Changes In Doctrine Research Articles

Kristen Progresif: Analisis Kritis Terhadap Penyimpangan Teologis dalam Pemikiran Modern

Progressive Christianity has emerged as one of the significant streams of thought in modern theology. This movement seeks to reinterpret Christian teachings by incorporating contemporary social and cultural values. However, the evolving understanding of Progressive Christianity often sparks debates over deviations from established orthodoxy and traditional Christian practices. This article aims to critically analyze Progressive Christianity, focusing on the theological deviations present in these new interpretations. The study explores the impact of progressive thought on the core principles of Christian faith and its consistency with traditional teachings. This research employs a qualitative approach using literature analysis methods. Primary and secondary sources relevant to Progressive Christianity and traditional Christian theology are critically examined to identify significant doctrinal changes and shifts. The findings reveal that Progressive Christianity tends to adopt secular values and flexible moral interpretations, often conflicting with traditional teachings. Certain concepts within Progressive Christianity, such as the reinterpretation of the Bible and fundamental doctrines, are seen as potentially diluting the core of Christian faith. Progressive Christianity presents a significant challenge to Christian orthodoxy by attempting to merge modern thought and contemporary interpretations into theology. This analysis indicates that while there is an intent to make the Christian faith more relevant to the modern world, such thinking can lead to deviations from the true foundations of Christian faith.

Implementation of Revolution in Military Affairs in the Russian and Ukrainian Wars

This research examines the implementation of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) concept in the Russian-Ukrainian War, focusing on its impact on military strategies and operational tactics. RMA involves transformative changes in military technology, doctrine, and organization, reshaping modern warfare. In this conflict, elements such as drone technology, cyber warfare, and network-based weapon systems have been pivotal. Using a descriptive analysis method, the study collected data from military reports, journal articles, and news sources to identify how RMA was applied by both sides and evaluate the influence of modern technology on the conflict's outcomes. The analysis focused on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), electronic warfare systems, and network-based defenses, which intensified the complexity and pace of operations. The findings reveal that both Russia and Ukraine adopted RMA elements, albeit with varying capabilities and effectiveness.

The Transformation of International Relations in East Asia at the End of the XX – Early XXI Centuries

The author examines the role of various institutions and countries in the transformation of the world order in East Asia during the period of the late XX – early XXI centuries. The work notes that at the end of the XX century, the American model of the regionalization process, carried out within the framework of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), dominated. However, due to the changes in the US foreign policy doctrine and the Asian economic crisis of 1997–1998, APEC, in the early 2000s, began to give way to ASEAN+, where Japan occupied the leading position. Since the mid-2000s, China has been strengthening due to successfully carried out economic reforms and the use of various integration platforms. As a result, China began to promote its own model of globalization and regionalization in the region, which challenged the American order not only in East Asia, but also in the Asia-Pacific region. In the late 2000s, Washington sought to regain lost positions in the region by promoting the Trans-Pacific Partnership integration project, which intensified the struggle between the leading powers for dominance in the region. As a result, in the 2010s. ASEAN+ and Japan are developing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) project, China is beginning to promote the Belt and Road international cooperation organization. As a result of the transformation of international relations caused by the movement of the world from unipolar to multipolar, there is a change in the transformation of the geopolitical situation in East Asia. The United States returned to the «traditional» methods of confrontation, increasing tension in the region and the world

The Use of History in American Military Doctrine

Abstract American military forces have been working on a major doctrinal change since the middle of the last decade to move away from counterinsurgency and toward large-scale conventional warfare. The introduction of the concept of Multi-Dimensional Operations (MDO) to fight peer competitors has been accompanied by extensive historical studies of previous conventional campaigns. This article looks at the lessons learned from one of the main recent collections of historical cases, the Army’s Large-Scale Combat Operations (LSCO) Series. The book series contains a large number of cases of major conventional war from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and demonstrates a clear break with doctrine and historical interpretation developed in Iraq and in Afghanistan. Two sets of historical cases from the LSCO series were chosen for this study, the analyses of the October 1973 War and of the Soviet experience in World War II. These were also two of the main cases that were used in the 1970s and 1980s to help develop AirLand Battle doctrine after Vietnam. The article examines the lessons learned from both of the cases in the LSCO Series and compares those to earlier lessons learned about the same cases in the 1970s and 1980s. In this way, it also finds that the U.S. Army believes that AirLand Battle doctrine continues to be relevant today from a historical standpoint of lessons learned.

Auditory System Injury on the Battlefield-Solutions for Point-of-Injury and Prolonged Casualty Care: A DOTmLPF-P Analysis.

"Good hearing" (DoDI 6030.03 6.5&6.6) is a combat multiplier, critical to service members' lethality and survivability on the battlefield. Exposure to an explosive blast or high-intensity continuous noise is common in operational settings with the potential to compromise both hearing and vestibular health and jeopardize safety and high-level mission performance. The Joint Trauma System Acoustic Trauma Clinical Practice Guideline was published in 2018, providing recommendations for the assessment and treatment of aural blast injuries and acoustic trauma in the forward deployed environment. Combat care capabilities responsive to current threat environments emphasize prolonged casualty care. Despite recommendations, auditory system health has not been assessed routinely or in its entirety on the battlefield. This is due primarily to the large footprint of an audiometric booth and to the heavy logistical burden of providing high-quality, comprehensive auditory system (including vestibular) examinations in the combat environment. The Defense Health Agency Hearing Center of Excellence has completed a Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership & Education, Personnel, Facilities, and Policy (DOTmLPF-P) analysis of battlefield auditory system assessment and treatment, using 67 existing DoD documents and artifacts related to operational medicine. Our analysis found that acoustic trauma is generally not addressed in any of the DOTmLPF-P domains. We recommend that auditory system assessment and treatment be incorporated across the continuum of care on the battlefield. This should be addressed through Prolonged Field Care and Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidance and in all Tactical Combat Casualty Care training programs. Equipment sets should be modified to include boothless technology and associated materiel for auditory system assessment. Policy and Doctrine changes would be required to mandate and support the implementation of these services. Uniformed audiologists should be added to the organizational structure at role 3 or higher to provide direct patient care; consult with other health care providers and commanders; develop and support enforcement of noise hazard guidelines; track hearing readiness; and, when necessary, provide specialized hearing protection devices that can compensate for hearing loss. These recommendations aim to help the DoD bring about necessary assessments and interventions for acoustic trauma so that service members can have better hearing outcomes and maintain critical auditory system function on the battlefield.

Questions of the effect of the law in the views of the philosophers of ancient Greece and ancient Rome

In the work, the author analyzed the ideas of the philosophers of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, in which the first ideas about law, its operation and effectiveness were formed. It was noted that the historical doctrinal analysis of law is an important method of studying law, which allows studying legal institutions and processes, on the one hand - in the sequence in which they arose, developed and changed each other, and, on the other hand - how they were perceived and understood what place they occupied in the history of legal thought.The current state of scientific understanding of the specified category is a consequence of the long-term formation of a multifaceted worldview perception of the specified phenomenon, which developed historically. Therefore, the answer to the question: how and when the category «action of law» arises, as it was perceived by thinkers and philosophers of the past, is mandatory for research in legal science, since, using the historical-legal method of scientific knowledge in combination with the method of logical analysis, we have the opportunity to follow important changes in the legal doctrine, its certain improvement, to analyze for ourselves the existing legal ideas about the operation of the law and to use them in the practical plane. Based on the analysis of the views of philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, Cicero, etc.), the conclusions were drawn that: 1) in the ideas of the thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome, the effect of law has not yet received its categorical distinction, while at the same time, they present the characteristics of law , which are provided from the point of view of the process and consequences of its spread to the territory of the respective state and to the population living there; 2) the teachings of antiquity about the state and the law were based on idealistic concepts of eternal justice, and the issue of its achievement and provision through the proper operation of the law had a secondary character; 3) significant attention in the views of thinkers was paid to natural law, and the question of the effectiveness of law mainly concerned positive (written) law, as such, which ensures the inviolability of the laws of nature by society and individuals; 4) legal ideas of thinkers laid not only the worldview basis for understanding the operation of law, but also influenced the further development of: a) worldview perception of law as an activity-oriented phenomenon; b) scientific knowledge of law as a functional phenomenon endowed with a set of regularities.

How to Think About Risks in US Military Innovation

Public discourse about military innovation in the United States tends to portray dramatic changes in technology, organisation and doctrine as desirable. Innovation is a gamble that new ways of war can supplant more traditional means and methods, but it is not always worth taking. Dynamics inherent to the innovation process make it challenging for militaries to properly manage risks. Military innovation is expensive in time and money, but is more likely to occur when these resources are scarce. Also, major innovation proposals usually need to overpromise to secure the necessary support, which sets the stage for future disappointment. Accordingly, defence policymakers should avoid emphasising disruptive innovation as a silver bullet. A more prudent path is to invest in active but incremental changes, as well as resourcing robust but deliberate testing and evaluation processes that avoid rushed development.

Achieving True Strict Product Liability (But Not For Plaintiffs With Fault)

Under modern tort law, the “strict” product liability cause of action does not impose true strict liability (liability without fault). This Article suggests that this counterintuitive development is not the byproduct of a policy choice. Instead, an unresolved doctrinal difficulty is responsible for the modern requirement that a plaintiff prove fault before winning on a “strict” product liability claim. The doctrinal difficulty is this: How can tort law impose liability on faultless product manufacturers while simultaneously preventing plaintiffs with fault from being able to recover under a true strict liability standard? This Article posits that both results are desirable—true strict product liability, but not for plaintiffs with fault—but that it is analytically difficult to assemble tort doctrine to get both results. Without a doctrinal solution that allows for both results, courts have (mostly) retreated from a true strict product liability standard. This Article offers a simple solution to this analytical/doctrinal riddle: Restoring the strict product liability cause of action such that it truly imposes liability without fault, while allowing defendants a contributory negligence (flat-bar) defense to this strict liability claim. Under this doctrinal change, plaintiffs without fault would be able to recover from manufacturers on a true strict product liability claim. Plaintiffs with fault, however, would be forced to pursue a negligence claim, meaning that their ability to recover would require them to show that the defendant also had fault. This doctrinal fix uses tools and concepts already familiar to modern tort law and is thus easily achievable. In fact, all that is necessary to effectuate this result is a simple, minor change to the current comparative fault jury instructions used in most jurisdictions.

How does Pope Francis’s support for same-sex civil unions, demonstrating the revolutionized attitude toward sexual minorities of the Vatican, promote the acceptance of LGBTQ+ groups by the public in general, and the Catholics in particular?

This paper evaluates actions that have been taken by Pope Francis to include people of the LGBTQ+ community into the Catholic Church, and the opportunities and risks of such actions as well as the problems arising from them. The work utilizes the theoretical framework developed by Max Weber to describe the context of these transformations. Pope Francis’s liberal views as showcased from his 2013 statement on endorsing same-sex civil unions can be identified as a shift in the Church’s attitude towards LGBTQ+ people. These actions have therefore promoted an atmosphere of acceptance among LGBTQ+ Catholics and have also provoked the rest of the Catholic society to change its perception towards the LGBTQ+. Public opinion has also changed to be more liberal concerning the Catholic Church under Francis’s papacy as indicated by polls. Nevertheless, criticism persists in the sense that there have been no doctrinal changes and there are still conservatives within the church who are opposed to change. This paper employs a qualitative synthesis of the current literature to examine the multifaceted effects of Pope Francis’s stance on LGBTQ+ acceptance and employs Weber’s sociology to explain the connection between religious institutions and social change.

Information Human Obligations: State and Prospects of Doctrine Interpretation

The world is not standing still, and the development of information technology is giving rise to even more new areas of social relations. It is only logical that new human rights and responsibilities arise. The sphere of information relations is quite new and is rapidly developing. While the international community and national authorities pay a fairly high level of attention to information rights by introducing special regulations, they pay less attention to obligations. This is due to the absence of a single unified act, and therefore, in general, the concept of duty is consistent with law, including in the field of information relations. This is the relevance of the study, which is driven by the rapid development of informational and legal relations and the improvement of the digital space, as well as the strict fulfillment of obligations arising from them. The purpose of this article is to emphasise the urgent need for doctrinal changes in the human rights system caused by the deep informatization of human life, in particular the interrelationships of information rights and human obligations, their prospects, and their significance for the promotion of human rights in the global information society. The results obtained will be useful for further research and will be aimed at improving the regulation of the process of fulfilling duties by participants in informational and legal relations. However, the study of the trajectory of the information progress of humanity and the understanding of information responsibilities, based on their inherent connection with the information rights of a person, can have not only a scientific sense but also a positive contribution to the development of human rights in the information society.

Federalism and the Paramountcy Doctrine

Federal systems require individuals to comply with laws enacted by more than one order of government. At times, the laws enacted by each order may overlap, and different approaches have been adopted to deal with this situation. In Canada, this is done through the paramountcy doctrine, which permits a court to render a law inoperative when faced with two valid but conflicting laws adopted by different orders of government. However, despite being a staple of constitutional law for over a century, the paramountcy doctrine has been the subject of important doctrinal fluctuations over the years. For the time being, the doctrine includes a narrow branch known as the operational conflict branch and a broader — and sometimes controversial — branch known as the federal purpose branch. In its 2015 trilogy on the subject, the Supreme Court of Canada clarified the precise parameters of the doctrine while also noting in obiter that further doctrinal change may be on the horizon.

Causes of the Failure of Russian Aviation in Achieving Air Supremacy in the Ukraine Conflict and Subsequent Influences on Its Evolution

The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022.

Cauze ale eșecului aviației ruse în obținerea supremației aeriene în conflictul din Ucraina și influențele ulterioare în derularea acestuia

The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022.

The Oligarchic Courthouse: Jurisdiction, Corporate Power, and Democratic Decline

Jurisdiction is foundational to the exercise of judicial power. It is precisely for this reason that subject matter jurisdiction, the species of judicial power that gives a court authority to resolve a dispute, has today come to the center of a struggle between corporate litigants and the regulatory state. In a pronounced trend, corporations are using jurisdictional maneuvers to manipulate forum choice. Along the way, they are wearing out less-resourced parties, circumventing hearings on the merits, and insulating themselves from laws that seek to govern their behavior. Corporations have done so by making creative arguments to lock plaintiffs out of court and push them into arbitration, and failing that, to lock plaintiffs into federal court rather than state court, or to punt federal cases to administrative agencies that may lack the power or will to resolve the underlying issues in the case. These efforts have largely been successful. This Article offers a panoramic view of how over recent decades federal courts have acquiesced in a corporate-driven effort to leverage jurisdictional doctrines to their unique private advantage, and contends that together, these doctrinal changes constitute an inflection point in U.S. law and procedure. We argue that corporate adjudicatory practice has slanted judicial power in favor of deregulatory efforts that undermine legal commitments to equality, dignity, and participation. The shifts in jurisdiction, which may seem to be merely technical and apolitical, are a core part of the architecture of what we call the oligarchic courthouse—one where courts as public institutions transform their procedures to meet private, corporate interests at the expense of public goals, thereby cementing economic power and translating it into concentrated political power that undermines the possibility of robust democratic life. The trends we describe in federal subject matter jurisdiction resonate with earlier corporate battles at the turn of the twentieth century. But the construction of today’s oligarchic courthouse holds implications for democracy that are not simply a reprise of earlier corporate efforts. To show the scope of the implications, the Article steps back and clarifies why jurisdiction matters to democracy. Drawing on law and social mobilization literature, we argue that jurisdiction functions as a political resource that facilitates opportunities for democratic contestation and both reflects and shapes the openness and closedness of the state. Having centered jurisdiction in a larger account of democracy, we explore how the oligarchic courthouse, by entrenching economic power and narrowing participatory options for workers, consumers, and other less-resourced litigants, can be nested in a larger account of democratic decline in the United States.

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In the modern world, which is characterized by rapid changes in the geopolitical landscape, technologies and socio-economic conditions, the issue of adaptation of military structures, in particular in the aspect of career development of the officer ranks, is gaining special relevance. This becomes especially important in the context of the long war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, so the career growth of officers gains both professional and strategic importance. In general, career development at the National Guard of Ukraine is a dynamic process that requires a holistic approach, including management selection, assessment, planning, skill development, adaptation to new conditions, and continuous self-improvement. This process not only contributes to the realization of individual career goals of officers, but also ensures the effective functioning and development of the military organization as a whole. The study identifies factors that affect the professional development of officers during the development of an algorithm for managing the career of the National Guard of Ukraine officer, and at the same time provide modern challenges and needs for the selection of managerial personnel. Particular attention is paid to establishing clear criteria that reflect the current level of officer professionalism. These include task execution, unit command and resource management, as well as the ability to innovate, think strategically and contribute to the development of the National Guard of Ukraine military system as a whole. The role of military-political changes in the formation of career paths of the National Guard of Ukraine officers is revealed. International conflicts, reforms of military structures, technological innovations and changes in military doctrine affect the requirements for officers and also open up new opportunities for career growth. In this context, there is a need to develop and implement an effective career management algorithm that takes into account these changing factors and stimulates continuous self-improvement and learning, which is key to ensuring an effective and flexible career development system at the National Guard of Ukraine. This approach allows not only to meet current management recruitment requirements, but also to predict future needs, adapt and ensure that the officer corps will be prepared to solve tasks both today and in the future. Further scientific research is needed in the areas of integration of the proposed career management algorithm into the practical activities of the National Guard of Ukraine, internal issues of updating educational programs and taking into account psychological aspects in career development, as well as the issue of selecting managerial personnel for the components of the security and defense sector of Ukraine.

Bătălia Kievului ‒ considerații privind desfășurarea operațiilior militare la nivel tactic ‒

"The military operations conducted on the territory of Ukraine during the conflict started by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022 show that the chances for large-scale combat operations in Europe have significantly increased. Consequently, the way those operations are carried out must be carefully reconsidered. Adapting to the requirements of the modern battlefield requires a rapid multi-domain integration of new technologies and modern weapon systems. Therefore, doctrinal changes are required. There is no doubt that the Battle of Kiev is a valuable source of information for military leaders, regarding the conduct of military operations at each level. Therefore, a pertinent analysis in relation to the factors that have contributed to the battle’s outcome could be very helpful. The main objective of the analysis is to highlight lessons on the topic of planning and carrying out military operations at tactical level. It emphasises both the determining factors for the failure of the Russian offensive and the features that gave the Ukrainian forces the upper hand, ensuring the successful defence operation. The research methodology is based on the qualitative evaluation of the available information, to enable an assessment of the battle from the combat functions perspective with the aim to identify possible gaps in Western armies’ way to carry out combat operations."

Bătălia Kievului ‒ considerații privind desfășurarea operațiilior militare la nivel tactic ‒

"The military operations conducted on the territory of Ukraine during the conflict started by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022 show that the chances for large-scale combat operations in Europe have significantly increased. Consequently, the way those operations are carried out must be carefully reconsidered. Adapting to the requirements of the modern battlefield requires a rapid multi-domain integration of new technologies and modern weapon systems. Therefore, doctrinal changes are required. There is no doubt that the Battle of Kiev is a valuable source of information for military leaders, regarding the conduct of military operations at each level. Therefore, a pertinent analysis in relation to the factors that have contributed to the battle’s outcome could be very helpful. The main objective of the analysis is to highlight lessons on the topic of planning and carrying out military operations at tactical level. It emphasises both the determining factors for the failure of the Russian offensive and the features that gave the Ukrainian forces the upper hand, ensuring the successful defence operation. The research methodology is based on the qualitative evaluation of the available information, to enable an assessment of the battle from the combat functions perspective with the aim to identify possible gaps in Western armies’ way to carry out combat operations."

"The Battle of Kyiv – Aspects Regarding the Conduct of Military Operations at Tactical Level –"

"The military operations conducted on the territory of Ukraine during the conflict started by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022 show that the chances for large-scale combat operations in Europe have significantly increased. Consequently, the way those operations are carried out must be carefully reconsidered. Adapting to the requirements of the modern battlefield requires a rapid multi-domain integration of new technologies and modern weapon systems. Therefore, doctrinal changes are required. There is no doubt that the Battle of Kiev is a valuable source of information for military leaders, regarding the conduct of military operations at each level. Therefore, a pertinent analysis in relation to the factors that have contributed to the battle’s outcome could be very helpful. The main objective of the analysis is to highlight lessons on the topic of planning and carrying out military operations at tactical level. It emphasises both the determining factors for the failure of the Russian offensive and the features that gave the Ukrainian forces the upper hand, ensuring the successful defence operation. The research methodology is based on the qualitative evaluation of the available information, to enable an assessment of the battle from the combat functions perspective with the aim to identify possible gaps in Western armies’ way to carry out combat operations."

The Development of Russian Military Doctrine Post Cold War and Its Implications For Ukrain

Russia's decision to carry out an attack on Ukraine by conducting a special military operation or invasion was carried out on the grounds of protecting its national interests. Military doctrine, which is defined as a guideline and strategy, becomes one of the bases for formulating a country's defense policy and foreign policy in establishing cooperation or conducting conflict. This study aims to understand Russia's post-cold war military defense doctrine, which became the basis for its actions to carry out military attacks on Ukraine. The method in this research is descriptive by referring to the literature and reliable documents. Collecting data using literature review of various documents, journals and news as well as data analysis using qualitative. The results of the study show that the military operations carried out by Russia in Ukraine are inseparable from changes in military doctrine carried out after the cold war which made the nature of defense more offensive. This military doctrine later became one of the cornerstones in formulating its defense policy, including the decision to invade Ukraine

Nor shadow of turning: Anthropological reflections on theological critiques of doctrinal change

AbstractTo all intents and purposes, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Brethren of Gamrie, and the Orange Order each claim a monopoly over theological truth, believing that they are right and that everyone else is wrong. Such a position is hardly exceptional – strong versions of pluralism take precisely this same monopolistic stance, calling, in effect, for a rejection of anything that rejects anything. Through an examination of such exceptionalist logics, this article seeks to provoke the anthropology of religion to ask certain questions about the social life of theological truth claims. Importantly, by asking anthropological questions (what makes a truth claim ‘stick’; what difference does it make in the world?), the anthropologist of religion is likely to encounter theological questions posed in response. Where does truth come from? What makes it true? What does such truth demand? While answering a question with another question is not always very revealing, this article suggests that in this case it might be, especially if some genuine attempt is made to answer the latter theological questions as a route to answering the former anthropological ones. More specifically, this article argues that anthropology might learn something about the nature of religious change, and changes to religious beliefs, if it first attempts to makes sense of (in this case, Protestant Fundamentalist) theological critiques of doctrinal change.