, attitudes to life, and national institutions. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of domestic investment, the influence of foreign investment, government spending and labor on GRDP in North Sulawesi Province. The data source used is secondary data for the 2011-2021 period. Data obtained from the North Sulawesi Province Central Statistics Agency (BPS), journals and research results. The research method used is quantitative research, with the analysis technique being multiple regression analysis. The research results obtained are that it has a positive and significant impact on GRDP.

Foundation of the small open economy model with product differentiation

We derive a small open economy (SOE) as the limit of an economy as the number or size of its trading partners goes to infinity and trade costs also go to infinity. We obtain this limit in the Armington, Eaton–Kortum, Krugman, and Melitz models. In all cases, the trade of the SOE with the foreign countries approaches a finite limit, and the domestic expenditure share for the SOE approaches a limit that is not zero or unity. The foreign countries can be either infinitely many SOEs, or alternatively, one or many large countries with domestic expenditure shares that approach unity. We illustrate the usefulness of this framework by obtaining a formula for the optimal tariff in the SOE – depending on the elasticity of domestic wages with respect to the tariff – that is consistent with all models.

OECD 개발원조위원회(DAC) 회원국의 성평등 원조 결정요인

Purpose: This study aims to empirically analyze the determinants of OECD/DAC member countries’ aid in support of gender equality aid as a principle objective(gender marker 2). Originality: International community has emphasized gender equality as a key principle and norm of development cooperation, and OECD/DAC has led international discussions and policy efforts on aid for gender equality. While discussions on gender and development has focused on normative and practical aspects, the motivation of donors’ commitments for gender equality has remained unanswered. To bridge this gap, this study empirically analyzes the determinants of OECD/DAC member countries’ aid in support of gender equality and draws upon policy implications. Methodology: Considering that the aid amount is panel data left-censored at zero, the panel Tobit model is used for the analysis. Result: It is found that the aid in support of gender equality increases as a recipient country’s gender needs increase; women’s representation in a donor country increases; a recipient country tends to have received more gender aids from OECD/DAC members; and the presence of women’s international NGOs increases in a donor country. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the gender aid decreases as donor government increases social spending on family benefits. Conclusion and Implication: A strong humanitarian motivation was found behind the donor countries' aid support for gender equality, and thus it is important to provide good information on recipient countries’ gender needs. Also, international community’s efforts to make the gender equality an international norm need to keep continued as they have been successful in increasing donors’ commitments for the gender equality. In particular, the role of women’s international NGOs has to be shed more light on. Also, donor countries’ social values affects their commitments towards the gender equality overseas. The tension between domestic social expenditure on family benefits and supports for gender equality overseas requires further research and discussion in the future.

Using Linear Regressions Analyzing the Impact of Medical Technology Inputs on Economic Output in China and Brazil

In the current era of globalization, the relationship between healthcare investments and economic outcomes has emerged as a pivotal research focus. Researchers have made significant strides in understanding this relationship; however, certain knowledge gaps and disparities in explanations persist. This underscores the importance of investigating the impact of healthcare investments on economic outcomes, particularly in the contexts of two distinct yet influential developing countries, China and Brazil. This study delves into the intricate interplay between healthcare investments and economic outcomes in China and Brazil. Using a comprehensive dataset from the World Health Organization (WHO), including capital health expenditures, domestic government health expenditures, and more. Then we employ the linear regression analysis in tandem with these indicators to investigate the relationship between them and economic output. This research also considers non-data-based variables, such as policies and national economic conditions, to ensure the accuracy of our findings. Our findings reveal that healthcare expenditures, particularly Government General Healthcare Expenditure (GGHE-D) and External Health Expenditure (EXT), significantly impact China's GDP growth. In contrast, Brazil exhibits a distinct pattern, with GGHE-D negatively impacting its economic output while Transfers from Government Domestic Revenue (TransGDR) that allocated to health contribute positively. These distinctions highlight the diverse effects of healthcare spending on the economies of the two nations. In conclusion, this research underscores the need for tailored healthcare policies in the context of economic structures and the significance of evidence-based decision-making. It also highlights the potential of international cooperation in healthcare to drive GDP growth and healthcare innovation.

Influence of Direct Productive Expenditure and Inflation on Economic Growth in India

The present study explored the relationship between gross capital formation and economic growth in India from 1991 to 2020. The results revealed a positive relationship between gross capital formation and economic growth in India. The study also found the positive impact of gross domestic savings and government expenditure on economic growth. The study further revealed a negative relationship between the consumer price index and economic growth. Based on empirical results, the study suggested that the government should raise the level of capital formation to achieve tremendous economic growth. Further, there is a need to create an environment conducive to saving and investments within the economy, which will eventually support long-term economic growth.

The current state and potential evolution of carbon emissions in the healthcare sector: a narrative review article

Over 98% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions in 2014 came from carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide. Over one century, CO2 emissions increased from 3.09 to 37.12 billion metric tons. The healthcare sector is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The carbon footprint of a country's healthcare system is influenced by its domestic economy, healthcare expenditure, and energy system. The aim of this study is to present a concise of the present status of carbon emissions within the healthcare sectors on a global scale, as well as the forthcoming endeavors to mitigate these emissions. A narrative review of studies on climate change, carbon emissions, and greenhouse gases in the healthcare sector was conducted using Medline PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases from 2005 to April 2023. According to the data, several countries emit more carbon per capita than others. The Conference of the Parties on Climate Change (COP26) recently encompassed extensive efforts culminating in releasing initiatives toward zero-carbon healthcare sectors. Efforts in some medical practices, smart technology to save energy, digital health, artificial intelligence technology, and monitoring have contributed to reducing carbon emissions. In conclusion, the healthcare sector with zero carbon emissions must be sustainable, adaptable, and efficient while delivering safe, high-quality care. Addressing the sector's carbon footprint requires innovative strategies, a multisector approach, health professionals' participation, community engagement, and regular monitoring of emissions and performance indicators to ensure patient service quality and low carbon emissions in the healthcare sector.

Is gender equality associated with a longer healthier life? Ecological evidence from 27 European countries.

The association between gender equality and higher life expectancies has been described. Yet, little is known about its association with healthy life expectancy (HLE), or which domains are consistently associated with longer and healthier lives. We aimed to study the association between country-level gender equality, its domains and subdomains, with life expectancy and HLE in Europe, from 2013 to 2019. We combined life and HLE estimates from Eurostat with the Gender Equality Index and its 'work', 'knowledge', 'money', 'time' and 'power' domains and respective subdomains, for 27 European countries. Associations were estimated using panel data regression analyses adjusted for Gross Domestic Product, healthcare expenditure and Gini coefficient. Higher life and healthy life expectancies were found in country years with higher gender equality, both for men and women. Associations were particularly consistent for the 'work' (βHLE-men=0.59; βHLE-women=0.59; P<0.05) and 'power' domains (βHLE-men=0.09; βHLE-women=0.12, P<0.01), especially for the 'work participation', 'political' and 'economic power' subdomains. These results point to a country-level association between gender equality and life and healthy life expectancies, suggesting that gender disparities in 'work participation' and 'political' and 'economic power' play a role in the health of women and men through their aging course.

비교모형 기반의 고등교육재정 적정 규모 추정과 재정지원 확충 방안

The purpose of this study is to estimate the appropriate size of higher education financing based on the concept of education financing adequacy and to propose a policy realization plan to expand financial support based on special accounting for higher and lifelong education support.&#x0D; The results of the study show that the scale of domestic higher education financing is very low. Domestic total government expenditure, education budget, OECD public education expenditure per capita, and OECD higher education expenditure per capita as a percentage of GDP were all low. Second, the comparative model was applied to estimate the appropriate size of higher education financing, and the size of the required resources increased as the reference group for international competitiveness comparison was set. Third, the newly established special account for higher education finance is problematic in terms of the stability of revenues, the adequacy of revenue sources, and the feasibility of expenditure projects. In particular, there is no explicit provision for securing financial resources, and the special account is temporary, so it is necessary to revise the law and find a way to provide long-term financial support. Finally, in order to secure the estimated amount of financial resources needed in the future, it is proposed to link the direction of sharing between the state and the private sector with the government's plan and operate the fund in the long term.

Unmet needs in countries participating in the undiagnosed diseases network international: an international survey considering national health care and economic indicators.

Patients, families, the healthcare system, and society as a whole are all significantly impacted by rare diseases (RDs). According to various classifications, there are currently up to 9,000 different rare diseases that have been recognized, and new diseases are discovered every month. Although very few people are affected by each uncommon disease individually, millions of people are thought to be impacted globally when all these conditions are considered. Therefore, RDs represent an important public health concern. Although crucial for clinical care, early and correct diagnosis is still difficult to achieve in many nations, especially those with low and middle incomes. Consequently, a sizeable amount of the overall burden of RD is attributable to undiagnosed RD (URD). Existing barriers and policy aspects impacting the care of patients with RD and URD remain to be investigated. To identify unmet needs and opportunities for patients with URD, the Developing Nations Working Group of the Undiagnosed Diseases Network International (DNWG-UDNI) conducted a survey among its members, who were from 20 different nations. The survey used a mix of multiple choice and dedicated open questions covering a variety of topics. To explore reported needs and analyze them in relation to national healthcare economical aspects, publicly available data on (a) World Bank ranking; (b) Current health expenditure per capita; (c) GDP per capita; (d) Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP); and (e) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) were incorporated in our study. This study provides an in-depth evaluation of the unmet needs for 20 countries: low-income (3), middle-income (10), and high-income (7). When analyzing reported unmet needs, almost all countries (N = 19) indicated that major barriers still exist when attempting to improve the care of patients with UR and/or URD; most countries report unmet needs related to the availability of specialized care and dedicated facilities. However, while the countries ranked as low income by the World Bank showed the highest prevalence of referred unmet needs across the different domains, no specific trend appeared when comparing the high, upper, and low-middle income nations. No overt trend was observed when separating countries by current health expenditure per capita, GDP per capita, domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP) and life expectancy at birth, total (years). Conversely, both the GDP and domestic general government health expenditure for each country impacted the presence of ongoing research. We found that policy characteristics varied greatly with the type of health system and country. No overall pattern in terms of referral for unmet needs when separating countries by main economic or health indicators were observed. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying actionable points (e.g., implemented orphan drug acts or registries where not available) in order to improve the care and diagnosis of RDs and URDs on a global scale.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF POPULATION AGING ON LOCAL HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE: A 22-YEAR PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

The purpose of this study is to examine the implications of population aging on local health expenditures in South Africa. A balanced panel of annually observed observations from South Africa over the period of 22 years (1995–2017) was used. The study used gross domestic product (GDP), health expenditure, labor force, and age structure as control variables and pooled OLS, fixed effect, and random effect tests to estimate the relationships among the variables. The results show that the old-age dependency ratio, gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rate, and gross value added (GVA) are all explanatory variables that are related to healthcare spending and are shown as a base model in the pooled OLS. The results indicate that healthcare expenditure and the old-age dependency ratio have a positive relationship in South Africa. Considering the implications for policy, this study suggests that the South African economy should account for the aging population when policies are designed and that the government should make an effort to improve the healthcare system in order to meet the demands of elderly people.

Pengaruh Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri, Tenaga Kerja, Ekspor Dan Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of Domestic Investment, Labor, Exports and Government Expenditures on Economic Growth in Indonesia. This research explains the influence of Domestic Investment (X1), Labor (X2), Exports (X3), and Government Expenditures (X4) on Economic Growth (Y) in Indonesia. The data used is time series data and was obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for 2006-2020. The data analysis method uses multiple linear regression analysis using eviews 10 software. The research results show that partially domestic investment has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia. Partially, labor has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Indonesia. Simultaneously domestic investment, labor, exports and government spending have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia.