Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid Sodium Salt Research Articles

Characterization of carbons from olive cake by sorption of wastewater pollutants

Studies has been conducted to compare the sorption properties between raw carbons made from olive cake and commercial activated carbons to remove aquatic pollutant such as heavy metal (HM), phenol (Ph), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid–sodium salt detergent (DBSNa) and methylene blue dye (MB). Effect of acidic treatments by H 2SO 4, HCl and HNO 3 on the sorption properties of olive cake carbon (OCC) were studied by mass titration, SEM photographs, sorption isotherms. It is found that acidic treatment changes the surface properties of OCC but do not enhance its sorption capacity. Compared to commercial activated carbons the OCC derivatives generally are equally able to uptake HM and Ph from solution but MB and DBSNa are not. This different behaviour is to attribute to manufacturing and activation treatments so as surface groups of the precursor sorbent material. For the heavy metals, chromium and silver were removed effectively but to small extent cadmium. This may be because of the various charge densities of metal elements tested. The results of the multiple experiments indicate that sorption of cadmium ions can be significantly improved by the presence of complexing agents sorbed from the carbon. An empirical mathematical form is proposed to correlate experimental data and to compare the performance of the different sorbent materials.

Investigating the role of anionic surfactant and polymer morphology on the environmental stress cracking (ESC) of high-density polyethylene

The influence of a commercial grade and a pure anionic surfactant (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, DBS) in aqueous solutions on the environmental stress cracking (ESC) of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been investigated. Injection moulded HDPE samples in “dog-bone” shape were exposed to the aqueous solutions of surfactant (0.14 M) at 80 °C under strain ( ɛ = 1.2%) for 5 days. Both the commercial and pure surfactants caused cracks under the experimental conditions. The change in surface chemistry of the HDPE was followed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) did not show any significant differences in thermal stability of the samples studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, however, revealed an increase in crystallinity of the exposed samples. Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) indicated that the HDPE sample has a boundary of both preferred and random (isotropic) crystallite orientations close and far away from the injection moulding inlet, respectively. The structure of the surfactants in solution was investigated by light scattering (LS). This showed that the commercial grade surfactant forms large aggregates (e.g., 500 nm) both at room temperature and at the exposure temperature of 80 °C, whereas the pure surfactant has a critical micelle temperature (CMT) of around 45 °C. Below the CMT aggregates are formed, and above the CMT the surfactants are unimeric. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis revealed that the commercial surfactant has a wide distribution of hydrocarbon chains from C-10 to C-13, whereas the pure one contains predominantly hydrocarbon dodecyl (chain of C-12).

Enrichment of surfactant from its aqueous solution using ultrasonic atomization

Dilute aqueous solutions of dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS-Na) and polyoxyethylenenonylphenyl ethers (PONPEs) were ultrasonically atomized. The surfactants were concentrated in collected mist droplets. The enrichment ratio increased with decreasing surfactant concentration. Depending on the surfactant’s molecular weight and affinity to water, different enrichment ratio was observed in the range of low feed concentrations. For anionic surfactant, DBS-Na, the enrichment ratio was significantly improved by KCl addition and a peak appeared on the plot of the ratio against KCl concentration. Addition of NaCl or CaCl 2 · 2H 2O to the surfactant solution also enhanced the enrichment ratio; however, the effect was relatively small. Such behaviors of the ratio were interpreted as enhanced interfacial adsorption of the surfactant and a lack of supply of surfactant monomers from liquid bulk because of slow breaking of surfactant micelles. Time required for collecting an amount of mist was also observed. Among the three salt systems, the time for KCl system was twice as long as others. This fact suggested that the formation of smaller droplets in KCl system.

Synthesis and characterization of water soluble polypyrrole doped with functional dopants

Several soluble polypyrroles (Ppys) in organic solvents were prepared using functional dopants [di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt (NaDEHS), butylnaphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaBNS), or dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaDBSA)] as previously described, and the resulting soluble Ppys were treated with chlorosulfonic acid to provide chlorosulfonyl (–SO 2Cl) group functionalized Ppys. Subsequent treatment of these polymers with hot water yielded sulfonic acid (SO 3H)-bearing water soluble polypyrroles [Ppy(SO 3H)–DEHS, Ppy(SO 3H)–BNS, Ppy(SO 3H)–DBSA]. The extent of sulfonylation was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis and was proportional to the solubilities of the precursor polymers in organic solvent. Out of the series, Ppy(SO 3H)–DEHS powder showed the highest solubility (∼4% (w/v)) in water and film conductivity of ∼5×10 −1 S/cm. The charge carrier mechanism in accordance with the temperature change followed the typical 3D VRH model by σ= σ 0 exp[−( T 0/ T) 1/ n+1 ] formula, the VRH model of Mott. The sulfonic acid derivatized water soluble Ppy films showed reasonable thermal stability up to ∼180 °C as tested by TGA, and chemical stability in a wide range of pH.

Magnetic and conductive Fe 3O 4–polyaniline nanoparticles with core–shell structure

Magnetic and conducting Fe 3O 4–polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles with core–shell structure have been prepared in the presence of Fe 3O 4 magnetic fluid in aqueous solution containing dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaDS) as a surfactant and dopant. The conductivity of the composites at room temperature depended on Fe 3O 4 content and doping degree. The magnetic properties of the resulting composites showed ferromagnetic behavior, such as high-saturated magnetization ( M s=4.22–48.4 emu/g) and high coercive force ( H c=8–55.3 Oe). The saturated magnetization increased with the increasing Fe 3O 4 content. A structural characterization by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron micrograph (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), proved that nanometer-sized Fe 3O 4 (20–30 nm) in the composites was attributed to the ferromagnetic behavior of the composites. The average size of Fe 3O 4–polyaniline nanoparticles with core–shell structure was about 80 nm, and polydisperse. The results of TG, IR and UV spectra indicated that Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles could improve the composite thermal stability possibly due to the interaction between Fe 3O 4 particles and polyaniline backbone.

Synthesis and evolution of rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers to ZnO nanoparticles

A new route has been developed to prepare rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers using dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS) as a template. Rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers with diameters of 200–300 nm and lengths in the range of 5–20 µm were prepared successfully. The structure and morphology changes on heat treatment of the as-prepared product were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). By heating the rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers below 280 °C, rod-like anhydrous nano-scaled β-ZnC2O4 whiskers with several small holes were obtained. On increasing the temperature to 500 °C, the rod-like nano-scaled whiskers broke into ZnO nanoparticles with diameters of 50–60 nm and display wurtzite crystal structure. On heating the products to 1280 °C, the particles gradually melted into each other to form blocks with smooth surfaces which keep the same phase structure. When we compare the products of this method with the crystalline octahedron ZnC2O4·2H2O prepared in aqueous solution, we can conclude that the surfactant DBS plays a pivotal role in the shape and structure formation. ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers were formed in a microreactor formed by DBS, thus the size and shape of the microreactor determines and limits the product’s shape and diameter as well as the temperature.

Synthesis of Exfoliated PMMA/Na-MMT Nanocomposites via Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization

PMMA/Na-MMT nanocomposites were synthesized through a soap-free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). A conventional anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS-Na), was also used to compare with AMPS in the interaction with pristine Na-MMT. Both surfactants were intercalated into the layers of the pristine Na-MMT dispersed in water before polymerization. The nanocomposites with AMPS were exfoliated during polymerization because AMPS made the polymer end-tethered on pristine Na-MMT. The nanocomposites were exfoliated up to the 10 wt % content of pristine Na-MMT relative to the amount of MMA. The molecular weight of PMMA obtained from the nanocomposite with AMPS decreased, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) and storage modulus (E‘) of the nanocomposites became higher as the amount of Na-MMT increased.

Influence of some environmental substances on atrazine adsorption in Baiyangdian lake area soil

Soil environmental substances such as humic acids, nitrates and other organic substances, are major factors affecting adsorption of atrazine in soils. In this paper, the influence of humic acid (HA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (SDBS) and NH4NO3 on atrazine adsorption by soils was studied through batch equilibrium procedures and adsorption isotherm methods. The results showed that the Freundlich equation can be used to describe the adsorption isotherm of atrazine in soils. It can be found that the HA and SDBS enhance in varying degrees the adsorption capacity of atrazine in soil, except for NH4NO3.

Characterization of cholinesterase from guppy (Poecilia reticulata) muscle and its in vitro inhibition by environmental contaminants

With a view to using the cholinesterase (ChE) activity from guppy (Poecilia reticulata) muscle as a biomarker, the objectives of this work were: (i) to characterize the soluble cholinesterases present in muscle homogenate using different substrates and specific inhibitors, (ii) to determine the normal range of activity in non-exposed individuals and (iii) to investigate the in vitro effects of two common environmental contaminants, copper sulphate and dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DBS) on ChE activity. The rate of substrate hydrolysis of P. reticulata ChE decreased in the order acetylthiocholine, propionylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine. Inhibition by excess of substrate was observed at concentrations higher than 1.28 mM. Furthermore, eserine sulphate and 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one (BW284C51) significantly inhibited the enzyme activity at low concentrations (mM range) and N,N'-diisopropylphosphorodiamic acid (iso-OMPA) had no significant effect up to 8 mM. These findings suggest that the enzyme measured in this study is acetylcholinesterase. The activity determined in non-exposed fish was 145.1 ± 44.7 SD U mg−1 protein. The common environmental contaminants copper and DBS significantly inhibited P. reticulata ChE at concentrations that can be ecologically relevant.

The adsorption and corrosion inhibition of anion surfactants on aluminium surface in hydrochloric acid

The adsorption and corrosion inhibition of the anion surfactants such as Dodecyl Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (DSASS), Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt (DBSASS) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) on the aluminium surface in hydrochloric acid solution was studied using the weight loss method. It was found that the adsorption of surfactants could prevent aluminum from weight loss and the adsorption accorded with Langmuir equation. The thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption heat, adsorption entropy and adsorption free energy were calculated and the changes of the contact angles of aluminum sheets with and without surfactants were determined. According to the above mentioned experimental results, the relations between the adsorption and corrosion inhibition of the anion surfactants on aluminium surface were discussed.

Properties of Flame-Retarding Blends of Polycarbonate and Poly(Acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene)

Abstract Limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal degradation profile, morphology, and tensile strength and elongation at break of the flame-retarding polycarbonate (PC)-poly(acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene) (ABS) (7/3) blends were studied. The flame retardants used were huntite-hydromagnetite compounds (HHM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide. The LOI values were increased with the increase of TPP content, but they did not change significantly when the HHM was used as a flame retardant Glass transition temperatures of the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends were decreased significantly when TPP was added to the blends. This is mainly due to the plasticizing effect of the TPP on the PC-ABS (7/3) blends. In the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends, the LOI value, tensile strength, and elongation at break were measured and found to be 24.6 - 31.6%, 41.4 - 50.3 MPa, and 2.16 - 33.7%, respectively. These LOI values and mechanical properties were achieved when the TPP, zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide were used as flame retardants, and when dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt and dimethylsulfone were used as additives into the PC-ABS (7/3) blends.

Effect of Binary Surfactant Mixtures on the Stability of Asphalt Emulsions

The interfacial tension (IFT) of different asphalt components (aromatics, waxes, resins and asphaltenes) as 10% solutions in kerosene against different surfactant solution systems has been measured. The data revealed that both asphaltenes and waxes increased the IFT while aromatics and resins decreased it. The former two components are believed to destabilize asphalt emulsions, on the other hand, the latter two components facilitate asphalt emulsion formation and stability. A correlation between the rheological properties of the prepared asphalt emulsions by different binary and single surfactants mixtures and the stability of the emulsion was investigated. The flow curves of the different emulsion formulations clarified that the rheograms were found to attain plastic properties. The yield values, τB and plastic, and apparent viscosities, ξpl and ξapp respectively, were determined from these plots. The results showed that the enhancement of the rheological properties of the asphalt emulsions using different binary surfactant systems were in the following order: dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DDBS-Na)/decyl phenol ethoxylate e.o.= 15 (DPE-15)>1,1′ (lauryl amido)-propyl ammonium chloride (LAPAC)/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na>LAPAC. On the other hand, the order of emulsion stability is as follows: LAPAC>DDBS-Na/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na. The effect of the aqueous phase salinity up to 5% NaCl concentration on the stability of asphalt emulsions stabilized by different surfactant solutions systems is discussed. © 1997 SCI.

Effect of Binary Surfactant Mixtures on the Stability of Asphalt Emulsions

The interfacial tension (IFT) of different asphalt components (aromatics, waxes, resins and asphaltenes) as 10% solutions in kerosene against different surfactant solution systems has been measured. The data revealed that both asphaltenes and waxes increased the IFT while aromatics and resins decreased it. The former two components are believed to destabilize asphalt emulsions, on the other hand, the latter two components facilitate asphalt emulsion formation and stability. A correlation between the rheological properties of the prepared asphalt emulsions by different binary and single surfactants mixtures and the stability of the emulsion was investigated. The flow curves of the different emulsion formulations clarified that the rheograms were found to attain plastic properties. The yield values, τB and plastic, and apparent viscosities, ξpl and ξapp respectively, were determined from these plots. The results showed that the enhancement of the rheological properties of the asphalt emulsions using different binary surfactant systems were in the following order: dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DDBS-Na)/decyl phenol ethoxylate e.o.= 15 (DPE-15)>1,1′ (lauryl amido)-propyl ammonium chloride (LAPAC)/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na>LAPAC. On the other hand, the order of emulsion stability is as follows: LAPAC>DDBS-Na/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na. The effect of the aqueous phase salinity up to 5% NaCl concentration on the stability of asphalt emulsions stabilized by different surfactant solutions systems is discussed. © 1997 SCI.

Effect of electrolytes and process parameters on the electropolymerization of pyrrole onto carbon fibers

The effect of electrolytes such as toluene-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt (T4SNa), dodecyl-benzene-sulfonic acid sodium salt (DbSNa), alzarin red S monohydrate, and dilute sulfuric acid and reaction parameters, including the monomer concentration, electrolyte concentration, applied voltage, and the reaction time, on the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole onto carbon fibers was studied. The amount of polypyrrole coatings formed on the carbon fiber surface increased with increased monomer concentration, electrolyte concentration, applied voltage and reaction time, respectively, for each supporting electrolyte. However, the electrolyte concentration and applied voltage were shown to have a greater influence on the amount of polypyrrole coatings formed onto carbon fibers. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs show that the morphology of the coatings were dependent on the nature and concentration of the electrolyte. IR and elemental analysis of the coatings show that the counterion derived from the electrolyte was incorporated into the polypyrrole coatings. The elemental analysis of the coatings show that the ratio of pyrrole units to the counter ion is 2.64/1 for T4SNa, 2.79/1 for DbSNa, and 5.32/1 for sulfuric acid. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Rate parameter independence on the organic reactant: a study of adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of surfactants using MO 3TiO 2 (MMo or W) catalysts

The adsorption of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt (DBS), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and triton X-100 (TX-100) in aqueous solution on to TiO 2, MoO 3TiO 2 and WO 3TiO 2 photocatalysts has been studied. The sulphite group in DBS, the pyridinium ion in CPC and the ethoxyl group in TX-100 fix these surfactant molecules to the catalyst surface, leaving the hydrocarbon chains perpendicular to the surface plane of the catalyst. Irradiation of these surfactants in the presence of the above photocatalysts caused their degradation into carbon dioxide. After a 6 h irradiation period, over 80% reduction in chemical oxygen demand relative to its initial value was achieved. The first-order rate constants ( k) and dark absorption equilibrium constants ( K) were compared. It was found that k corresponds to a reaction step wherein surfactant molecules do not participate.

Estimation of critical micellar concentration through ultrasonic velocity measurements

AbstractA technique based on ultrasound propagation velocity measurements has been developed to investigate surfactant's behavior in aqueous solutions. Applications to the estimation of the critical micellar concentration of two emulsifiers, sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, and a mixture of them are discussed. A simple model was developed to interpret the experimental ultrasound propagation velocity measurements. The model provides a theoretical foundation to the experimental results as well as a valuable tool for smoothing out the disturbances affecting the experimental data. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Third-derivative spectrophotometric determination of neodymium and erbium in mixed rare earths with 2-(diphenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dione and dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt

The absorption spectra of 4f electron transitions of neodymium and erbium complexes with 2-(diphenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dione and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt have been studied by normal and derivative spectrophotometry. The use of third-derivative spectra both eliminates the interference from other REEs and enhances the sensitivity for neodymium and erbium. Beer's law is obeyed for ⩽21.6 µg cm–3 of neodymium and ⩽25.1 µg cm–3 of erbium. The detection limits (with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2) are 0.28 and 0.77 µg cm–3 for neodymium and erbium, respectively. A method for the direct determination of neodymium and erbium in mixed REEs and lanthanide–based samples with good accuracy and selectivity is described.

Calcium (45Ca2+) absorption by sorghum root tips during concomitant exposure to several surfactants

Abstract Calcium (45Ca2+) absorption by 1‐cm root tips of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv GP‐10] was significantly decreased by 16 mg/L lignosulfonic acid‐calcium salt; decreased by 5 mg/L but stimulated by 20 mg/L dodecylbenzenesulfonic acidsodium salt; decreased by >5 mg/L poly‐vinylpyrillidone K‐30; and stimulated by silica‐sodium salt (1 mg/L). These responses to common adjuvants indicate that the term “inert”; may be inaccurate.

Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on bentonite under estuarine and seawater conditions

The adsorption of cadmium and lead ions to natural iron bentonite has been studied in seawater of various dilutions. Both ions are well adsorbed under freshwater conditions. However, negligible adsorption of cadmium, as distinguished from lead ions was observed under seawater conditions. The influence of particular seawater constituents on the decrease in cadmium adsorption has been studied. Among the inorganic ions of seawater, magnesium and chloride show the greatest inhibiting effect. The inhibition of cadmium adsorption decreases in the order Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > Sr 2+. This is at variance with the ion-exchange theory and is probably due to the significant difference in concentration ratios of these elements found in seawater (Mg, 0.053; Ca, 0.010; Sr, 0.00015 mol dm −3). Organic ligands of marine origin, as well as selected sugars, amino sugars and amino acids, decrease cadmium adsorption, while artificial surface active substances (Triton X-100, dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid-sodium salt, dodecyl piridinium chloride), added in concentrations lower than the critical micellar concentration, show no effect. The experiments performed in this work suggest the mechanism of a self-purification ability of river water containing suspended bentonite. However, upon entering the sea, cadmium will be remobilized from the particles of the organically coated bentonite.

Foaming properties of surfactant solutions

The foaminess of liquids is generally defined by the foam volume that can be obtained from a unit volume of liquid. It is, however, not only a function of the material and the physicochemical conditions, but also strongly depends on the test method. The scope of our study was to investigate the relation between the different parameters of foam beating and the properties of the foams formed. Solutions of octyl-phenyl- n-glycolether, with the trade name Triton X-100 (T-100), dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid sodium salt (NaDBS), and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) were investigated. The foams were beaten in a thermostated cylindrical vessel with a vertical rotating cage, the speed of which can be changed. During foam beating, gas of constant flow rate was led into the vessel. The beater was stopped when a steady state was reached. The foam volume and the rate of liquid drainage were measured. The foams were characterized by the (average) expansion ratio, φ = V F/ V L, where V F is the foam volume and V L is the liquid content of the steady state foam. A sample of steady state foam was photographed, and the bubble size distribution and the foam surface area S were calculated. The surfactant concentration in the bottom liquid or the first parts of the drained liquid of the steady state foams was measured with high performance liquid chromatography and the surfactant adsorption on the foam surface was calculated. The expansion ratio of foams formed from T-100 solutions at 25°C decreases with the rotating speed. The solutions from NaDBS and CPB showed very similar behaviour. The effect of surfactant concentration, bulk viscosity and the diameter of the cage wire were investigated. An increase in the rotating speed or bulk viscosity, and a decrease in the wire diameter produced foams with smaller bubble size and higher specific surface area. The measurement of surfactant adsorption showed that the efficiency of surfactant extraction increases with decreasing concentration. The foam formation process can be defined as the building up of a new gas—liquid interface. The specific surface area obtained from unit volume of liquid can be a measure of the process, F f = Sφ. It was concluded from the F f data that the beater does not destroy the foam when its speed is increased up to a certain limit, but it redisperses the bubbles, resulting in a lower expansion ratio and bubble size.