Domestic Effluents Research Articles

Green synthesis of magnetic chitosan composite hydrogel (Fe3O4@CS photocatalyst) for the solar light driven catalytic degradation of organic contaminants

Ecofriendly magnetic chitosan composite hydrogel (Fe3O4@CS photo-catalyst) was prepared by using an aqueous extract of Boerhevia procombens leaves for the solar light mediated catalytic degradation of lethal organic Congo red dye. The prepared composite hydrogel was structurally studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) which reveals the formation of the Fe3O4@CS photocatalyst. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation of the composite hydrogel signified high crystallinity of photocatalyst and crystallite structure of 53 nm for magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). The surface investigation suggests multilayered porous photocatalyst owing to the presence of cavities offering more photoactive sites for the photodecomposition of dye molecules. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) scanning supports the fabrication of Fe3O4@CS photocatalyst due to the perseverance of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) certifies the preparation of thermally stable and magnetic composite hydrogel. The fabricated Fe3O4@CS photocatalyst possess low bandgap energy of 2.36 eV, supporting the excellent disintegration of dye molecules in the sunlight irradiations. The photocatalyst exhibited a maximum degradation efficacy of 99.1% for Congo red dye in the solar light irradiations with refined states of 70 min radiation time, dye concentration of 20 mg/L, pH 6, and 200 mg photocatalyst amount obeying the second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9959). The Fe3O4@CS photocatalyst displayed a little decrease in dissociation efficiency of dye molecules after five repeated cycles owing to the coverage or rupturing of photoactive sites. Conclusively, the results support Fe3O4@ CS to be an economical and biocompatible magnetic catalyst for the catalytic decontamination of Congo red dye molecules and other organic contaminants in domestic and industrial wastewater effluents.

Assessment of surface water quality in a highly anthropised semi-arid catchment (Case of Wadi El Hatab Basin, Tunisia, North Africa)

Anthropogenic contamination of surface waters is a critical issue in urbanised catchments, especially in Mediterranean environments with scarce water resources and intermittent rivers. A combined hydro-geochemical and multivariate statistical methodology has been applied to evaluate the surface water quality of Wadi El Hatab catchment (Central Tunisia). More than half of the 28 samples collected in March 2021 exceeded WHO standards for sodium, chloride and sulphate contents. Most polluted sites are directly influenced by domestic and industrial effluents that contaminate the river for kilometers. Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Ascendant Classification distinguished four contamination sources: water-rock interaction, domestic wastewater, untreated industrial effluents mainly from paper mills and irrigation return. A Water Quality Index model indicated that 75% of the surface water was unsuitable for drinking purposes; while according to chemical indices such as saturation index, sodium absorption coefficient (SAR), magnesium ratio (MR) and percent sodium (%Na), 25 to 49% of samples were unsuitable for irrigation. Considering that water of Wadi El Hatab is used for vegetable irrigation, serious public health issues may arise. The investigation demonstrated that a single representative sampling campaign could be a useful way to identify contamination sources when interpreted with both statistical and geochemical tools.

Removal of 3,4-dichlorophenol from water utilizing ferrate(VI): Kinetic and mechanistic investigations, and effect of coexisting anions

3,4-dichlorophenol (3,4-DCP) has been detected in industrial and domestic effluents, posing adverse effects on human health. Herein, ferrate (Fe(VI)) oxidation of 3,4-DCP was systemically and comprehensively investigated by determining its...

Prokaryote communities along a source-to-estuary river continuum in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

The activities of microbiomes in river sediments play an important role in sustaining ecosystem functions by driving many biogeochemical cycles. However, river ecosystems are frequently affected by anthropogenic activities, which may lead to microbial biodiversity loss and/or changes in ecosystem functions and related services. While parts of the Atlantic Forest biome stretching along much of the eastern coast of South America are protected by governmental conservation efforts, an estimated 89% of these areas in Brazil are under threat. This adds urgency to the characterization of prokaryotic communities in this vast and highly diverse biome. Here, we present prokaryotic sediment communities in the tropical Juliana River system at three sites, an upstream site near the river source in the mountains (Source) to a site in the middle reaches (Valley) and an estuarine site near the urban center of Ituberá (Mangrove). The diversity and composition of the communities were compared at these sites, along with environmental conditions, the former by using qualitative and quantitative analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. While the communities included distinct populations at each site, a suite of core taxa accounted for the majority of the populations at all sites. Prokaryote diversity was highest in the sediments of the Mangrove site and lowest at the Valley site. The highest number of genera exclusive to a given site was found at the Source site, followed by the Mangrove site, which contained some archaeal genera not present at the freshwater sites. Copper (Cu) concentrations were related to differences in communities among sites, but none of the other environmental factors we determined was found to have a significant influence. This may be partly due to an urban imprint on the Mangrove site by providing organic carbon and nutrients via domestic effluents.

Utilização de microalgas na biorremediação de águas eutrofizadas por efluente doméstico em um lago urbano na Amazônia

ABSTRACT The disposal of domestic effluents without an adequate treatment may increase nitrogen and phosphorus levels in natural water bodies. Bioremediation using microalgae is one of the solutions for treating effluents before disposal. We tested the effect of Scenedesmus acuminatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Planktothrix isothrix, as well as the effect of water dilution, on the nutrient concentration in water eutrophicated by domestic effluent in an urban lake in the Brazilian Amazon. We inoculated the three species in monoculture in undiluted water (PW0), and 50% (PW50) and 90% (PW90) diluted water. The experiment lasted 10 days and every 24 hours we removed a bottle of each treatment for nutrient analysis. The three species were equally efficient in removing ammonia in PW0. Nitrate removal rate was highest for Chlorella vulgaris in PW0, and higher for C. vulgaris and P. isothrix in PW50 and PW90. Orthophosphate removal efficiency was higher for S. acuminatus and C. vulgaris in PW0, equally efficient for the three species in PW50, and higher for C. vulgaris and P. isothrix in PW90. We concluded that the three species of microalgae tested are efficient in removing ammonia. Scenedesmus acuminatus was not an ideal species for nitrate removal. Planktothrix isothrix was efficient in removing nutrients when domestic wastewater is diluted. Chlorella vulgaris was efficient in removing nutrients from domestic wastewater whether diluted or not.

The occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in the Upper Citarum River and surrounding wastewater effluents

Wastewater has the potential to introduce antibiotic-resistant bacterial contamination into the adjacent river, posing environmental health risks to surrounding community. However, there is limited data on the bacterial resistance pattern in aquatic environments of developing countries. This study aimed to explore the hazard level of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli from effluents and river water based on the enumeration and resistance pattern towards thirteen antibiotics of varying potency. Escherichia coli enumeration was performed on samples collected from nine segments of the Upper Citarum River, and the effluents of two hospitals, six farms, five pharmaceutical companies, and two municipal treatment plants. Agar dilution on Chromocult® Coliform Agar ES was utilized to profile antibiotic susceptibility. The results show that Escherichia coli from farm wastewater has the highest average number (43.347 CFU/100mL) and the widest range of antibiotic resistance (up to eight type), followed by Escherichia coli from domestic, hospital and pharmaceutical effluent. Meropenem-resistant Escherichia coli is already detected in all effluent sources. Escherichia coli in the river water was resistant to thirteen types of antibiotics, and the load was increasing downstream. It is important to take immediate and effective measures to address bacterial resistance occurrence in the aquatic environments.

Wetlands construídos para gestão de lodo de tanque séptico: qualidade da água drenada sob diferentes estratégias operacionais em um experimento em escala de bancada

Abstract The septic tank is commonly used for treating domestic effluents, especially decentralized treatment. However, it requires periodic maintenance, including the removal, treatment, and disposal of sludge, which can be difficult and costly. An alternative approach, aligned with the principles of the circular economy, is the use of wetlands sludge management units (WSMU). In this study, a bench-scale experiment was conducted using six WSMU (0.0177 m2 each) planted with Canna x generalis. Different total solids (TS) loads (15, 28, and 42 kg TS m-2 year-1) and saturation levels (0.10 m and 0.20 m) were tested, and a super-loading strategy was adopted at the beginning of the operation. Monitoring and analyses were carried out over the first 150 days of operation. The results demonstrated that already at the beginning of the operation, high removal efficiencies were obtained, especially in units with a 0.20 m saturation level, reaching 80% for TS, 93% for chemical oxygen demand, 98% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 97% for orthophosphate. This work showed that WSMU are capable of a high level of treatment even with high solids loads at the beginning of operation. Furthermore, these results indicate that even larger loads can be tested to optimize treatment performance and reduce area demand. Thus, the WSMU configuration, as well as the operational strategies adopted in this paper, can be used in future, long-term, and full-scale research to better understand the active treatment mechanisms.

Treatment of domestic effluents using sustainable biofilter methods

The discharge of effluents is a permanent environmental and sanitation concern. Efficient water management must include water treatment and reuse. It is therefore necessary to study treatment systems to improve their performance throughout the entire chain, from drinking water to wastewater or, more specifically, waste effluent. Currently, technologies using bio-filtration processes have proven to be an effective and low-cost method for treating industrial effluents and domestic sewage. In this study, a low-cost domestic sewage treatment system made up of biofilters and pipes was built on a bench model as a means of teaching practical classes, and its efficiency was also studied. The results showed that the equipment can be made from recyclable material and is low-cost, easy to detail technically and easy to handle and operate. The students involved can easily replicate the technology in their communities, thus spreading low-cost sanitation treatment technologies to low-income populations without access to conventional sanitation systems. The parameters pH, turbidity, chlorination, temperature, and electrical conductivity were all at acceptable levels for discharge into receiving bodies and domestic use.

Treated domestic effluents for non-potable reuse: microbial risk assessment and economic viability

ABSTRACT In this study, we applied quantitative microbial risk assessment and net present value methodologies to evaluate the economic viability and safety of wastewater treatment to produce water for reuse. We found payback periods of three to over 15 years for investment in the universalisation of sanitation services in the selected municipalities, wherein the most feasible scenarios were those in which water reuse was carried out at its maximum potential. Microbial risk was assessed in terms of reduced concentrations of Escherichia coli. Results show that reuse of wastewater treated by different plant configurations for crop irrigation, involving only secondary treatment processes, presented high risk of infection for both farmers and consumers (3.50E–02 ± 3.10E–03 and 5.80E 02 ± 3.30E–03, respectively). In the urban and industrial context, it did not pose any risk beyond the tolerable risk recommended by WHO, except for the worker’s droplet ingestion route of exposure (2.40E–03 ± 3.80E–03).

Гідроекологічна характеристика сучасного стану Запорізького (Дніпровського) водосховища та його приток

Purpose: to determine the hydroecological condition of the different areas of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir and its tributaries (Samara River, Konoplyanka River), which are under technogenic pressure. Methodology: classical methods of determining hydrochemical indicators (pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, permanganate oxidizability, anions and cations of organic and inorganic compounds) and microbiological parameters (total count of microorganisms and count of saprophytes) were used during the study. The content of heavy metals was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Findings: The study of the current hydroecological state of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir in the summer period showed that, according to most parameters, the water quality did not exceed the MAC (maximum allowable concentration) for fish farming. The exception was the reduced oxygen dissolved concentration (by 10-25%) in almost all areas of the reservoir, and the high mineralization of water in the Samara Bay (2 MAC), due to the discharge of highly mineralized waters of the Samara River. In the long-term aspect, there is an increase in the total mineralization of the Samara River (4 MAC, which is under the influence of the discharge mine waters of the coal mining industry of Western Donbas. The analysis of the content of heavy metals in the reservoir indicated an increase in the concentration of copper - from 13 MAC in the Samara Bay to 21 MAC in the lower part of the reservoir. The Samara River was characterized by a high content of cadmium (1.5 MAC), copper (13 MAC), and nickel (2.3 MAC). Indicators of the ecological state of the Konoplyanka River had significant differences in its different areas: in the upper reaches of the river, where the economic and domestic effluents of the city of Kamianske and the tailings storage facilities for radioactive waste are located, water did not meet the MAC for oxygen content, carbon dioxide, nitrites, nitrates, mineral ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl’, SO4-2), general mineralization and the count of saprophytic microorganisms; at the mouth of the river, exceeding the MAC for nitrate content and saprophytic microflora was recorded. Originality: data on the hydroecological state of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir and its tributaries in the conditions of the war have been obtained. Practical value: the results of the conducted study can be used to develop a strategic program for the restoration of the ecosystem of the Dnipro reservoirs in the post-war period. Key words: Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir, tributaries, hydrochemical parameters, count of microorganisms, heavy metals.

Assessment of heavy metals and radionuclides (U and Th) contamination, and source identification of the Lékié Watershed sediments, Cameroon

This study aims to assess the pollution levels and sources of heavy metals (Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Sc and V) and radionuclides (Th and U) in sediments of Lékié Watershed in Cameroon. Surface sediment samples were collected from 14 stations across different areas of the Lékié Watershed. The heavy metal and radionuclide analysis on sediments were carried out and pollution indices such as enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DC), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk assessment and multivariate statistical methods were utilized to evaluate the degree of contamination and estimate the source of metals in the sediments of Lékié Watershed. The results show that the mean concentrations are lower than those of the upper continental crust (UCC) reference values except those of Mn, Co, Ni, and V. The values of EF varied from moderate to severe enrichments (from 4 to 44). The contamination factor (1 < CF < 3), potential ecological risk (<40) and degree of contamination (<8) revealed a low to moderate degree of contamination. The majority of stations have PLI > 1, indicating pollution. The application of multivariate analysis to these metallic elements reveals contaminations attributed to anthropogenic activities, including the release of domestic, artisanal mining, and industrial effluents, as well as natural sources originating from the leaching of local surrounding soils and geological factors. To mitigate more pollution in this watershed which is closed from urbanization, it is crucial for local authorities to implement wastewater treatment measures.

Impact of Domestic and Industrial Effluent Disposal on Physicochemical Characteristics of River Malin at Najibabad City, India

The current study aimed to assess the health of the Malin River situated in Najibabad city, India by analyzing several physicochemical parameters. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of industrial and domestic wastewater on the river's health. The study was conducted over six months, from January to June 2023, at four different locations along the river. To calculate the water quality index (WQI), the data was further processed, and Pearson correlation was utilized. Except for site 1, most of the analyzed physicochemical parameters exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) limit, as indicated by the results. The utilization of river Malin water for irrigation, laundry, and vegetable cleaning may pose a health hazard to the public due to high contamination levels at the points where industrial (site 2) and domestic (site 3) effluents continuously mix with the river water. The water quality at all locations is deemed unsuitable for consumption due to a WQI score greater than 100. There are strong positive correlations between total dissolved solids (TDS) and other studied parameters, except for dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity. This suggests the presence of inorganic pollutants concerning organic pollutants. Wastewater treatment facilities are necessary along river coasts to conserve river flora and fauna, as well as water quality, to safeguard human and river health.

Monitoring of anthropogenic impact on the Port Qasim coastal area, Karachi, Pakistan

The present study was undertaken to investigate the extent of pollution load at Port Qasim coastal area, the second largest port in the country. The samples of sea water were collected from 23 locations, including the samples from Bundal Island situated in the Port Qasim area. Samples were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics to determine the extent of pollution load. Samples were also analyzed for heavy metals including As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni. The investigation revealed that the Port Qasim Area is grossly polluted from inorganic and organic loads mainly coming from the nearby industrial setup. Extensively high organic load was found at the site receiving the wastewater from the Landhi Cattle colony. PQ-6 receives untreated wastewater from oil industries as exhibited by its high oil content. PQ-14 is receiving untreated industrial discharges from the nearby chemical industries and represents a very high pollution load. The sites closed to Bundal Island are relatively less polluted. The mangroves in the area are constantly under threat owing to the indiscriminate discharge of both domestic and industrial effluents. The concentration of DO although not on higher side but at least prevents the anoxic condition in the area. Out of all the heavy metals the concentration of Cr and Pb was exceptionally higher. The distribution of heavy metals demonstrated a typical diffusion pattern from the land to the sea. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of the data showed the major gradients, similarities of localities and the variables of importance in terms of overall variability in the pollution characteristics. It is concluded that the level of pollution is increasing at an alarming rate, which is detrimental to the biodiversity of the coastal area.

Preliminary analysis of the environmental conditions of Igarapé Paragominas, southeast of Pará

Urban streams can undergo changes in environmental conditions from disorderly urban growth and the deployment of road platforms on their banks, interconnecting or pervading them. The objective of this research was to analyze the environmental conditions (infrastructure, APP, water body, fauna and aquatic flora) of the Paragominas Igarapé, in the urban stretch, to identify if the process of urbanization and the construction of the highway PA -125, represent negative actions that may be associated with the quality of the water body. The method used was that of exploratory research, with obtaining primary in situ and secondary data in specific literature (articles, dissertations, theses, studies concluding courses and e-books), as well as pioneering articles (1995-1998). The data obtained and analyzed indicated that the two causes analyzed caused harmful and almost irreversible effects, since they altered the natural flow of the Paragominas stream, the loss and replacement of the riparian forest in natura, as well as the construction of bridges and architectural units and the directing of the drainage of domestic and rainy effluents towards the interior of the lake, modifying the flora and the aquatic fauna. The information contained here may help to monitor environmental conditions, especially the Green lake, an important landscaping and local leisure site, as well as the urban extension of Igarapé Paragominas.

Removal of major nutrients by sono-direct and sono-alternate current electrocoagulation process from domestic wastewater

Background: Electrocoagulation is becoming a promising eco-friendly wastewater treatment technique. It is a low-cost wastewater treatment method suitably applied for various wastewater effluent characteristics. Nevertheless, there are different kinds of electrocoagulation; comparison among them in terms of nutrient removal is investigated in the present research. This study analyzed nitrate (NO3 - ) and phosphate (PO4 3-) removal potential of the sono-alternative and direct-current electrocoagulation process. Methods: Batch reactor and sono-direct current (SDC)/sono-alternative current (SAC) electrocoagulation cell were employed to investigate NO3 - and PO4 3- removal efficiency from domestic effluents. The data gathered from laboratory experiments were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). ANOVA was used to examine the interaction effects of diverse parameters in terms of NO3 _ and PO4 3- removal from domestic wastewater effluents. Results: At extreme experimental conditions, the percentage of NO3 - and PO4 3- removal attained with sono-direct current electrocoagulation (SDCE) and sono-alternative current electrocoagulation (SACE) were 96.5%, 96.2% and 96.8%, 96.5, respectively. The SACE was more successful in eliminating NO3 - and PO4 3- than the SDCE process. The appearance of resistant oxide coating on the cathode and the appearance of corrosion on the anode due to oxidation processes in the case of SDCE were identified as principal factors highly affecting NO3 - and PO4 3- removal efficiency. Conclusion: With optimum process efficiency, experimental findings show that the SACE process is more capable of NO3 - and PO4 3- removal than the SDCE process.

Contamination of Bisphenol A, Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, and Estrone in Major Rivers of Mega Manila, Philippines.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as natural and synthetic hormones as well as phenolic industrial chemicals are considered contaminants of emerging concern in environmental waters. While EDCs carried through rivers may impact ecosystem health and productivity, these compounds are still not widely studied nor regulated. In the present study, we report the occurrence of EDCs in urban rivers in Mega Manila, namely, the Marikina, Pasig, Angat, and Pampanga Rivers that drain into Manila Bay. Endocrine-disrupting compounds may have reached these rivers through domestic wastewater and industrial effluents. Water samples from the rivers were extracted by solid-phase extraction before instrumental analysis using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The analytical method exhibited good linear response (>99% in the concentration range of 1-50 µg/L) and low instrument detection limits (0.14-1.46 µg/L) for the hormones estrone (E1), estradiol, ethinylestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, and the industrial chemicals bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol. Of the hormones, E1 was detected up to 11 ng/L. Bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol were measured up to 54, 1878, and 62 ng/L, respectively. Endocrine-disrupting compounds are not yet monitored in water bodies in the Philippines and there are no local guidelines yet on occurrence, pollution prevention, and mitigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:259-266. © 2023 SETAC.

Microbiological characterization of biofilm from different immobilization structures used in submersed aerobic biofilters in domestic effluent treatment at the city of Joinville, Brazil.

The objective of this work was to develop a polymeric structure for a biofiltration unit of domestic effluents through microbiological immobilization, capable of promoting the efficient removal of pollutants, meeting local/national Brazilian standards and/or legislation while providing low environmental impact on their production. Four different structures were tested, namely, polypropylene casings without filling material (TF1); polypropylene casings filled with expanded polystyrene grains (TF2); polypropylene casings, filled with polyurethane foam (TF3); and polypropylene casings, filled with polyvinyl chloride pellets (TF4). A flow of 0.216 m3 d-1 was applied to the system, and the biofilters operated in sequential batches with a hydraulic retention time of 6h. The efficiency potential of the four immobilization structures was verified regarding biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total ammoniacal nitrogen and total phosphorus. Microbiological analysis of the formed biofilm, performed with the 16S library sequencing method, with amplification of the 16S rRNA V3 and V3-V4 genomic regions, showed a high diversity of microbiological colonization in the four immobilization structures, with better results and consequently greater community stability in TF2. It is recommended using the filter bed made up of unfilled casings, followed by the one filled with expanded polystyrene grains.

Temporal and spatial variation of microplastics in the urban rivers of Harbin

This study was to investigate temporal and spatial variation of microplastics in surface water and sediment in the urban rivers of Harbin during dry and wet season. Water samples (n = 25) in Xinyi River (n = 13) and Ashe River (n = 12) were collected from the selected sampling points. Microplastics in urban rivers in Harbin included polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The results show that urban rivers in Harbin had relatively mild microplastic abundance with most fragments in shape and colorless in color. PP and PE were the major polymers in surface water samples, while PVC and PET were the major polymers in sediment, which were dominated by large-size and granulate shape microplastics. Source apportionment demonstrate that the main sources of microplastics in Xinyi River and Ashe River during dry season were domestic wastewater and effluent from rainfall, while the main sources of microplastics in Xinyi River and Ashe River during wet season were wastewater, atmospheric sedimentation, and agricultural source. The morphology of microplastics in surface water and sediment in urban rivers of Harbin was negatively correlated with water velocity and positively correlated with the concentration of suspended matter, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity. Riparian vegetation on the sides of Xinyi and Ashe River decreased migration process of microplastics by vegetal purification and then resulted in low abundance of microplastics. In conclusion, this study highlighted the occurrence characteristics, source apportionment and environmental influencing factors of microplastics in urban rivers of Harbin, which may develop new insights into the reduction of abundance of microplastics in the urban rivers.

Seasonal Variations in Surface Water Quality in River Njoro and Lake Nakuru, Kenya

Water pollution from rivers and lakes has resulted in serious environmental issues on a global scale. The public's growing concern over the decline in river and lake water quality makes it more important than ever to assess the water quality of these bodies of water over a prolonged period of time. During the rainy and dry seasons of 2022, 120 water samples were collected from 5 monitoring stations located within River Njoro and Lake Nakuru. The samples underwent physicochemical analysis of selected water parameters, which included salinity, temperature, pH, turbidity, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), electric conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The results were compared using the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) of Kenya's guidelines and the results showed that the water quality of the Njoro river and Lake Nakuru fluctuated with the seasons, particularly in the lower water column of river Njoro. The quality parameters had the following values; EC values range between 73.33 ± 0.55 μs/cm - 533.33 ± 0.64 - μs/cm, respectively for both seasons; Salinity values range from 0.085 ± 0.02 ppt - 2.59 ± 0.03 ppt; pH values were between 8.8 – 9.3; Temperature was 23.69 ± 0.07 °C – 14.22± 0.07°C; Turbidity varied significantly – 13.95 ± 0.27 NTU - 36.03 ± 0.35 NTU; TDS between 46.67 ± 0.11 ppm- 243.33 ± 0.04 ppm; TN ranges between 5.97 ± 3.24 mg/L - 8.57 ± 3.18 mg/L and TP 7.49 ± 1.7-9.41 ± 1.84 mg/L in the dry and rainy seasons, for River Njoro and Lake Nakuru respectively. This study showed that the degree to which human activity affects water quality varies with the season. Therefore, most of these factors should be considered while controlling rivers downstream in order to ensure the health of aquatic life, also it is essential to increase lake water quality monitoring and regulate human activity. Additionally, the results revealed that water pollution resulted primarily from domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents.

Feasibility of Water Quality from Treated Domestic Wastewater Effluent in Bojongsoang WTTP, Bandung District for Fish Farming

Bojongsoang Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTTP) is a place for processing wastewater in domestic activities in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia before being released into the aquatic environment. This study aims to determine the feasibility of water quality from domestic wastewater treatment for fish farming activities at the Bojongsoang WTTP in January - June 2023. The survey method was used with purposive sampling technique and conducted at five research stations with two replicates. The efficiency of reducing sewage treatment at the Bojongsoang WTTP is able to reduce the BOD5 value by 73%, reduce ammonia by 66%, reduce TSS by 38%, increase DO by 75% and the temperature and pH parameters are stable as expected. The results of testing six water quality parameters from processed domestic wastewater at the Bojongsoang WTTP, some ponds are at high levels and exceed water quality standards. So that it is not suitable if it is used as a fish farming pond that will be consumed or traded. The performance of each WTTP treatment pond is not yet optimal in accordance with the aims and objectives of wastewater treatment (WTTP), namely to reduce (eliminate) polluting substances so that they can be used for agricultural and fishery needs.