Dog Erythrocytes Research Articles

Major crossmatch compatibility of rabbit blood with rabbit, canine, and feline blood.

To evaluate the major crossmatch compatibility between rabbit recipients, rabbit donors, and the major canine and feline blood types. Prospective in vitro study in December 2021. Academic veterinary teaching hospital. Whole blood samples were collected from 11 healthy New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with no previous transfusion history. Three pigtail segments were acquired from dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA)-1-positive, DEA-1-negative, and feline type A blood units. Whole blood was collected from a healthy type B blood donor cat. Blood from each rabbit recipient underwent a major crossmatch using standard tube crossmatch methodology with itself and the following donor blood types: rabbit, DEA-1-positive, DEA-1-negative, feline type A, and feline type B. Self-crossmatches and crossmatches between rabbit recipients and conspecific donors were negative for hemolysis and agglutination. Crossmatches between rabbit recipients and canine and feline donors yielded no hemolysis but produced varying degrees of macroscopic and microscopic agglutination. Rabbit recipients had 1.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.8) times the risk of macroscopic agglutination when major crossmatched with canine blood compared to feline blood. No significant difference in agglutination was found between DEA-1-positive and DEA-1-negative or feline type A and type B donors. These findings support allogeneic blood transfusions between rabbits being highly compatible and suggest rabbits have naturally occurring alloantibodies against both canine and feline red blood cells. However, feline red blood cells had a lower rate of in vitro incompatibility on major crossmatch, suggesting potentially higher in vivo compatibility if an emergency xenotransfusion is needed. Further prospective research is needed to determine if xenotransfusion is associated with a higher incidence of acute and delayed transfusion reactions in rabbits than allogeneic transfusions.

Launch of the first canine mobile blood donation center in Asia: development, outcomes, and influence of an animal bloodmobile.

A mobile blood donation station allows a maximum number of donors to donate blood at any location. In veterinary medicine, no previous studies have reported the use of bloodmobiles for blood donation in animals. We assessed Asia's first canine mobile blood donation center, which was trialed using a modified vehicle in South Korea. A vehicle was modified into a canine bloodmobile with two sections: the front as a laboratory and the back as a blood collection room with necessary equipment. To recruit companion dogs nationwide, the campaign was advertised on television and promoted via social media. Applications of the dogs meeting the following criteria were accepted: in general good health, between 2-8 years old, body weight above 25kg, vaccinated, regularly on heartworm and ectoparasite prophylactics. Pre-donation procedures included medical screening and informed consent, followed by blood collection in a routine fashion. Post-donation, dogs were monitored for complications and owners completed a post-donation survey. Of the 750 applicants, 48 donor dogs were selected for investigation. Ten failed to donate blood owing to the following issues: behavioral problems (2/48), positive results on vector-borne disease screening tests (5/48), in-tubing clot formation (2/48), and absence on the relevant appointment date (1/48). Blood collection took approximately 12 minutes, and the entire procedure lasted an average of 1.5 hours per donor. The prevalence rates of dog erythrocyte antigen 1-negative and 1-positive blood were 32.6% and 67.4%, respectively. There were no donation-related complications, except for one dog that had contact dermatitis induced by clipper irritation. The post-donation survey completed by 46 owners revealed that most were satisfied with the campaign. The convenience of the mobile blood drive (93.5%) was a key factor contributing to high owner satisfaction and willingness to participate in future campaigns (95.7%), in line with findings from prior veterinary and human blood donation motivation research. The bloodmobile effectively increased engagement in canine blood donation by enhancing accessibility. To optimize canine mobile blood drives, procuring larger vehicles and enhancing infrastructure for future campaigns would be beneficial. In conclusion, this study showed that Asia's first canine bloodmobile was successful in terms of improving the convenience, accessibility, and efficacy of canine blood donation. Although the concept is still unfamiliar to the public, active promotion of canine blood donation can help ensure a robust blood donation culture in the veterinary field.

Correlation between sphingomyelin and the membrane stability of mammalian erythrocytes.

Lipid compositions of mammalian erythrocyte membranes are different among species. Therefore, the information on hemolysis from mammalian erythrocytes is useful to understand membrane properties of human erythrocytes. In this work, pressure-induced hemolysis and hypotonic one were examined using erythrocytes of human, sheep, cow, cat, dog, pig, horse, rat, and mouse. Pressure-induced hemolysis was suppressed by membrane sphingomyelin, whereas hypotonic hemolysis decreased upon increment of cell diameter. Mass spectra of erythrocyte membrane lipids demonstrated that sphingomyelin with an acyl chain 24:1 was associated with the suppression of pressure-induced hemolysis. In cow erythrocytes, pressure-induced hemolysis was greatly suppressed and the detachment of cytoskeletal proteins from the membrane under hypotonic conditions was also inhibited. Taken together, these results suggest that sphingomyelin with 24:1 fatty acid plays an important role in the stability of the erythrocyte membrane, perhaps via cholesterol.

Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigens 1 and 7 in eleven canine breeds in the Republic of Korea

Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigens 1 and 7 in eleven canine breeds in the Republic of Korea

Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen 1 in a population of dogs tested in California.

Multiple studies have evaluated the breed-specific prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 in various geographic regions. However, few large-scale studies exist that describe breed prevalence of DEA 1 in the United States. From January 2000 to October 2020, 6469 dogs had their RBC antigen type determined and were included in the study. The overall prevalence of DEA 1 in all dogs was 61.2%. Of 50 breeds with sample sizes ≥20, 8 breeds had a high prevalence (≥90%) of DEA 1-positive blood type: Basset Hound, Bernese Mountain Dog, Brittany, Dachshund, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Pug, and Rottweiler. Four breeds had a high prevalence (≥90%) of DEA 1-negative blood type: Boxer, English Bulldog, Flat-Coated Retriever, and French Bulldog. Numerous breeds with a sample size <20 and ≥5 were found to have 100% prevalence of a DEA 1 blood type, although these findings need to be confirmed with a larger sample size. No statistical difference in any breed based on sex was found. The results in this study are consistent with previously reported data in other countries. Knowledge of regional breed differences in DEA 1 prevalence can help to improve selection and recruitment of appropriate blood donor dogs.

In vitro compatibility testing of canine and rabbit blood.

To determine thein vitrocompatibility of rabbit and canine blood using both a tube and slide agglutination crossmatch technique and to compare the results obtained from these 2 methods. Prospective observational laboratory study from January to March 2020. University veterinary teaching hospital. Sixclient-owned rabbits≥3.5kgundergoing phlebotomy for a clinical reason."Pigtail"blood samples from 3 dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1-positive and 3 DEA 1-negative canine packed red blood cell units. Blood from each rabbit was crossmatched with a single unit of caninebloodusingbotha standard laboratory tube agglutinationtechniqueand a simple slide agglutination method with each rabbit/canineunit serving as its own intraassay control.Tube crossmatches wereevaluated for agglutination both macro- and microscopicallyand assessed for hemolysis. Slide crossmatches were assessed for the presence of agglutinationboth macro- and microscopically. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All crossmatches were incompatible.Varying degrees of agglutination were seen for all crossmatches. Hemolysis was observed with all minor tube crossmatches.Results of both crossmatch techniques were in close agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The crossmatch results in this present study strongly demonstratein vitroincompatibility between canine and rabbit blood. Agreement between the 2techniquesin this study indicates that the slide agglutination technique may be quicker, require less blood, and providereliable results in exclusively assessing the compatibility of canine and rabbit blood. Based on theresults of this study,emergency xenotransfusion of canine blood to rabbits cannot be recommended.

Possibility of trypsin treated dog erythrocytes as universal blood: evaluation by FTIR microspectroscopy

Possibility of trypsin treated dog erythrocytes as universal blood: evaluation by FTIR microspectroscopy

Development and validation of a flow cytometric assay for detecting reactive oxygen species in the erythrocytes of healthy dogs.

To validate the use of a flow cytometric assay that uses 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to measure reactive oxygen species in the erythrocytes of healthy dogs. 50 healthy adult dogs. Erythrocytes were incubated with DCFH-DA or a vehicle control (dimethyl sulfoxide), then incubated with (stimulated) or without (unstimulated) hydrogen peroxide. The flow cytometric assay was evaluated for specificity with increasing concentrations of DCFH-DA and hydrogen peroxide, and a polynomial regression line was applied to determine optimal concentrations. For precision, samples were analyzed 5 consecutive times for determination of intra- and interassay variability. Stability of samples stored at 4°C for up to 48 hours after blood collection was determined with flow cytometric analysis. Coefficient of variation (CV) was considered acceptable at 20%. Baseline measurements were used to determine an expected range of median fluorescence intensity for unstimulated erythrocytes incubated with DCFH-DA. Erythrocytes were successfully isolated, and stimulated samples demonstrated higher median fluorescence intensity, compared with unstimulated samples. The intra-assay CV was 11.9% and 8.9% and interassay CV was 11.9% and 9.1% for unstimulated and stimulated samples, respectively. Unstimulated samples were stable for up to 24 hours, whereas stimulated samples were stable for up to 48 hours. Flow cytometry for the measurement of reactive oxygen species in the erythrocytes of healthy dogs by use of DCFH-DA had acceptable specificity, precision, and stability. Flow cytometry is a promising technique for evaluating intraerythrocytic oxidative stress for healthy dogs.

Effects of the substitution of fishmeal with mealworm meal on enzymes, haemolymph and intestinal microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp

Shrimp farming is one profitable sector of aquaculture and the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is the most cultivated species worldwide. Nutrition is considered as one of the greatest challenges in shrimp farming due to its dependence on fishmeal (FM) as an ingredient in the feed. The main goal of the present work was to analyse if the substitution of FM by yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal (TM) influences digestive enzyme expression, haemolymph parameters or the intestinal microbiota of shrimp juveniles. Shrimps (average initial weight 4.42±0.02 g) were fed five experimental diets where FM protein was gradually substituted by TM protein (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The shrimps were fed four times per day with an amount equivalent to approximately 6% of their biomass for 42 days. The total haemocyte count, protein concentration and prophenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph were not significantly altered (P&gt;0.05) when FM was substituted by TM. However, the agglutinating activity of shrimp serum determined against dog erythrocytes was higher in the shrimp group fed 25% TM. The absolute and specific activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, α-amylase and the patterns of proteolytic activities were not affected by the dietary treatments. The shrimp gut bacterial microbiota profile was similar with the generaPseudoalteromonas, Rubritalea, Ruegeria, Tenacibaculum, andVibrio detected. These results show that TM is viable alternative for the replacement of FM, without any deleterious effects on expression of key digestive enzymes, gut microbiota or the immune system of the Pacific white shrimp.

Prevalence, genetic, and biochemical evaluation of immune response of police dogs infected with Babesia vogeli.

Background and Aim:Babesia species are tick-borne protozoan parasites of apicomplexan type which infect the erythrocytes of dogs it ranges from subclinical to severe cases, depending on different factors such as immune status, age, and presence of other co-infections with the Babesia species. Hence, this study aimed to identify the protozoan parasites infecting police dogs of different breeds, ages, and both sexes in Egypt. Concerning molecular detection of Babesia vogeli using conventional polymerase chain reaction sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, followed by the assessment of immunological and biochemical status of infected dogs.Materials and Methods:The blood of 242 police K9 dogs was collected. The age, breed, sex, and health status with clinical signs of dogs were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress analyses of the blood were performed together with gene expression analysis using two genes (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]). The identification of the causative agent was performed using molecular analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The 18S rRNA region of canine Babesia spp. was successfully amplified, and sequencing data were deposited in GenBank (accession number: MT565474.1), which resembled those of B. vogeli.Results:The results of blood samples screening revealed that of the 242 blood samples, 62 were positive for B. vogeli infection. The infection rate in male dogs was higher than that in female dogs. The police dogs were classified into the following three groups of dogs: (1st group) healthy, (2nd infected with B. vogeli, and mixed infection of B. vogeli and Ehrlichia canis). The oxidative stress biomarkers levels in B. vogeli infected dogs were greater than that of healthy dogs. Likewise, IFN-γ and TNF-α level in B. vogeli infected dogs were elevated in infected dogs.Conclusion:Our findings demonstrated that B. vogeli had completely adverse effects on the health condition of the police dogs that may lead to death in some dogs.

Canine Blood Group Prevalence and Geographical Distribution around the World: An Updated Systematic Review.

Simple Summary“Blood group” or “blood type” refers to the blood group system comprising red blood cell antigens and a specific pattern. Many studies have characterized dog blood groups by the prevalence of the Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA), Kai, and Dal antigens in different geographic areas and by using a variety of methods. Some pioneering studies on blood groups, upon which others were subsequently based, were conducted by Bowdler, Colling, and Hall in the 1970s and 1980s. Our results show that most relevant studies covered the European and American continents, and the methods used to identify DEA, Kai, and Dal groups evolved from 1999 to 2020, albeit without a single method based upon specificity and sensitivity. However, the existence of rapid commercial kits for the determination of the DEA 1 group makes this group the most widely used in clinical practice. Through a systematic review, our aim was to illustrate the countries in the world where different blood groups have been identified with reference to the different methods used and the prevalence of those groups among dog breeds.In recent years, blood transfusions have been more commonly given to pets. The importance of determining blood groups in dogs and cats is, therefore, well-known for reducing the risk of adverse reactions in the recipient blood caused by a “non-compatible” donor. This systematic review summarizes data from previously published reports and follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 41 eligible studies using different states and blood-typing methods to determine blood groups in dogs. The dog blood groups that were identified between 1999 and 2020 in 17 different countries were combined to yield the DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen), Kai, and Dal groups. These studies were conducted in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia but not in all the countries of these continents. The methods used to determine blood types have also changed over the years. This systematic review highlights gaps in the literature and should advance future studies synthesizing data with methodological rigor.

Identification of potential oxidative stress biomarkers for spinal cord injury in erythrocytes using mass spectrometry.

Oxidative stress is a hallmark of secondary injury associated with spinal cord injury. Identifying stable and specific oxidative biomarkers is of important significance for studying spinal cord injury-associated secondary injury. Mature erythrocytes do not contain nuclei and mitochondria and cannot be transcribed and translated. Therefore, mature erythrocytes are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and may become a valuable biomarker. In the present study, we revealed the proteome dynamics of protein expression in erythrocytes of beagle dogs in the acute and subacute phases of spinal cord injury using mass spectrometry-based approaches. We found 26 proteins that were differentially expressed in the acute (0-3 days) and subacute (7-21 days) phases of spinal cord injury. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were involved in glutathione metabolism, lipid metabolism, and pentose phosphate and other oxidative stress pathways. Western blot assays validated the differential expression of glutathione synthetase, transaldolase, and myeloperoxidase. This result was consistent with mass spectrometry results, suggesting that erythrocytes can be used as a novel sample source of biological markers of oxidative stress in spinal cord injury. Glutathione synthetase, transaldolase, and myeloperoxidase sourced from erythrocytes are potential biomarkers of oxidative stress after spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Centre of Ningxia Medical University, China (approval No. 2017-073) on February 13, 2017.

The dog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood group in nondomesticated canids and compatibility testing between domestic dog and nondomesticated canid blood.

BackgroundThe dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 blood group is considered as the most immunogenic and clinically important in dogs. Little is known in nondomesticated canids.ObjectivesTo type DEA 1 in nondomesticated captive canids and to evaluate potential interspecific blood transfusions between domestic and nondomestic canids.AnimalsOne hundred forty captive nondomesticated canids belonging to 13 species from 19 French zoos, and 63 domestic dogs.MethodsProspective study. Blood samples were typed for DEA 1 using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A neutral gel column test was used for crossmatching.ResultsOf 140 nondomesticated canids, 72.9% were DEA 1+ and 27.1% were DEA 1− using immunochromatographic technique and 74.3% were DEA 1+ and 25.7% were DEA 1− by flow cytometric technique.Crossmatch (XM) between 140 nondomesticated canid red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma from a previously DEA 1+ sensitized DEA 1− dog revealed 112 incompatibilities (80%). Crossmatches between 130 nondomesticated canid serum and 1 or up to 8 donor dogs' RBCs revealed 99 of 130 (76%) compatibilities. Crossmatches between 115 nondomesticated canid RBCs and donor dogs' serum revealed 59 of 115 (51%) compatibilities.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood type is present in nondomesticated canids with variable prevalence depending on species. The majority of tested nondomesticated canids appear to have no naturally occurring alloantibodies against domestic dogs' RBCs. Therefore xenotransfusion of blood from domestic dogs can be considered when species specific blood is not available. Cross matching is essential before xenotransfusion.

Preparation and Characterization of Dog Erythrocytic Membrane Antigen

Dog erythrocytic membrane antigen plays a major role for determining blood group. Structural and molecular characterization of erythrocytic membrane antigen improves the production of blood typing antisera, to study the auto antibody production in canine autoimmune haemolyticanemia. The proteins in the lipid domain arranged from the inside of the erythrocyte to the outside. The integral membrane proteins include membrane protein 3 visible in coomassie Brilliant blue-stained polyacrylamide gels. The erythrocyte cytoskeleton consists of spectrin, ankyrin, actin, and protein 4.1 form a filamentous network under the lipid bilayer of erythroctic membrane. The cytoskeletal proteins interact with integral proteins and lipids of the bilayer forms network for maintaining membrane integrity. The external clustering of membrane protein 3 creates a recognition site for auto antibodies. The auto antibodies from the erythrocytes of dogs with acute immune haemolytic anemia have similar electrophoretic mobility to the human erythrocyte Rh related proteins and glycoproteins and able to immunoprecipitate membrane proteins that on SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The DEA 1 blood group system consists of antigens 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 which are most significant in terms of transfusion reactions and alloantibodies produced against DEA 3, 5 and 7 are not much clinical significance. Blood samples collected from registered donor dogs and RBC membrane were isolated by hypotonic freeze thaw method. The ghost membrane and cytoplasmic marker were identified in western blot.

Production of immunoglobulin Y against dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1 from egg yolk

Production of immunoglobulin Y against dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1 from egg yolk

Characterization of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death (Eryptosis) in Dogs.

Suicidal erythrocyte death (eryptosis) is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface following a Ca2+ entry in the cell. Eryptosis is stimulated by increased cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress, energy depletion, or high osmotic shock. Eryptosis signaling includes p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), caspases, casein kinase 1 (CK1), janus kinase 3 (JAK3), and protein kinase C (PKC). Dog and human erythrocytes have different characteristics, for example, dog erythrocytes lack Na+/K+- ATPase activity. Whether eryptosis occurs in dog erythrocytes in an analogous way as that in humans remains unclear. Eryptosis in dogs has not been investigated. This study aimed to explore which stimulator and signaling molecules are involved in eryptosis in healthy dog erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were isolated from 10 dogs, and eryptosis was stimulated by oxidative stress with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH), high osmotic shock with excessive sucrose condition, energy depletion with minus glucose condition, and high [Ca2+]i with ionomycin. Phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated using annexin V binding. Erythrocyte volume and [Ca2+]i were measured by forward scatter and Fluo3-fluorescence, respectively. In addition, the role of certain mediators was assessed using the following inhibitors to determine the detailed mechanisms of eryptosis in dog erythrocytes: p38MAPK, caspase family, CK1, JAK3, and PKC inhibitors. All eryptosis-inducing factors resulted in phosphatidylserine exposures, except for ionomycin. In addition, the erythrocyte volume increased with ionomycin and tBOOH but decreased with excessive sucrose and minus glucose condition. All treatments increased [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, WH1-P154 and chelerythrine significantly blunted the increase of annexin V binding erythrocytes following the tBOOH treatment. Eryptosis in dogs is triggered by oxidative stress, hyperosmotic shock, and energy depletion. It is suggested that JAK3 and PKC play an important role in eryptosis following an oxidative stress in dog erythrocytes.

Prevalence of Dal blood type and dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA) 1, 4, and 7 in canine blood donors in Italy and Spain

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Dal, and DEA 1, 4, 7 blood types, in a population of canine blood donors from Italy and Spain. Three hundred and twenty blood donor dogs receiving an annual health evaluation were included in the study. DEA 1 blood type was determined using an immunochromatographic strip technique while Dal, DEA 4 and 7 blood types were determined with polyclonal antisera using agglutination on gel columns.ResultsOut of 320 dogs blood typed 7 (2 Cane Corso and 5 Doberman Pinschers) (2.2%) were Dal negative; 137 (42.8%) were positive for DEA 1; 320 (100%) were positive for DEA 4 and 43 (13.4%) were positive for DEA 7.ConclusionThis study showed a similar prevalence of DEA 1, 7 and 4 to that reported in previous studies in the same, and in different, geographic areas, and provides new data on the prevalence of the Dal blood group in Italy and Spain. There was no significant difference (P = 0.8409) between prevalence of Dal negative blood types found in our population (2.2%) and the prevalence reported in a canine blood donor population from the USA (2.5%). Our study identified Dal negative dogs in a previously tested breed i.e. Doberman Pinschers, but also the Cane Corso breed was found to have Dal negative dogs.

Occurrence of DEA1.1 in blood donor dogs in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

This study aimed to assess Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1.1 in donor dogs at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil, and review the relevant literature. The blood (60 samples; 1.5 mL volume, each) was collected in separate vacutainer tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and submitted for complete blood count; in addition, the samples were typed by RapidVet® based on agglutination due to specific interaction between DEA 1 antigen at the membrane surface of the erythrocyte and lyophilised murine monoclonal antibody on the test card. DEA1.1 positivity was observed in 81.6% (49 of 60) of test samples, while negative results were obtained in the remaining 18.3% (11 of 60). DEA 1.1 positive samples were comprised of 42.8% of purebred dogs and 38.3% of mixed breed dogs. With regard to sex in the DEA 1.1 positive group, 48.3% were male dogs and 33.3% were female dogs. The blood donor canine population showed high prevalence of DEA 1.1, which confirms that blood typing should be performed prior to blood transfusion in previously sensitised dogs.

Physiological peculiarities of dog’ blood erythrocytes in conditions of the Northern Black sea coast

Erythrocyte microscopy is an important step in the study of blood smears, which gives the researcher a lot of information and under certain conditions allows one to make a reliable diagnosis. This article presents new scientific data on the physiological characteristics of erythrocytes in dogs, the variability of their size and shape depending on age, sex and season of the year. The experiment was performed on 147 clinically healthy dogs of different ages, breeds and genders. Blood smears were stained by the Romanowski-Gimse method and subjected to light microscopy with oil immersion. It was found that physiological anisocytosis occurs in 34% of dogs, and 86% are unknown poikilocytosis, 10% – moderate and only 4% – severe. If we analyze the changes in cell size, macrocytic anisocytosis was observed more often in the blood smear of dogs (in 19% of cases), slightly less – macrocytic (14%) and only in one case megalocytic anisocytosis was detected. Every third case of anisocytosis was reported in dogs under 6 months of age. In spring, changes in the size of erythrocytes were detected in 59% of cases (in 10 dogs out of 17), in summer and autumn – 17-18% and in winter in 8% of the studied animals. Only 60% of the studied dogs were found to have normochromia by laboratory analysis. Moreover, hypochromia is 4.7 times more common than hyperchromia. Hyperchromia in dogs was more often recorded in spring (18%), hypochromia in autumn and spring (41–45%), and polychromia in summer (24% of the total number of studied dogs). Inclusions in the erythrocytes of dogs were found in 32% of experimental blood smears, with 85% of cases being Jolie bodies, 7.5% – Kebot rings, 5.6% – Heinz bodies and 1.9% – pseudo-inclusions. Physiological poikilocytosis was detected in 47.6% of blood smears of dogs, out of which in 35.4% of samples there was a slight poikilocytosis, in 11.6% – moderate and up to 1% – severe. The ones that were more frequently encountered were target cells and stomatocytes (14% each), acanthocytes (11%), echinocytes (5%), dacrinocytes (4%), spherocytes (3%), keratocytes (2%), schistocytes (2%), crescent-shaped cells (1% of the total number of studied smears). Poikilocytosis in dogs is more common in spring (82% of smears), slightly less in summer (up to 35%) and autumn (21%).

Frequency of dog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood group and risk of incompatible transfusion in dogs of different breeds and mongrels from the city of Salvador - BA, Brazil

The dog erythrocyte antigen 1 (DEA 1) is the most immunogenic blood group in dogs, and blood transfusions may trigger some undesirable effects in veterinary patients, which are directly associated with incompatible transfusions. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of positive DEA 1 blood group in blood donor dogs from a blood bank in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and also to calculate the risk of managing incompatible blood in both first and second transfusion. A number of 203 dogs of different breeds, aged between 1 and 8 years, weighing 28 kg, with no degree of kinship and of both sexes in Salvador - BA, Brazil were evaluated to investigate the blood type DEA 1 frequency, by means of chromatography and flow cytometry tests for blood typing. The risk of incompatible blood transfusion in either a first or a second transfusion was also calculated. The frequency of the DEA 1 group ranged from 0% to 100% in various breeds, but with a mean positivity of 62.07% (126/203). And the lowest risk of an DEA 1 negative animal receiving DEA 1 positive blood within the group of animals evaluated was 0.92% at a first transfusion; and the risk of the same animal receiving incompatible blood for the DEA group 1 in the second transfusion was 0.008%. The highest risk of an DEA 1 negative animal receiving DEA 1 positive blood from these animals was 69.12%; and the risk of receiving incompatible blood for DEA 1 was 47.77%. In conclusion, the frequency of the DEA 1 group varied between the studied breeds and the risk of incompatible blood transfusions varies according to donor and recipiente breeds, but this can be overridden if blood typing tests are performed along with the cross-reaction test for compatibility.