Domestic Demand Research Articles

The Evolution of the Chinese Policy for the Development of the High-tech Sector: from New Technologies to New Actors?

China is facing growing geopolitical and socio-economic challenges and rising technology intensity of the Chinese economy is seen as a rational response to it. The PRC is focusing on the priority areas: microelectronics, emerging digital technologies, electric vehicles, etc. These measures increasingly correlate with other policies: supporting GDP growth (rise of output, employment, exports and domestic demand for high-tech); reducing critical vulnerabilities of the national high-tech sector from imports and sanctions; laying basis for accelerated growth. However, this has only limited potential for the innovative transformation of the Chinese economy. New approaches to the technological development are needed, also including the relations between the state and the business sector. The Chinese technology policy traditionally relies on large companies – «national champions». But due to the limited efficiency of both stateowned enterprises and private companies, in recent years fast-growing tech-intensive small and medium enterprises appeared in the focus of government support. Initially, they were used for import substitution and development of critical industrial technologies. But now these «little giants» are seen by the PRC as a means to balance the national innovation system (including new sources of «creative destruction»). However, this – as well as other policies and instruments –also has an ad-hoc nature. The PRC needs to systematize its policy and stress connections between different measures and actors. The role of the state is also questionable since it becomes more interventionist. Further formation of the NIS institutions is required.

Impacts of Re-export Demand on Benin’s Economy

This article analyses the impact of re-export demand on the Beninese economy. Re-export is dominant in Benin’s trade and may represent risks to the economy’s vulnerability. The methodology uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. It simulates two scenarios: the first considers a one-off decline in re-export demand in the first year, while the second analyses the impact of a recurring annual shock. The results, both at the aggregate and sectoral levels, indicate that the decline in re-export demand would negatively affect real GDP, domestic and net external demand, and most industries. This article extends the existing knowledge on the re-export phenomenon by adding a dynamic analysis of its potential impact at the aggregate and sectoral levels. The results confirm that re-export is a source of vulnerability for the Beninese economy. The authorities should focus on diversifying the economy and strengthening the competitiveness of the Port of Cotonou, in order to mitigate vulnerabilities linked to re-export activities. JEL Codes: C68, F17

Analysis of Online Tourism Market Based on SCP Paradigm Analysis Framework——Taking OTA companies such as Ctrip as an example

As a crucial strategic industry in China, tourism exhibits significant industrial linkages that effectively stimulate domestic demand, alleviate employment pressures, and foster the enhancement of regional industrial structures. Moreover, the swift expansion of Online Travel Agency (OTA) companies in China has led to online travel applications increasingly being favored by consumers for their travel needs. This article examines the market performance of online tourism entities in China, focusing on the three-tiered price differentiation model.

Risk and return analysis of selected stocks in the Indian automobile industry on the national stock exchange

The Indian automobile industry has experienced substantial growth, driven by rising domestic demand, urbanization, and technological advancements, positioning India as a significant global manufacturing hub. The industry has also embraced the shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), particularly in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, spurred by government initiatives like the Faster Adoption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes. This study explores the risk-return dynamics of selected publicly listed Indian automobile companies, analyzing their equity performance between 2017 and 2023. By evaluating market, financial, operational, and regulatory risks, the research aims to offer insights into the investment potential of these companies. The study investigates how systematic and unsystematic risks influence investment decisions, with a focus on prominent companies such as Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Hindustan Motors, and Ashok Leyland. Using statistical tools like mean, standard deviation, variance, and beta, the analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the volatility, return potential, and overall risk profile of the companies. Results suggest a direct correlation between higher risk and higher returns, with Ashok Leyland emerging as a top performer, while Maruti Suzuki demonstrated more stable returns. The study also provides recommendations for investors, emphasizing the importance of diversification and long-term analysis. Despite its limitations, the research contributes valuable insights for investors looking to navigate the evolving Indian automobile sector.

Effect of Using Fern Leaf Extract (Diplazium esculentum) in Raw Fish Feed on Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

Mangrove crab or known as Scylla sp. is one of the biota whose habitat is in coastal waters, especially in mangrove forest areas. The need for mangrove crabs still largely relies on natural catches that are fluctuating. For this reason, it is necessary to cultivate mangrove crabs in a controlled manner that can support an effective, efficient and economically profitable mangrove crab farming business. Cultivation can increase mangrove crab production to meet domestic and foreign market demand. An alternative that can be chosen for mangrove crab cultivation is an apartment system that is arranged vertically in the form of a storage rack. The water medium used in this apartment system cultivation uses a recirculation system. One of the efforts to accelerate the growth of crabs is by using steroid hormones. Ecdysteroid is the main steroid hormone that has the main function as a skin replacement hormone. In addition, this hormone also regulates physiological functions, such as growth, metamorphosis, and reproduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of using fern leaf extract (Diplazium esculentum) in raw fish feed with different doses on growth and feed conversion ratio in mud crabs. This research method uses a field experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates with different percentage doses, namely: PA: Percentage of 0 ml/Kg, PB: Percentage of 100 ml/Kg, PC: Percentage of 125 ml/Kg, PD: Percentage of 150 ml/Kg, PE: 175 ml/Kg percentage. The results showed that the use of fern leaf extract in mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) feed had a significant effect on the growth of absolute weight, Absolute Length, SGR (Specific Growth Rate) and FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) where the most influential treatment was treatment E which was the highest dose of 175 ml/Kg. This indicates that treatment E is the best dose treatment for growth and feed conversion ratio of mud crab (Scylla serrata).

The evaluation of non-tariff measures and their effects on the international trade landscape and competitive positioning of Cambodia and Thailand

Thailand has enacted approximately 60% of the 118 Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) categorized as Class A: Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures, which significantly impacts agricultural exports from Cambodia. In comparison, Cambodia has established only 30 NTMs, representing about 26% of the total NTMs affecting agricultural goods exported to Thailand. This disparity underscores the necessity for a bilateral meeting between the two nations to explore opportunities for reducing NTMs in agricultural trade. Concurrently, Cambodia is making strides to improve the quality of its agricultural products to enhance export potential to Thailand. If these discussions prove fruitful, the trade processes will be streamlined, leading to a substantial increase in the exchange of agricultural products between the two countries. The government should promote private sector investment aimed at elevating sanitary and phytosanitary standards to align with international benchmarks. Specifically, attracting both domestic and foreign investment to establish agricultural product processing facilities will enable the production of finished goods, thereby boosting exports and enhancing product quality. This initiative not only addresses domestic demand for agro-industrial products but also assists in identifying markets for Cambodian farmers.

Uncovering the features of rhodium metabolism in China during 2011–2022

Rhodium has unique properties, such as high-temperature oxidation resistance and catalytic activity, making it irreplaceable in various domains such as automobile exhaust purification and chemical production. Given its pivotal role in facilitating China's green and low-carbon transition and the advancement of high-tech industries, rhodium has become a strategic resource. However, China heavily relies on importing rhodium to meet its domestic demand due to its limited rhodium reserve. This study employs dynamic material flow analysis (DMFA) to trace the rhodium flows throughout its entire life cycle in China for the period of 2011–2022 so that the key features of rhodium metabolism can be uncovered, including rhodium production, consumption, trade, in-use stock, and recycling. Our results show that the domestic demand for rhodium increased by 2.18 times during this study period. The cumulative rhodium consumption reached 82,890 kg, of which automobile three-way catalysts (TWCs) accounted for 71.85% of the total rhodium consumption, followed by the chemical sector (13.64%) and the glass sector (8.95%). China's accumulative imported rhodium reached 77,447 kg, meaning an import reliance rate (IRR) of 91.81%. The total recycled rhodium reached 21,184 kg, meaning a recycling rate (RR) of 58.63%. These findings reflect that China is facing several challenges in achieving sustainable rhodium resource management, such as a significant supply risk, and inadequate recycling. Consequently, China should establish a comprehensive rhodium recycling system and diversify its rhodium supply both domestically and internationally to ensure the sustainable supply of rhodium resources.

Performance of Road Pavement Using AC-WC Mixture with Glycerin Oleochemical Waste Substitution Material Based on Marshall Testing and IRI Value.

Abstract By the end of 2021, PT Pertamina was the sole oil asphalt producer in Indonesia, with a production capacity of 350,000 tons per year. However, domestic asphalt demand exceeds this supply, leading to 75% of asphalt still being imported. To reduce imports, Glycerin Pitch (GP), a waste product from the oleochemical industry and classified as a Toxic and Hazardous Substance (B3), can be used as a substitute for asphalt. Indonesia produces 650,000 tons of glycerol annually, with 3% resulting in GP. Tests on GP with inorganic content <10% and >10% were conducted. Rheology tests showed penetration values of 62.83 and 60.4 (0.1 mm), softening points of 60.5°C and 56.5°C, kinematic viscosities of 1197 cSt and 903 cSt, ductility >100 cm for both, and specific gravities of 1.074 g/cc and 1.054 g/cc. Aggregate tests revealed an abrasion value of 16.71%, flat and elongated particles at 7.52% (split) and 8.49% (screen), and material passing sieve No. 200 at 0.87% (coarse) and 9.49% (fine). The asphalt mixture design showed an aggregate gradation of 12% split, 44% screen, 41% stone dust, and 3% filler. The optimum GP content was 27% for GP1 and 14.2% for GP2, with an optimum asphalt content of 6%. Mixing and compaction temperatures were 130°C and 150°C for ACWC+GP1 and 150°C for ACWC+GP2. The Marshall Quotient was 211 Kg/mm for ACWC+GP1 and 316 Kg/mm for ACWC+GP2. Field tests on two segments (Pen 60/70 + GP1 and GP2) showed an International Roughness Index (IRI) of 3.21 and 2.89, respectively, classified as good. These findings suggest that GP is a viable substitute in asphalt mixtures, reducing import dependence while efficiently utilizing oleochemical waste.

Analysis of ship collision accidents in Indonesia using fault tree analysis (FTA) method

Abstract As an archipelagic country with emerging economies, maritime transportation has significantly contributed to the Indonesian economy by ensuring the fullness of domestic demand for goods and services, accelerating annually. However, with the increase in sea traffic, the probability of collision accidents may also grow, posing non-negligible risks to individuals and society in various aspects. Considering this condition, this paper assesses and evaluates past maritime collision accidents in Indonesia to observe and analyze the tendency of factors contributing to collision accidents. The analysis was conducted using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method, qualitative and quantitative, on data obtained from the collision investigation report in the last 20 years. The qualitative approach is used to propose the minimal cut set, and the quantitative analysis is conducted to estimate the probability. Based on the obtained probability and the produced cut set diagram, the conclusion states that human-related factors contribute to the top even occurrence at most, implying that the human factor is the most contributing factor to collisions. Those factors include the lack of training, lack of experience, and improper decisions.

Trends and Drivers of Avocado Production in Ethiopia: A Review

Global avocado production has seen a significant increase over the past few decades. The area harvested and production quantities have grown substantially, reflecting the rising demand for avocados worldwide. In Ethiopia, avocado production has been experiencing significant growth and the Ethiopian government, in collaboration with international organizations has been working intensively for avocado crop development in the country. These efforts have led to an increase in both the area under cultivation, production and productivity. The data from Food and Agricultural Organization indicated that the area under avocado cultivation in Ethiopia was 9,754 ha in 2000 and through up and downward fluctuations, substantial jump were seen in 2020 hitting 30,588 ha. For about more than a decade from 2000-2013, the volume of avocado production reveals a steady increase and the most significant growth were observed from 2016-2020, with production rising to 81,431.76 metric tons in 2017 and reaching 245,335.63 metric tons in 2020. The productivity of avocado in Ethiopia has experienced notable fluctuations in the last two decades. Even though there was a slight decline in subsequent years, the current productivity 5.8tons per hectare remained relatively high compared to the early 2010s. Favorable agro-ecological conditions, growing domestic demand, and government initiatives to promote and produce, high-yield, disease-resistant varieties, nutritional value, development of export markets, establishment of different processing factories in different parts of Ethiopia, government initiative and international support are factors responsible for expansion and development of avocado crop in Ethiopia. However, challenges such as limited access to quality seeds and planting materials, insufficient irrigation systems, very weak market chains, climate change, root rot and pests, low agronomic practices, lack of market and price information, perishability nature of the crop, lack of proper storage, weak access to transportation and extension services still need to be addressed. Addressing the issues, the future of avocado production and productivity in Ethiopia look promising and positive trends, with the potential to contribute significantly to the food security and economic development.

Protectionism and Sanctions Policy of the USA towards the Gas Industry of the Russian Federation in the Period 2014–2022

We studied the impact of US protectionism and sanctions policy on the Russian gas industry in the period 2014–2022. Information on global energy production and the level of natural gas production in various countries for 2014–2022 was taken from the database of the international research company Enerdata. Statistical indicators of the activities of PJSC Gazprom were extracted from the organisation’s annual statistical reports. During the statistical analysis, a database was created, growth rates, total and proportional values were determined, and a correlation and regression analysis was conducted. It was established that the leading countries in gas production in 2014–2022 were the USA and the Russian Federation. The average annual increase in gas production in the above observation period was 4.4 % in the USA and 1.3 % in the Russian Federation Restrictions on the access of Russian natural gas to global markets led to an increase in the share of gas produced in the USA in global energy production by 0.97 % (from 5.05 % in 2014–2018 to 6.02% in 2019–2022), the Russian Federation’s indicators were 4.36 and 4.58 % respectively (an increase of 0.22 %). Diversification of gas imports from the Russian Federation to friendly countries is hampered by insufficient pipeline capabilities, sanctions on the supply of equipment for the development of gas liquefaction capacities, and the growth of their own gas production. In China, the average annual increase in natural gas production in 2014–2022 was 6.8 %. A targeted policy to stimulate domestic gas demand in the Russian Federation as a response to restrictions on foreign markets has made it possible to achieve an average annual increase in gas consumption in our country of 1.2 %. Thus,the US sanctions protectionism slows down the development of the gas industry in the Russian Federation and allows the US to fill the vacant niche in the global gas market.

Causal inference to scope environmental impact assessment of renewable energy projects and test competing mental models of decarbonization

Abstract Environmental impact assessment (EIA), life cycle analysis (LCA), and cost benefit analysis (CBA) embed crucial but subjective judgments over the extent of system boundaries and the range of impacts to consider as causally connected to an intervention, decision, or technology of interest. EIA is increasingly the site of legal, political, and social challenges to renewable energy projects proposed by utilities, developers, and governments, which, cumulatively, are slowing decarbonization. Environmental advocates in the United States have claimed that new electrical interties with Canada increase development of Canadian hydroelectric resources, leading to environmental and health impacts associated with new reservoirs. Assertions of such second-order impacts of two recently proposed 9.5 TWh yr−1 transborder transmission projects played a role in their cancellation. We recast these debates as conflicting mental models of decarbonization, in which values, beliefs, and interests lead different parties to hypothesize causal connections between interrelated processes (in this case, generation, transmission, and associated impacts). We demonstrate via Bayesian network modeling that development of Canadian hydroelectric resources is stimulated by price signals and domestic demand rather than increased export capacity per se. However, hydropower exports are increasingly arranged via long-term power purchase agreements that may promote new generation in a way that is not easily modeled with publicly available data. We demonstrate the utility of causal inference for structured analysis of sociotechnical systems featuring phenomena that are not easily modeled mechanistically. In the setting of decarbonization, such analysis can fill a gap in available energy systems models that focus on long-term optimum portfolios and do not generally represent questions of incremental causality of interest to stakeholders at the local level. More broadly, these tools can increase the evidentiary support required for consequentialist (as opposed to attributional) LCA and CBA, for example, in calculating indirect emissions of renewable energy projects.

Understanding Economic Growth in India: How It Affects the Everyday Lives of Common People

India has witnessed significant economic progress over the past two decades, positioning itself for sustained growth over the next 30 years. However, the key challenge remains in transforming this potential into actual economic gains. This study aims to identify the primary drivers of India's economic growth by analyzing key indicators—consumption, fixed asset investment, exports, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment—between 2000 and 2023. Using multiple regression analysis conducted with E-Views software, the results demonstrate that consumption, fixed asset investment, exports, and employment have positive and statistically significant impacts on GDP growth. The findings reveal that fixed asset investment plays a pivotal role in enhancing capital stock, while consumption drives domestic demand, contributing to GDP expansion. Exports further bolster growth through international trade, while employment improvements lead to better resource utilization. Based on these insights, the study proposes critical policy recommendations: (i) enhancing social security systems and expanding access to credit to stimulate consumer spending; (ii) prioritizing rural development and promoting innovative industries to ensure a balanced distribution of investment across regions; (iii) optimizing export structures by encouraging technological advancements in key sectors; and (iv) improving workforce quality by aligning education with market demands and offering targeted vocational training. These measures are essential for sustaining India’s economic momentum and ensuring long-term, inclusive growth. The study’s findings provide valuable direction for policymakers seeking to address existing bottlenecks and capitalize on India’s growth potential for sustainable development. Received: 30 August 2024 | Revised: 17 October 2024 | Accepted: 10 November 2024 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Jitendra Kumar Sinha: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing -Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

Constraint Analysis and Suggestion of Respondents Regarding Dairy Management Practices in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas

India needs to increase milk production which can be possible by narrowing down the gap between the existing technology and their adoption. Ensuring domestic demand and enduring top most position in the world, India needs to produce 300-400 million tones of milk by 2050 (Vision 2050, 2015). The dairy is a business which provides the continuous source of income to the occupants and in case of landless person who are economically week, livestock farming is a better option. The research was based on a survey done in 2022-23 to analyzing constraint and suggestion of respondents regarding dairy management practices in semi-urban and rural areas of Fatehpur district in Uttar Pradesh. 15 respondents from each selected semi-urban and rural villages were randomly selected to constitute 120 samples (60 semi-urban + 60 rural). The perceived constraints have been studies under different aspects like: personal constraints, economical constraints, technological constraints and marketing constraints. The semi-urban respondents has perceived most serious type constraints viz., lack of poor economic condition of farmers, dysfunctional of animal insurance schemes, A.I. and BAIF centers are away from the village, lack of remunerative milk prices. Whereas rural respondents has perceived most serious type constraints viz., lack of interest of other family members, veterinary medicines are very costly for treatment of sick animals, A.I. and BAIF centers are away from the village, poor transportation also affects adversity in proper disposal of milk products. Suggestions as perceived by semi-urban respondents viz., ‘educational programmes regarding cattle breeds improvement for higher milk production should be initiated’ was ranked first whether in case of rural dairy farmers ‘government must provide marketing facilities at village level for selling the milk and milk products’ was ranked first.

Tourism challenges within a high cost of living crisis

Living costs have been increasing at an unprecedented rate compared to average trends over the last decade due to increasing uncertainty from various global events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions. Previous research indicates that people prioritize essential consumption over leisure and tourism activities during high cost-of-living crises. However, prior studies have overlooked the spatially heterogeneous resilience of local tourism demand to the crisis, which differs by region with each possessing unique characteristics. This study aims to explore how the resilience of tourism demand shifted during the high cost-of-living crisis over space and time. Findings reveal spatially and temporally varied resilience in domestic and international tourism demand across regions. These findings offer crucial insights for developing localized tourism management policies amid high costs of living.

Pulses in India: Comprehensive Analysis of Production, Challenges, and Strategic Vision for 2030

Despite of immense growth of Indian agriculture, food and nutritional security is still a challenge due to biasedness towards wheat and rice. As production of pulses in the recent decade has not increased in pace with the increase in population. Pulses are a major source of protein in Indian diet and also environment friendly. Therefore, the increase in pulse production will act as an accelerator for nutritional security. This study analyses the nutritional value of pulses, status of pulses economy in India comprising of import, export and consumption status as well as a strategic vision for 2030 towards promotion of pulses in the country. Pulses form one of the most important group of crops in India, which is also responsible for yielding large financial gains by amounting to a large part of the exports. Of all categories of people, pulses form an integral part of the Indian diet, providing much-needed protein to the carbohydrate-rich diet. For farmers, pulses are an important crop because they can both sell them and consume them, which helps farmers maintain household food security and creates economic stability. Being leguminous crops, they help in restoring soil fertility by utilising nitrogen from the air (nitrogen fixation). Therefore, pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world. The top pulse-producing states in India are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, collectively contribute significantly to the country’s pulse output, yet current production fails to meet domestic demand, leading to imports. The common pulses across globe are black gram, green gram, horse gram, peas, cow peas, pigeon peas, lentils and chick peas. A long-term vision is required for pulses in India because of various aspects like lower yield compared to global average, wide gap between demand and supply, rapid population growth and nutritional as well as environmental value. In this article the challenges and constraints in achieving projected demand of pulses and government policy support for achieving this projected demand have been discussed, addressing the complex dynamics of pulses economy in India.

Energy policy implications of Ecuador’s NDC

In the third national communication submitted by Ecuador, the total greenhouse gases (GHG) emission was calculated at 80,627 GgCO2-eq, considering the country’s commitment to the Framework on Climate Change. In 2018, Ecuador ratified its nationally determined contribution (NDC) to reduce its GHG emissions by 11.87% from the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario by 2025. The macroeconomic impacts of NDC implementation in the energy sector are discussed. A Computable Equilibrium Model applied to Ecuador (CGE_EC) is used by developing scenarios to analyze partial and entry implementation, as well as an alternative scenario. Shocks in exogenous variables are linked to NDC energy initiatives. So, the NDC’s feasibility depends on guaranteeing the consumption of hydropower supply, either through local exports or domestic demand. In the last case, the government’s Energy Efficiency Program (PEC) and electricity transport have important roles, but the high levels of investment required and poor social conditions would impair its implementation. NDC implementation implies a GDP increase and price index decrease due to electricity cost reductions in the productive sector. These conditions depend on demand-supply guarantees, and the opposite case entails negative impacts on the economy. The alternative scenario considers less dependence on the external market, achieving higher GDP, but with only partial fulfillment of the NDC goals.

Optimal adaptive heuristic algorithm based energy optimization with flexible loads using demand response in smart grid.

Demand response-based load scheduling in smart power grids is currently one of the most important topics in energy optimization. There are several benefits to utility companies and their customers from this strategy. The main goal of this work is to employ a load scheduling controller (LSC) to model and solve the scheduling issue for household appliances. The LSC offers a solution to the primary problems faced during implementing demand response. The goal is to minimize peak-to-average demand ratios (PADR) and electricity bills while preserving customer satisfaction. Time-varying pricing, intermittent renewable energy, domestic appliance energy demand, storage battery, and grid constraints are all incorporated into the model. The optimal adaptive wind-driven optimization (OAWDO) method is a stochastic optimization technique designed to manage supply, demand, and power price uncertainties. LSC creates the ideal schedule for home appliance running periods using the OAWDO algorithm. This guarantees that every appliance runs as economically as possible on its own. Most appliances run the risk of functioning during low-price hours if just the real time-varying price system is used, which could result in rebound peaks. We combine an inclined block tariff with a real-time-varying price to alleviate this problem. MATLAB is used to do a load scheduling simulation for home appliances based on the OAWDO algorithm. By contrasting it with other algorithms, including the genetic algorithm (GA), the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), the fire-fly optimization algorithm (FFOA), and the wind-driven optimization (WDO) algorithms, the effectiveness of the OAWDO technique is supported. Results indicate that OAWDO works better than current algorithms in terms of reducing power costs, PADR, and rebound peak formation without sacrificing user comfort.

The Impact of Trade Openness on the Reality Industry in Iraq for the Period (2004-2022)

Iraq is one of the prominent countries that used to have important industries and enjoyed consumer acceptance, as well as competitiveness and presence in regional and global markets. However, after 2003 and due to trade liberalization, there was a general weakness in the structure of the Iraqi economy. This directly affected the reality of the Iraqi industrial sector, leading to the entry of goods and products from all over the world. With the increase in population and government expenditures, which relied on commodity imports to meet local needs, all aspects of industry in the country were eliminated. The importance of research lies in shedding light on the role of international trade (import and export) in global economies, highlighting the shortcomings in trade policy management, demonstrating the impact of trade openness on the industrial sector's contribution to economic development, and the need for realistic measures to rescue this vital sector from deterioration in Iraq. And the problem of the research is based on the direct negative impact of trade liberalization policy on the reality of the industrial sector in the country. Increased reliance on foreign sources to meet local economic needs is attributed to the deficiencies, backwardness, and stagnation of the production apparatus, rendering it unable to meet total domestic demand. The aim of the research is to shed light on the role of foreign trade in global economies and to clarify the shortcomings in trade policy management, as well as the extent of the impact of trade liberalization on the reality of the industrial sector in achieving economic development. The research found that the industrial sector in Iraq was negatively affected throughout the period (2004-2022) due to the compulsory trade liberalization policy, which led to the shutdown of factories and plants as a result of the low prices of imported goods. Paper type Research paper.

Measurement and Analysis of the Relationship between General Revenues and Imbalance in Iraq's Export Structure For duration (2004-2021)

The Iraqi economy relies primarily on oil exports to achieve necessary financial surpluses in order to finance economic and social development plans. Capital imports also contribute to improving the productive capacity of all sectors that directly or indirectly contribute to the country's economic growth if they actually exist. These imports, represented by the equipment and machinery necessary for building and developing infrastructure in Iraq, which cannot be provided except through foreign trade, make Iraq closely connected to broad economic relationships with most of the developed world economies. Oil revenues have had a positive impact on the general budget situation. However, on the other hand, the lack of a productive base has led to the leakage of revenues towards imports to meet domestic demand, resulting in an imbalance in the overall export structure. Moreover the research objective was to identify the relative importance of total exports in Iraq and how they are affected by oil revenues during the period 2004-2021. The hypothesis is fiscal policy has led to a disruption in the structure of Iraq's exports. And one of the most important result that appeared general revenues depend to a large extent on oil revenues compared to other revenues (non-oil), which means that the Iraqi economy is considered one-sided. With the weakness of revenues achieved from productive sectors (industry and agriculture) as well as weak tax revenues, this leads to an imbalance in the structure of the trade balance, evident through the dominance of oil exports over total exports in the country. Paper type: Research paper.