Domains Of Practice Research Articles

EMI programmes in Vietnamese higher education: a case study of translanguaging practices for inclusive education

Abstract Previous studies have discussed stakeholders’ perceptions of using first language in English-medium instruction (EMI), but only a few have examined classroom practices in Vietnam. Against this backdrop, this article focuses on lecturers’ translanguaging practices in an EMI programme where all the lecturers and students were Vietnamese. More specifically, it employs the conceptual framework of ROAD-MAPPING, proposed by Dafouz and Smit (“The ROAD-MAPPING framework: Taking stock and paving future directions for English-medium research”, in Emma Dafouz and Ute Smit (eds.), Researching English-medium higher education: Diverse applications and critical evaluations of the ROAD-MAPPING framework, 1–19. London: Routledge, 2016), to see if there was substantial evidence of a constructive co-existence between English and Vietnamese – the first language – in this EMI programme. The findings suggest that under the lecturers’ and students’ agency, the two languages were distributed across various domains of classroom practices to benefit students’ learning of content knowledge. In teacher talk, English and Vietnamese have different functions to support the process of knowledge co-construction. The study implies that the current monolingual orientation promoted in many top-down EMI policies should be reconsidered, given the linguistic diversity of higher education settings. In other words, EMI should be promoted as an educational environment where students can access their linguistic repertoires and develop their academic knowledge bi/multilingually. Translanguaging, therefore, should be acknowledged as an inclusive pedagogical practice.

Advancing collaboration in health professions education in the general practice domain, developing a national research agenda

BackgroundHealth professions education (HPE) research in the General Practice domain (GP-HPE) is vital for high-quality healthcare. Collaboration among GP-HPE researchers is crucial but challenging. Formulating a research agenda, involving stakeholders, and fostering inter-institutional collaboration can address these challenges and connect educational research and practice.MethodsWe used Q-methodology to explore perspectives on GP-HPE research of participants from all Dutch postgraduate GP training institutes. Participants individually sorted statements based on the relevance of future GP-HPE research for educational practice. Data analysis comprised inverted factor analysis, rotation, and qualitative interpretation of configurations of all statements. The National Meeting on Educational Research took a participatory approach.ResultsWe included 73 participants with diverse involvement in GP-HPE research. We identified five distinct perspectives, each representing a research focus area for developing and innovating GP education: the clinician scientist, the socially engaged GP, the specific GP identity, the GP as an entrepreneur, and the GP engaged in lifelong learning.DiscussionThe resulting five perspectives align with General Practice hallmarks. Q-methodology and a participatory approach facilitated collaboration among stakeholders. Successful inter-institutional collaboration requires a common goal, neutral leadership, participant commitment, regular meetings, audit trail support, process transparency, and reflexivity. Future research should address evidence gaps within these perspectives.ConclusionUsing Q-methodology turned out to be valuable for compiling a national research agenda for GP-HPE research. The research process helped to cross boundaries between researchers in different institutions, thus putting inter-institutional collaborative advantage center stage. Our approach could provide a conceivable procedure for HPE researchers worldwide.

Religious infrastructure: designations, transformations, entanglements

ABSTRACT Infrastructures are ensembles of social and technical components that make practices and relations possible. In this contribution, I develop a notion of ‘religious infrastructure’ and delineate why I find it to be a generative analytical category. Thinking with religious infrastructure spotlights new sites of empirical inquiry for scholarship on religion, as well as fresh ways of apprehending familiar objects of analysis. It brings into focus how religiously marked arrangements support, depend on, and mutually transform wider landscapes of action and relation. These lines of inquiry point to dynamics that cut across different religious boundaries, and they uncover sometimes surprising entanglements between religiously and secularly marked domains of practice. They also help to foreground the multiple modalities of religious operation that a given arrangement can perform, beyond that of mediating transcendent encounters. Accordingly, religious infrastructure elicits questions about what qualifies as ‘infrastructure’, but also about what qualifies as ‘religion’.

Midwives' and registered nurses' role and scope of practice in acute early pregnancy care services: a scoping review.

The objective of this scoping review was to investigate and describe what is reported on the role and scope of practice of midwives and registered nurses providing care for women with pregnancy complications under 20 weeks' gestation in acute clinical settings in Australia. In many high-income countries, women experiencing unexpected complications in early pregnancy attend an acute care service, such as an emergency department, rather than a maternity or obstetric unit. This service structure can impact the care women receive, and determine who provides it. Women and their partners, who are often experiencing emotional distress, have reported difficult experiences when accessing acute services, particularly emergency departments, which are not traditionally staffed by midwives. The role and scope of practice of both midwives and registered nurses providing acute early pregnancy care in most high-income countries, including Australia, is poorly reported. Documenting this area of practice is an important first step in facilitating ongoing research in this important aspect of pregnancy care. Published and gray literature that described the role and scope of practice of midwives and/or registered nurses providing care in acute early pregnancy settings in Australia were considered for this review. A scoping review of the literature was conducted following JBI methodological guidance and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. A 3-step search strategy was conducted to explore evidence from databases and search engines, gray literature sources, and selected reference lists. After screening, data were extracted from records selected for the final review, mapped, and analyzed using content analysis. The evidence reviewed (n=23) included primary research studies, conference abstracts, and gray literature, such as clinical guidance documents, academic theses, and websites from January 2008 to October 2023. The most common setting for care provision was the emergency department. Midwives' and registered nurses' roles and scope of practice in acute early pregnancy care in Australia can be summarized into 4 areas: physical care, psychosocial support, care co-ordination, and communication. Women's access to midwifery care at this time in pregnancy appears to be limited. Registered nurses, usually employed in emergency departments, have the most prominent role and scope in the provision of care for women with acute early pregnancy complications. Descriptions of midwives' practice focuses more on psychosocial support and follow-up care, particularly in early pregnancy assessment service models. This review highlights the inconsistency in midwives' and registered nurses' roles and scope in acute early pregnancy in Australia, a finding which is relevant to other international settings. Both professions could further fulfill role and scope capacity in the provision of supportive, individualized, and timely care for women and families accessing a range of acute early pregnancy services. Emergency departments are the usual practice domain of registered nurses who may be limited in terms of the scope of care they can provide to women with early pregnancy complications. Leaders of the midwifery profession should conduct further research into innovative service models that embed a role for midwives in all settings that provide care for pregnant women, regardless of gestation. Open Science Framework osf.io/7zchu.

International cross-cultural development and field testing of the primary care practice questionnaire for the PaRIS survey (PaRIS-PCPQ)

BackgroundThe PaRIS survey, an initiative of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), aims to assess health systems performance in delivering primary care by measuring the care experiences and outcomes of people over 45 who used primary care services in the past six months. In addition, linked data from primary care practices are collected to analyse how the organisation of primary care practices and their care processes impact care experiences and outcomes. This article describes the development and validation of the primary care practice questionnaire for the PaRIS survey, the PaRIS-PCPQ.MethodThe PaRIS-PCPQ was developed based on domains of primary care practice and professional characteristics included in the PaRIS conceptual framework. Questionnaire development was conducted in four phases: (1) a multi-step consensus-based development of the source questionnaire, (2) translation of the English source questionnaire into 17 languages, (3) cross-national cognitive testing with primary care professionals in participating countries, and (4) cross-national field-testing.Results70 items were selected from 7 existing questionnaires on primary care characteristics, of which 49 were included in a first draft. Feedback from stakeholders resulted in a modified 34-item version (practice profile, care coordination, chronic care management, patient follow-up, and respondent characteristics) designed to be completed online by medical or non-medical staff working in a primary care practice. Cognitive testing led to changes in the source questionnaire as well as to country specific localisations. The resulting 32-item questionnaire was piloted in an online survey and field test. Data from 540 primary care practices from 17 countries were collected and analysed. Final revision resulted in a 34-item questionnaire.ConclusionsThe cross-national development of a primary care practice questionnaire is challenging due to the differences in care delivery systems. Rigorous translation and cognitive testing as well as stakeholder engagement helped to overcome most challenges. The PaRIS-PCPQ will be used to assess how key characteristics of primary care practices relate to the care experiences and outcomes of people living with chronic conditions. As such, policymakers and care providers will be informed about the performance of primary care from the patient’s perspective.

Towards an understanding of the embedded nature of everyday ethical reasoning in paramedic education and practice

Paramedicine is increasingly complex in affective, behavioural, and cognitive domains of practice. The ability to navigate this complexity is essential for paramedics who are required to simultaneously practice assertively, dynamically, sensitively, and professionally. Although these may seem to be superficially incongruent ways of practising, through insightful and reflexive practice underpinned by appropriate ethical approaches, paramedics can navigate the complexity inherent in paramedic work whether care episodes are routine or extreme. In what follows, we discuss the potential of virtue ethics as a way of navigating complexity in paramedic practice and preparing clinicians for the varied work they manage as paramedics. We do this by first describing some of the issues faced by the modern paramedic, outlining ethical approaches to practice, then working through a vignette showing how a deeper understanding of ethics and utilising a virtue ethics approach may have helped the clinicians navigate a typical ethical dilemma found in practice.

Evaluation of the digital teacher professional development TARGET-tool for optimizing the motivational climate in secondary school physical education

Given the complexity of teaching, continuing teacher professional development (CPD) is essential for maintaining and enhancing teaching effectiveness, and bridging the gap between ever-evolving theory and practice. Technological advancements have opened new opportunities for digital tools to support CPD. However, the successful integration of such digital tools into practice poses challenges. It requires adherence to CPD prerequisites and acknowledgment of the complexity of the professional development process. This study explored the applicability of the developed digital PE teacher professional development TARGET-tool in a secondary school PE context. We examined the perceived usability of this tool and gained insights into the process of teachers’ professional development as a result of using the tool. Ten PE teachers from different schools implemented the TARGET-tool within their PE context for a period of 4 to 6 weeks. Individual semi-structured interviews and the System Usability Scale provided insights into the perceived usability and the process of teacher professional development. The TARGET-tool demonstrated its potential as an effective tool for supporting teachers’ professional development. Future tool improvements were identified to further optimize the perceived usability, such as simplifying complex features, providing additional support and resources, and improving (data) presentations. Using the Interconnected Model of Professional Growth as a theoretical basis, it was demonstrated how the use of the TARGET-tool engages teachers as active and reflective participants in their professional development and induces changes within the external domain, the domain of practice, the domain of consequences, and the personal domain.

DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF DISTRIBUTED CONSENSUS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INSTABILITY OF NETWORK CONNECTIONS

The dynamic and unpredictable nature of network environments poses a significant challenge for distributed systems, particularly those relying on consensus algorithms for state management and fault tolerance. To address this challenge, this article introduces a novel simulation model designed to study the impact of unstable network connections on clusters running consensus algorithms. The model is engineered to mimic varying degrees of network instability, including latency fluctuations and connection disruptions, which are characteristic of real-world distributed systems. Our proposed model represents a significant advancement in the simulation of distributed networks. It employs a sophisticated network emulation layer capable of generating a wide spectrum of unstable network conditions. The core of the model is a highly configurable consensus mechanism simulator that allows for the adjustment of key parameters such as heartbeat intervals, election timeouts, and message loss rates. This level of configurability enables a comprehensive analysis of consensus behaviors under different network scenarios. The article focuses on the methodology behind the development of the model, detailing the theoretical underpinnings and the implementation strategies used to ensure a realistic representation of network instability. We also discuss the potential applications of the model, which extend beyond academic research into practical domains where distributed ledger technologies and distributed databases are prevalent. Through the deployment of this model, researchers and system architects can gain deeper insights into the resilience and adaptability of consensus algorithms. The model serves as a tool for preemptively identifying and addressing potential issues in distributed systems, facilitating the development of more robust and reliable technologies. In summary, the article showcases the design and capabilities of a new model that enables an in-depth understanding of the delicate interplay between network instability and consensus efficiency. By focusing on the model itself, the article aims to lay a foundation for future studies and improvements in the field of distributed systems.

Developing Policy Infrastructure to Guide Genomics-Informed Oncology Nursing in Canada: An Interpretive Descriptive Study.

Genomic technologies such as genetic testing and precision treatments are rapidly becoming routine in oncology care, and nurses play an increasingly important role in supporting the growing demands for genomics-informed healthcare. Policy infrastructure such as competencies, standards, scope of practice statements, and education and curriculum frameworks are urgently needed to guide these practice and education changes. This study is part of a larger three-phase project to develop recommendations and catalyze action for genomics-informed oncology nursing education and practice for the Canadian Association of Nurses in Oncology and the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing. This phase aimed to enhance understanding of policy needs and action drivers for genomics-informed oncology nursing education and practice through the perspectives of Canadian oncology nurses and patient partners. Interpretive description methodology guided the study. Twenty semi-structured virtual interviews were conducted; 17 with oncology nurses in various domains of practice, and three with patient partner representatives. Data collection and analysis occurred concurrently. Our analysis identified three themes: 1) nurses and patients recognize that it is time for action, 2) nurses and patients see advantages to executing intentional, strategic, and collaborative policy development, and 3) leadership and advocacy are required to drive action. Nursing policy infrastructure is required to increase genomic literacy, support nurses in providing safe patient care, and establish clear roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities within the interdisciplinary team. Strong leadership and advocacy at the practice, organizational, and systems levels are vital to accelerating action.

ASCENDANCY PRACTICES OF SCHOOL HEADS ON BRIGADA ESKWELA ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF PANABO CITY DIVISION

The study explored the relationship of ascendancy practices of school heads and the Brigada Eskwela accomplishments in the public secondary schools of Panabo City Division. Also, it investigated the association of the involved variables and the domains of ascendancy practices of school heads that significantly influence the Brigada Eskwela accomplishments. With the use of probability sampling, 150 secondary teachers in the public schools were selected as the respondents. Utilizing the descriptive-correlational survey method, the data collated were analyzed through the use of Mean, Product-Moment correlation and Regression Analysis. Results revealed that there was an extensive ascendancy practices of school heads and an extensive Brigada Eskwela accomplishments as perceived by the respondents. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the two variables. Moreover, all domains of ascendancy practices of school heads were found to have significantly influence the Brigada Eskwela accomplishments. Based on the findings, it was further suggested that higher officials in the Department of Education may identify means on how to help school heads strengthen their ascendancy practices in order to successfully accomplished all the stages of Brigada Eskwela implementation. KEYWORDS: Ascendancy practices, brigada eskwela accomplishments, descriptive correlation, Panabo City Division, Philippines

Exploring the interplay of financial literacy and financial well-being: Insights and strategies for augmenting overall financial satisfaction

This study investigates how financial literacy affects the financial health of Saudi Arabian banking industry workers in Saudi Arabia. The study uses a sample of 183 individuals and a comprehensive framework that includes components like financial behaviour, risk management, financial planning, financial knowledge, financial confidence, financial communication, and overall financial pleasure. The study finds strong positive correlations between many aspects of financial well-being and financial literacy through correlation and regression analysis. Notably, risk management, financial behaviour, overall financial contentment, and financial confidence are all positively impacted by financial literacy. The results underscore the multifaceted character of financial well-being and underscore the critical function of financial literacy in moulding favourable financial consequences. Furthermore, the study pinpoints particular domains in which focused financial literacy initiatives might be executed to augment the general financial welfare of banking industry staff members. The study sheds light on the relationship between financial literacy and well-being in a particular occupational context, which is significant information for both the academic and practical domains. The banking industry needs customized financial education programs because of the social and management ramifications. These programs will help the community’s overall financial health in addition to providing benefits to individual employees. In its conclusion, the study makes recommendations for other research directions, such as longitudinal studies and examinations of the function of digital financial literacy in the changing banking environment.

A new framework for ethical artificial intelligence: keeping HRD in the loop

ABSTRACT As a result of the rapid development of technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) is changing human experiences and workplaces in ways that we are not prepared for. Recognized as a double-edged tool, AI has brought both positive and negative outcomes to organisations and employees. With its increasing popularity in the workplace and our daily practice, how to use AI intelligently and responsibly has become a top concern raised by both academics and practitioners. In this article, we discuss the desired and unintended consequences of AI as documented in current literature, examine the ethical concerns, and identify current solutions. We propose ‘keeping HRD in the loop’ as a means to addressing ethical challenges associated with AI and offer a new conceptual framework as a tool for reference. Integrating general AI principles and ethical guidelines developed by the Academy of HRD, we map out an ethical boundary consisting of nine human-centred principles and suggest a sample of six HRD interventions that can facilitate responsible AI practices and productive human-machine interfaces. By bringing HRD perspectives into the domain of AI practice, we hope to bring ethical considerations to the forefront of AI decision-making and stimulate more interest in interdisciplinary research and academic-industry collaboration.

Medical Student's Knowledge and Perspective Regarding Organ Donation In Punjab.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of organ donation among undergraduate medical students and explore potential variations based on demographic characteristics. Methodology: A Cross-Sectional Study was conducted from June to September 2023; participants were recruited from Punjab medical, dental, and paramedic colleges. Data was gathered using a structured questionnaire, which was pre-tested prior to the study. The online data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 28. Qualitative variables were reported in frequencies and percentages, and the Chi-square test assessed associations among study variables and sociodemographic traits. Results: The study enrolled 152 students, predominantly from the MBBS program (80%). Inconsistencies were observed in knowledge, attitude, and practice domains. Approximately 55.6% of students were aware of organ donation, while only 45.5% exhibited a positive attitude, particularly in donating under exceptional circumstances. The group below 18 years demonstrated a high percentage (45.5%) of willingness to become organ donors. Notably, a significant portion of participants expressed comfort and positive feelings about posthumous organ donation. Conclusion: The data revealed various perspectives and challenges associated with organ donation. Some participants mentioned issues like religious constraints, family opposition, and concerns about physical appearance or mortality. Moreover, a variety of "Other" barriers were identified, indicating a wide range of reservations. Nevertheless, the majority clearly grasped the selfless intent behind organ donation, with the main drive being to preserve and prolong human life. The results highlight the necessity for continuous efforts to enhance awareness, educate the public, and address reservations in order to encourage organ donation and ultimately save lives. Keywords: Organ donor, Organ recipient, Undergraduate Medical Students. Item characteristic curve.

Unraveling the impact of self-esteem on the utilization of Instagram filters: the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation.

The popularity of social media platforms, such as Instagram, has given rise to a surge in photo editing and filtering practices among users. Understanding the underlying psychological factors that drive individuals to employ filters is crucial in comprehending the impact of such behavior on self-perception and online interactions. This study aims to investigate the influence of self-esteem on the importance attributed to the use of Instagram filters, with a particular focus on the mediating role played by the fear of negative evaluation. A sample of participants (N = 2,657) from diverse demographic backgrounds has been recruited to complete a series of questionnaires measuring self-esteem, fear of negative evaluation, and Instagram filter usage patterns. Mediation analysis has been employed to assess the extent to which the fear of negative evaluation mediates the relationship between self-esteem and filter usage importance. In line with the hypotheses, the results revealed that participants self-esteem negatively predicted fear of negative evaluation, which in turn had a positive effect on use of filters. Furthermore, fear of negative evaluation fully mediated the relationship between self-esteem and use of filters. Overall, the implications of this research extend to both theoretical and practical domains. The findings can contribute to the existing literature on self-esteem, social media behavior, and body image by shedding light on the factors influencing digital self-presentation.

Thematic Learning in the Independent Curriculum in Elementary Schools Based on the Islamic Montessori Method for Multiple Intelligence

Recently, the practice of categorizing intelligent students and unintelligent students is a deeply ingrained phenomenon within the realm of education in Indonesia. Indeed, multiple specialists have verified that the attributes of intelligence vary among individual students. Hence, this study aims to revolutionize theme education in primary schools by implementing an autonomous curriculum that is rooted in the Islamic Montessori for Multiple Intelligence approach. This study employs the library research methodology, utilizing primary and secondary data derived from printed or digital sources such as books, journals, and magazines. The outcome of this discussion is to generate a set of activities for different domains of learning. These activities include folding clothes or buttoning clothes for the Islamic Studies domain, hand washing for the practical life domain, matching pictures with zones for the sensorial domain, matching words for the language domain, matching numbers for the mathematical domain, matching fruit with pictures for the cultural realm, and drawing or creating ecobricks for the arts & crafts realm. These diverse educational approaches involve the creation of a curriculum centered around the Islamic Montessori for Multiple Intelligence method, with the aim of promoting a healthy and virtuous lifestyle. These methods can be effectively utilized by teachers during classroom instruction. Through the development of diverse learning activities, education will be conducted in a more comprehensive manner, tailored to the individual traits and capabilities of each student. This approach to designing educational activities can thereafter be implemented in the instruction of young children in primary schools.

Rethinking rigour to embrace complexity in peacebuilding evaluation

The field of peacebuilding evaluation has evolved over time in response to the complex nature of peace efforts. However, it still predominantly relies on evaluation models that aim to measure discrete peace outcomes adhering to rigid notions of rigour. The inclusive rigour framework presented in this article responds to this challenge, adding to complexity-aware and epistemologically plural approaches to build credible causal explanations in conditions of uncertainty. It identifies three interconnected domains of evaluation design and practice: effective methodological bricolage, meaningful participation and inclusion, utilisation and impact. Rigour here is not defined by methodological choice alone, but rather, relies on an active view of evolving methodological choices throughout an iterative process as maximum use value and meaningful participation are sought. Using three cases, we highlight the critical role of partnership arrangements and associated evaluation cultures and mindsets underpinned by power dynamics that enable or hinder the practice of inclusive rigour.

A country's efforts toward creating an advanced practice nurse in public health.

The study goal was to inform the creation of a blueprint for an advanced practice nurse (APN) in public health. No internationally accepted standard for an APN in public health exists. Activities of public health nurses (PHN) traditionally have centered on health promotion and disease prevention, but many have added other population-based activities such as chronic and acute disease treatment. An APN in public health is needed to address the global challenges threatening the physical, social, and mental health of populations worldwide. This qualitative study was comprised of six focus groups, each containing a different group of stakeholders (n=40). Study results followed the requirements of the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ). Two major themes emerged: the APN role in public health and core expectations. From the APN role theme, four subthemes emerged on APN domains of public health practice and functions. From the core expectations theme, nine subthemes emerged on the APN's qualifications and behaviors. Agreement among stakeholders was found in the nine core expectations; however, among the four different visions of an APN in public health, two fit a population-based model rather than the traditional PHN model. A single APN role in public health is insufficient to address the breadth and complexity of today's global challenges as detailed by the sustainable development goals. Due to the interaction between health and the biopsychosocial environments, we need APNs with different areas of expertise. Nurses working at universities, in public health services, and as healthcare policymakers are needed to create a multistage strategy that gradually introduces several different types of APNs in public health.

Review article: Telehealth in Emergency Medicine in Australasia: Advantages and barriers.

The COVID-19 pandemic catapulted Telehealth to the forefront of Emergency Medicine (EM) as an alternative way of assessing and managing patients. This challenged the traditional idea that EM can only be practised within brick-and-mortar EDs. Many Emergency Physicians may find the idea of practising Telehealth in Emergency Medicine (TEM) confronting, particularly in the absence of training and clear practice guidelines. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the current use of TEM in Australasia, and outline the advantages and barriers in adopting this practice domain.

Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: A scoping review

ABSTRACT The objective of this scoping review was to systematically review the literature on how non-financial conflicts of interest (nfCOI) are defined and evaluated, and the strategies suggested for their management in health-related and biomedical journals. PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for peer reviewed studies published in English between 1970 and December 2023 that addressed at least one of the following: the definition, evaluation, or management of non-financial conflicts of interest. From 658 studies, 190 studies were included in the review. nfCOI were discussed most commonly in empirical (22%; 42/190), theoretical (15%; 29/190) and “other” studies (18%; 34/190) – including commentary, perspective, and opinion articles. nfCOI were addressed frequently in the research domain (36%; 68/190), publication domain (29%; 55/190) and clinical practice domain (17%; 32/190). Attitudes toward nfCOI and their management were divided into two distinct groups. The first larger group claimed that nfCOI were problematic and required some form of management, whereas the second group argued that nfCOI were not problematic, and therefore, did not require management. Despite ongoing debates about the nature, definition, and management of nfCOI, many articles included in this review agreed that serious consideration needs to be given to the prevalence, impact and optimal mitigation of non-financial COI.

A survey exploring the barriers and drivers to leader and leadership development of the pharmacy workforce.

Leadership is an essential but under-researched domain in advanced pharmacy practice. To describe pharmacist leadership training experience and ascertain perceptions of barriers/drivers for leadership development. Online survey at a UK tertiary-care organization. Questions related to leadership competencies, personal qualities, barriers, and drivers, with Likert scale responses options, were analysed using Microsoft Excel®. Thirty-nine pharmacists responded. Three quarters reported no formal leadership training. Many identified leadership development as essential for career progression. Main driver was a manager or peer support. Barriers included workload, being undervalued, and lack of strategic opportunities. Our findings can inform educators and organizations in developing future strategies.