Domestic Discord Research Articles

Beyond Benevolence: A Confucian Women's Shelter in Treaty-Port China

Beyond Benevolence: A Confucian Women's Shelter in Treaty-Port China Ruth Rogaski In the spring of 1878, at the height of one of the worst famines in history, merchants and officials from South China estabUshed a home for widows and orphans in the northern city of Tianjin. The founders called their institution the Hall for Spreading Benevolence [Guangren tang], claiming that through this act of charity, they would extend the benevolence of the emperor to save the beleagured North. By the turn of the century, the Hall for Spreading Benevolence had become the largest welfare institution for women and girls in North China, with massive corporate real-estate holdings that made its Board of Directors one of the largest and most powerful landowners in the city of Tianjin. Because of the power and influence of the men who ran it, the Hall for Spreading Benevolence was a microcosm of the complex political order in late-Qing treaty-port society. I examine the Hall for Spreading Benevolence in order to locate women within that society: to understand how the changes and continuities in late nineteenth -century China affected one particularly vulnerable group of women and to explore how these changes shaped Chinese male elites' attitudes about their responsibility for women's welfare.1 Scholars have previously studied the orphanages and widow homes of the Qing through the writings of their gentry-managers found in local histories and published institutional annals. The rich archival materials avaüable on the Hall for Spreading Benevolence aUow us to go beyond the public rhetoric of its founders—statements steeped in the language of Confucian piety and female chastity—and understand the more immediate circumstances that motivated the founding of the Hall.2 An analysis of these records reveals a central tension between the Hall's Confucian rhetoric and its urban reality. Although portrayed by its directors as a stately Confucian refuge for chaste widows, the HaU functioned primarily as a shelter for adolescent females who had been abused or sold as sexual commodities on the emerging national market in women. A startling dissonance existed between the public facade of the Hall for Spreading Benevolence and the changing conditions of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century China. The Hall for Spreading Benevolence was a type of multi-purpose benevolent society, or shantang, sirrdlar to those established by gentry in the southern provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. A central goal of this article is to Uluminate the chain of events that led merchants and officials © 1997 Journal of Women's History, Vol. 8 No. 4 (Winter) 1997 Ruth Rogaski 55 from the South to establish a shantang for women and chUdren in the northern city of Tianjin. By placing the genesis of this institution in the context of Tianjin local history, we are able to locate women within the complex combination of inter-regional rivalries, foreign intervention, and domestic discord of late nineteenth-century treaty-port cities. This study also considers the day-to-day lives of the women and girls who Uved inside the Hall: how they came to the institution, how their lives were structured inside the institution, and how they left the institution. The Hall for Spreading Benevolence brings to light the merits and the limitations of Confucian solutions to the problems of women's weUare in the rapidly changing urban environment of modern China. A Southern Tradition: Welfare Institutions for Women and Girls Several scholars have noted the emergence of gentry-established welfare institutions in the southern Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang during the high Qing.3 Beginning in the late eighteenth and extending throughout the nineteenth century, orphanages, widows' homes, and multi-purpose benevolent societies flourished in the highly commercialized areas around the cities of Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Yangzhou. Founded by local elites to provide for local needs, these institutions fiUed in the gaps left by a government bureaucracy that was not expanding to meet the needs of a rapidly growing society. These institutions also served to further the reputation of their founders as exemplars of orthodox Confucian benevolence in a time of increasing commercialism and social stratification. For the most part, scholars have interpreted the extraordinary expansion of locally...

Unheard Voices: The First Historians of Southern Women (review)

Reviews115 wandered the world in quest of a place where he could restore the traditions of his southem Troy. Having ceased his explorations, he finally came home to the South to live in old age. He died in 1979 and was buried in his beloved Sewanee. His last poetic lines from "The Buried Lake" indicate how his faith had given him some degree of peace. Light choir upon my shoulder, speaking Dove, The dream is over and the dark expired. I knew that I had known enduring love. Only Caroline Gordon now remained of this remarkable foursome. In her final years Caroline taught at the University of Dallas where, ever faithful, she anchored her teaching in Maritain's philosophy. She carried on a lively correspondence with Jacques until his death in 1973. In her old age Caroline remembered, "I always told Jacques that I followed—if remotely—in his wake." This last fugitive and exile died in Mexico in 1981, aged eighty-six. The epigraph she chose for her 1956 novel, The Malefactors, came from Jacques. It appears on her tombstone: "It is for Adam to interpret the voices that Eve hears." John Dunaway's skillful editing of the Tate-Maritain correspondence is a graceful tribute to the remarkable friendship of four gifted individuals who were at the heart of the cultural revival of their native lands —lands from which all were, in their separate ways, exiles and fugitives. Unheard Voices: The First Historians of Southern Women. Edited by Anne Firor Scott. University Press of Virginia, 1993. 199 pp. Cloth, $29.95; paper, $12.95. Reviewed byJacqueline Jones, professor ofhistory atBrandeis University. She is author ofThe Dispossessed : America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present. Her newproject is a hhtory ofthe social division oflabor in America from 1600 to thepresent. Unheard Voices introduces five pioneering scholars of the history of southern women to a modem audience, with essays (originally published between 1928 and 1941) by Virginia Gearhart Gray (1903-71), Marjorie Stratford Mendenhall (1900-1961), Julia Cherry Spruill (1899-1986), Guion Griffis Johnson (1900-1989), and Eleanor M. Boatwright (1895-1950). Anne Firor Scott's introduction places their work and personal lives in a larger context, one framed by the struggle of an early-twentieth-century generation of women historians to make a significant contribution to scholarship. All five writers produced impressive monographs in the then undefined field of women's history, but none received commensurate formal recognition from her colleagues or the profession in general during their most productive years. Only Julia Cherry Spruill lived to see later historians acknowledge and appreciate the significance of her work, beginning in the early 1970s. And so the irony noted in the book's title: against great odds, each woman managed to find her own voice, only to realize that, for the most part, her contemporaries were not listening. Included in the book are Gray's "Activities of Southern Women: 1840-1860," Mendenhall's "Southern Women of a 'Lost Generation'" (the decades immediately following the Civil War), Spruill's "Conjugal Felicity and Domestic Discord," Johnson's "Family Life," and Boatwright's "The Political and Civil Status of Women in Georgia, 1783-1860." 116Southern Cultures In her introductory essay, entitled "A Different View of Southern History," Scott notes the difficulties all of these women had to overcome in order to research, publish, and teach in the field of southern history. The five followed different career paths. Gearhart received a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1928. Scott considers her dissertation "the first scholarly effort ever made to survey the life and work of antebellum southern women." Gearhart married, had three children, and later in her life became a library curator at Duke University, where her husband (a zoologist) was a professor. Mendenhall completed her dissertation, "A History of Agriculture in South Carolina, 1790-1860," at the University of North Carolina in 1939. She married a widower in 1942 (he died three years later) and continued to do historical research while teaching introductory political science at UNC. Spruill wrote her pathbreaking Women's Life and Work in the Southern Colonies as a research assistant at UNCs Institute for Research in...

Cooper's Sea Fiction and The Red Rover

155 COOPERS SEA FICTION AND THE RED ROVER Charles H. Adams"' Cooper's sea novels generally blur the traditional distinction in maritime literature between sea and shore. The dichotomy persists in Cooper's works between the shore as a realm of conflict and the sea as one of resolution between, as W. H. Auden puts it in The Enchaféd Flood, a state of "disorder" and a world of harmony, where change and turmoil are "not merely at the service of order, but inextricably intertwined, indeed identical with it."1 But most of the action in a typical Cooper narrative takes place somewhere between these two worlds. In The Pilot (1824) the central conflicts and resolutions occur in shallow water. The political struggle is settled among the treacherous rocks and shoals of the "Ripples ," while the parallel domestic discord finds a happy ending in Colonel Howard's death scene aboard a ship at anchor in a safe harbor. In The Red Rover (1827), similarly, almost half the narrative is devoted to the hero's efforts to get out of Newport harbor, while the events of The Water-Witch (1830) and The Wing-and-Wing (1842) take place almost exclusively in the harbors of New York and Naples respectively. Cooper's sea novels are, that is, most often set in a "neutral ground," to adopt the controlling image of The Spy (1821). That novel concerns the "neutral ground" between the British and American forces in revolutionary Westchester but evokes more broadly a moral "neutral ground" in which struggle the forces of law and lawlessness, justice and anarchy, principle and brute strength.2 The metaphor is useful for reading the sea fiction as well, for if Cooper's nautical works are loosely structured by the "classic" dualism of maritime literature, they more pointedly describe the hero's struggle to resolve a conflict existing in the "neutral ground" of his own uncommitted spirit. The middle ground between sea and shore serves as a moral stage on which the central drama of the fiction is enacted: the hero's effort to reconcile the claims of self with the prerogatives of the various structures of authority that condition individual freedom. The most important "neutral ground" in the sea fiction is, in short, the inner arena of conflict between authority and identity.3 It is important to note that the resolution of this conflict has most often a neoclassical cast; the novels generally stress a conception of identity in which the private self is meaningful only within the context provided by legitimate authority. The Byronic strain in many of Cooper's captains is strong, and his wavering heroes are often powerfully drawn by—to quote :fCharles H. Adams is an Assistant Professor of English at the University of Arkansas. He has published articles on James Fenimore Cooper and William Melvin Kelley and is at work on a book on Cooper's fiction. 156Charles H. Adams Thomas Philbrick's description of the ocean in the early novels—a "way of life unfettered by artificial restrictions and stripped of the security of an ordered society."4 But the resolutions of the majority of the sea novels, like the resolutions of the heroes' inner conflicts, most often imply a rejection of the rhetoric of liberation that characterizes The Corsair. The emotional energy generated in sea stories by the idea of rebellion accounts for the power of their most effective scenes and characters, but to stress the novels' romantic strain without acknowledging their persistent conservatism is to misrepresent them. Cooper's sea amply illustrates this point of view. It is often a "free state of nature," a "lawless jungle in which strength and craft are the only sanctions."5 It inevitably draws rebels who exalt the prerogatives oí the liberated self over the claims of legitimate authority. The Red Rover is perhaps the most remarkable of these heroes. But the ocean in Cooper's fiction is indeed a "neutral ground," since immanent in this "lawless" realm, and often obscured by its tempestuous splendor, is a moral order—a world of law—that represents the spiritual conditions imposed on those who sail his ocean. The imperative for a Cooper hero is...

The Superpowers in Crisis: Implications of Domestic Discord

The Superpowers in Crisis: Implications of Domestic Discord

Epidemic suicide among micronesian adolescents

Suicide rates since 1960 in Micronesia (the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) have undergone an epidemic-like increase. This phenomenon is focussed narrowly within the 15–24-year male age-group. Extremely high rates and culturally patterned motives and methods are now characteristic of this group. Survey research throughout Micronesia suggests that the epidemic increase in adolescent male suicide is a cohort effect among the first post-war generation. Traditional adolescent socialization in pre-war Micronesia largely involved village-level subsistence activities organized around communal lineage-houses. This extra-familial level of socialization served as a cultural solution to the residential and psychological distance post-pubertal males maintained from their domestic families. With the post-war social change in Micronesia, the communal village-level of organization has largely disintegrated, causing adolescent socialization functions to be absorbed by the nuclear family. The resulting situations of intergenerational domestic discord appear the primary social triggers for adolescent suicide. At the same time, suicides have acquired subcultural significance among male youth, giving rise to fad-like and imitative acts. A 3-year research project is now being undertaken to conduct an ethnographic study of factors contributing to adolescent stress and suicide in one Micronesian community.

County seat wars: a preliminary analysis

More than three thousand times in US history the issue has been raised: where is the county seat to be located? Once located, the county seat has frequently still been sought by another community. The issues of county seat establishment and relocation have usually been settled peaceably through legally established channels. Sometimes, however, extra-legal means of influencing the decision have been applied; on some occasions there have even been pitched battles between rival aspirants for the county capital. County seat controversy is only one among many forms which domestic violence has taken in US history. From a scientific point of view, however, there are distinct advantages in studying county seat violence as compared with other forms of disorder. First, county seat fights have been over a discrete issue which has recurred in similar fashion on many occasions. While the forms of conflict may have been different, the focus of the issue has always been the same: which community is going to get the county seat? A second advantage of studying this over other forms of domestic discord is that county seat controversies and their results should be matters of public record. Not only can we locate instances of conflict from the records left, but we can also compare the cases of violent conflict to cases without conflict-

Quakers and the Arts (review)

52Quaker History practices. For example, the quotation "twenty to twenty-five shillings per sheet, or page" on page 37 confuses two very specific technical terms (sheet and page). A description of Philadelphia in 1767 based on William Birch's Views of Philadelphia published in 1802 seems ill-advised, in view of the tremendous growth and change in the city after the Revolution. As for the Quaker background, Mr. Hixson puts his foot wrong at the beginning. He includes "Thomas Godfrey, the inventor, and Benjamin West, the painter" in a brief list of prominent Philadelphia Quakers of 1767; neither man was then a Friend, and in fact Godfrey had died in 1749, and West gone abroad to study in 1760, never to return. A few pages on, the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania and New Jersey is "the policymaking body of the Quakers in the Middle Colonies," ignoring the fact that there were Yearly Meetings in New York, Maryland, and Virginia. Fortunately, the details of Collins' disownment and re-instatement by Burlington Monthly Meeting are given correctly, but the earlier errors do not create confidence in the reader. The book is neither good Quaker biography nor a scholarly contribution to the history of American printing, and can only be recommended with reservations. Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaWillman Spawn Quakers and tL· Arts. By Frederick G. Nicholson. London: The Friends Home Service Committee. 1968. 123 pp. 10s. This informative study was prepared by a Fellow in Residence at Woodbooke· It presents the record of a religious testimony rather than a history of taste. Plainness, that is, avoidance of superfluity, made Quakers "a peculiar people." It should be borne in mind that under the Stuart kings court styles in dress, amusements, and conventional behavior had reached the frivolous extreme which brought about the Puritan reaction extending to all sober-minded dissenters. People were "hungry for God." Because Friends were literate from the start they felt no need of pictures to convey their religious teaching. Indeed they demonstrated "uncommon ability to express," as they said in their journals, "the dealings of the Lord with us." Imagination was suspect, the "world's" fashions were ruled out. A "guarded education" forbade music, hunting, dancing, acting, fiction, and even poetry. In the eighteenth century the pattern became standardized . You could spot a Quaker anywhere in England or America. Frederick Nicholson comments upon the rigid period which he entitles "Religion in Drab" as a time of "loss of members, domestic discord, and social isolation." With the Romantic period in England a change set in. Friends read more widely. Yearly Meeting attendere began to include on their program of days in the city "the sights" of London. Now gaps appeared in the fences and eventually the fences fell. Howard Brinton's and my life-span has coincided with the period when this severe construction of the discipline gradually gave way to the present cultivation of "the abundant life." Our great-grandmothers wore the kerchief, cap, and bonnet familiar from the days of Elizabeth Fry. Our grandmothers tolerated the shirred bonnet, while our mothers unashamedly wore hats. After a visit to Book Reviews53 England my grandparents allowed an engraving on their living-room wall. American Friends were a full generation behind their English counterparts in thus coming to terms with the "world." Especially has this been true in respect to music and the so-called "plain language." I attended Westtown School when the change was well under way. Our elders visibly belonged to the vanishing age, we children enthusiastically to the new. Fiction was still called "pernicious" and Shakespeare forbidden. My graduation essay, also a look backward, was entitled "Friendships of Quakers with Men of Letters." This included Ellwood and Milton, Bernard Barton with Charles Lamb and the Lake Poets, our own Whittier, who was my grandfather's friend, Caroline Fox and all the Victorians. With the picture-less era of drab, American readers will like to contrast Fritz Eichenberg's Art and Faith (second edition, 1952, Pendle Hill Pamphlet No. 68) with its invigorating wood engravings. On the cover is Old Noah, pressed upon by his beasts, reaching up to welcome his dove: "and in her mouth was an ohve leaf." Also as...

Occupational Level and Marital Disruption

that ample definition be carried in the stub of the record to indicate fully what is meant by number of children under 18. The writer's arguments for the inclusion of an item on date of separation got no support, and this important query was not adopted for the standard form. The United States divorce collections in former years included items on both separation date and marriage duration. No cross-tabluations respecting children were made, however. In 1922 the item on separation, having rarely been used, was dropped. studies, therefore, may more nearly represent the true condition regarding family stability. In desertion and nonsupport children are much more in evidence and thus present a counterpart to the alleged relationship in divorce. It should be remembered that in some cases desertions become divorces, while in others readjustments and reconciliations may occur. Some religious and racial groups are also wont to take recourse to desertion rather than divorce. Neither divorced nor deserted, and nowhere recorded, is another large group of families, separated or in serious domestic discord, about which we know little. Marital stability, in the final analysis, may have no general relationship to childbearing.

The Trend and Ecology of Family Disintegration in Chicago

F AMILY disorganization as a process may take several forms, depending upon the locus of conflict within family relations: (i) conflict between siblings, (2) parent-child conflict, and (3) conflict between husband and wife, or domestic discord. In each of these phases of family interaction, some conflict is inevitable, if not desirable and essential, and it is only when conflict becomes so strong that it threatens the disruption of the family relationship that any particular attention is given to it. Strictly speaking, family disintegration represents the climax of any of the various forms of family disorganization, though more commonly the term is used in connection with the relations between husband and wife and will be so used in this paper. When, then, either the husband or wife finds his way into a divorce court, or into a court of domestic relations, one may be sure that either the marriage relationship has disintegrated, or is well on the way toward disintegration. Cases in such courts from time to time, then, may be taken as an index of the comparative stability of the family, if one can assume that there have been no substantial legal and administrative changes in the local community under consideration Data for the present paper have been taken from a larger study of social disorganization in Chicago involving the analysis of twelve series. In view of the fact that the study is yet to be completed, though all the data have been collected, much of what is to follow must be taken as tentative, rather than conclusive, and as suggestive of the possibilities of the ecological approach. The data for divorce were taken from the records of the Circuit and Superior courts of Cook County. Except in one instance, all the data are for Chicago only, the remainder of Cook County having been excluded as well as those cases where the residence of the complainant was not given. Nonsupport data are from the Chicago Court of Domestic Relations. The trend of family disintegration from i919-35 is shown in Table I. Divorce rates, whether calculated in terms of the total population, or as a ratio to the married population, increased substantially until I929 when a recession set in which reached its lowest point in I932. The following year showed some increase in rate and the next an even greater increase, with

Personal Adjustment and Domestic Discord.Harriett R. Mower

<i>Personal Adjustment and Domestic Discord.</i>Harriett R. Mower

Sex as a Factor in Domestic Discord

T WO VIEWS have generally been taken with reference to the role of sex as a factor in domestic discord. One view is that sex is the chief factor, overshadowing all others. The second view holds that sex is of little or no importance, adjustments in this realm being achieved spontaneously if the couple is otherwise well-mated. In a sense both views have in them some validity, the errors in each growing out of over-emphasis and a failure to understand the fundamental nature of sexual adjustment. In the writer's experience as a consultant, sex has always been present as a factor in every case of domestic discord, but it has never appeared as the exclusive factor. Neither is sex the simple nor the isolated factor it is often thought to be, for it appears in a wide range of forms. Some of these variations may be readily recognized, in spite of their indirect expression, but more often sex is intertwined with other elements and becomes thus a part of the general conflict pattern finding expression symbolically, rather than directly. The temptation is to think of sex in too restricted a sense, and this has led to the contradictory views already mentioned. Sex, of course, refers to a physiological impulse, belonging to the larger class of appetites. But like all basic cravings, it becomes overlaid, except in extreme cases, with social experience, finding expression quite as much in demonstrations of affection, mutual identification and sympathy, as in the release of physiological tensions. In fact, such release itself tends to be satisfactory or unsatisfactory to the extent to which it becomes a part of the larger response pattern. This broadening of sex into response is, of course, a variable matter, giving rise to a range of conflict patterns from those in which sex appears in much of its original form, to those in which it all but disappears, so overlaid does it become with sentiment and the emotions of love and affection. Basic to all marriage is the necessity of adjusting to this sex-response situation. Adjustments in this realm are the results of accom-

Review of Personality and the family and Personality adjustment and domestic discord.

Review of Personality and the family and Personality adjustment and domestic discord.

Book Review: Personality Adjustment and Domestic Discord

Book Review: Personality Adjustment and Domestic Discord

Personality adjustment and domestic discord.

Personality adjustment and domestic discord.

Domestic Discord, Personality Adjustment, and the Court

Domestic Discord, Personality Adjustment, and the Court

Personality Disorganization and Domestic Discord

Journal Article Personality Disorganization and Domestic Discord Get access Harriet R. Mowrer Harriet R. Mowrer Northwestern University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 1932, Pages 388–394, https://doi.org/10.2307/2569680 Published: 01 March 1932

Book Review: Domestic Discord

Book Review: Domestic Discord

Some Techniques for the Treatment of Domestic Discord Used by Case Workers

to redefine the approach to other problems as well as that to domestic discord and to make more apparent the need for more research in the field. But casework agencies are concerned, necessarily, with immediate problems. And since the type of research needed would involve the analytical as well as the therapeutic aspects of domestic discord, a process which cannot be done to order, it would seem natural to expect the development of specialized agencies to carry on this work. The trend in the treatment of domestic discord, thus, seems to point the way to the establishment of domestic discord clinics, whose function it will be to experiment in the analysis and treatment of domestic discord. The results could then be taken over by others who are interested in the control of domestic discord.

A Sociological Analysis of the Contents of 2000 Case Records with Special Reference to the Treatment of Family Discord

N O PROBLEM in the field of family case-work, perhaps, is so perplexing and harassing as that of domestic discord. Its tragedies are all the more disturbing because they leave in their wake a multitude of problems. And yet few problems in family casework have received more attention than has that of domestic discord. Much of this attention, it is true, has resulted in little increased knowledge or improved technique. Yet there are indications that a new approach is growing up which bids fair to compensate for the efforts expended in what seemed at the time to be fruitless attempts to prevent the disintegration of the family. But the story of the attempts to treat the problem of domestic discord by family case-work agencies is part and parcel of the growth of case-work in general. One must look, then, to the roots of casework in order to understand the development of methods of treating domestic discord.

The Limitations of Domestic Discord Case Records for Research

T IS exceedingly difficult to discuss as fascinating a topic as that of Dr. Mowrer's paper without going back to a discussion of his basic material rather than limiting oneself to a discussion of the point of view he sets forth. As I understand it, the latter is my function. Perhaps I may be pardoned for one or two general statements similar to those of Dr. Mowrer's at the outset. In the first place the extent to which social case histories lend themselves to sociological study has been one of the most interesting topics of debate in this Conference. It is clear that our record material itself places obstacles in the path of the student, chiefly because it is only in recent years and even now only in isolated instances, that social case histories are written with a view to their possible use for research purposes. Dr. Mowrer then in studying two thousand records began with an initial handicap. There are even some case workers who believe that the use of record material without the most thoroughgoing supplementary conferences with their authors, will give us nothing but erroneous conclusions. Even those of us who are unwilling to go so far, are convinced that the average case record is useless in setting forth the treatment techniques used by the worker. In this respect social case histories are not notably different from those of other professions. Medical histories are voluminous on the subject of symptoms, observations, laboratory findings, etc. and there seems to be a disproportionate emphasis on treatment; even the field of education which is more closely allied in many respects, is only beginning to produce literature on the techniques of teaching, and an examination of this material will also probably disclose a disproportionate amount of space given to the use of materials, concrete resources, etc. as compared with the personal stimulation of the student by the teacher. All of this is a truism in the field of family social work, and if we had more time it would be interesting to restate the history of the development of family case work as presented by Dr. Mowrer with these other facts in mind. Meanwhile may I briefly submit that the tendency observed by Dr. Mowrer on the part of case workers of a previous generation to act as a diagnostic station with a sort of clearing house to farm out treatment problems to others, may have resulted from a philosophy (possibly erroneous) that it was easier to secure support for specific projects than for general ones. Hence the development of a considerable number of specialized agencies. It probably did not result from any undue shyness or feelings of inferiority on the part of case workers themselves, and while case workers have been glad to avail themselves of the very best of specialized developments in their own and other fields, notably the field of psychiatry, they have, I believe been specifically unwilling to separate diagnosis from treatment in practice and they are recognizing more clearly than ever before, the obligation to be articulate about their treatment techniques that have grown up not only through common usage, but through painstaking study. Passing on to the body of Dr. Mowrer's thesis, I believe that social case workers