Changes In Doctrine Research Articles

From the Western Front to the Heights of Ankara

Abstract The Defence in Depth tactical doctrine was developed by the German Army during the First World War in order to overcome the increasing French and British offensive capability on the Western Front. This article attempts to analyse how the Turkish High Command accepted and implemented the German Defence in Depth doctrine as a guiding principle during the defensive and pivotal Battle of Sakarya (1921) as a part of the 1919–1922 war with Greece. Despite the sudden change of tactical doctrine and lack of experience, the Turkish Army successfully employed it, and the new tactics proved instrumental in the Turkish victory. Although the Germans designed this concept for trench warfare, the Battle of Sakarya proved that it could also be applied, with some modification, to a war of manoeuvre.

THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN MAINTAINING COMBAT POWER DURING CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS

The contemporary security environment is undergoing periodical radical changes in which more and more diversified threats are emerging, determining that the age in which we live is marked by crises of a different nature. That is why the use of intelligence has become a concern of military and political decision makers, especially in terms of its integration into combat functions to ensure and maintain a high combat capability and thus the combat power necessary to achieve objectives / mission. The peculiarities and specific features of modern / contemporary military conflicts, as well as the influence of technological evolution or, as specialists call it, the revolution in military affairs has led to changes including in the field of military intelligence, which is essential to keep up with the present and anticipate the future. These changes have led to changes in the place and role of military intelligence in the military phenomenon, changes in doctrines, techniques, tactics and procedures, and the readjustment of requirements to the changes applied. Military intelligence structures must be conceptually integrated and not only with the other collection capabilities of the National Defence System, Public Order and National Security.

REFORM OF THE COMMAND STRUCTURES OF THE MILITARY ENGINEERING BRANCH IN THE PERIOD 1989-2021


 Following the events of 1989 a radical change of the Romanian political regime took place, a change that had as main effect the democratization of the Romanian society, with special implications of a political, economic, social and implicit military nature. From a military point of view, the Romanian Army underwent extensive transformations that took place in several successive stages. These consisted of starting the process of modernizing the military body on all levels: doctrinal and organizational changes in command and force structures, the concepts of training and their use in operations, and starting the process of replacing certain categories of equipment and some categories of weapons systems with newer and more efficient ones. All these transformations also affected the military engineering branch, in terms of the organization and attributions of the engineer command structures, as well as the structure of engineer forces, on the line of organization, endowment, training. In the following lines we will make a brief review of the transformations to which the Romanian Army was subjected, and implicitly, the military engineering command structures, in the period after 1989.

Medical Law and Rhetorical Modes of its Presentation in an Institutional Discourse: An Issue Statement

As a result of rhetoric studies development in a specific medicine and healthcare field of interaction, scholars determined the grounds based on which rhetoric of law and medicine is singled out as a subfield of rhetoric. While medicine rhetoric is more focused on the rhetoric of science, the rhetoric analysis of substantive areas of medical law and healthcare prove that application of medicine rhetoric methodology to the areas of medical law results in dehumanization of the subjects of medical law; state healthcare policy implementation is perceived by affected communities as marketization of a national healthcare system; changes in medical law doctrines result in ethical shifts. The authors conclude that development of technologies in general and medical technologies in particular, public access to medical investigations’ results and inception of bioethics have resulted in the situation when the subjects of medical law are required to develop new approaches to communication with the audiences (or affected communities) based on rhetorical concepts.

The Ancient Order of Things: Essays on the Mormon Temple

The Ancient Order of Things: Essays on the Mormon Temple

Imagining total onslaught: South African military threat scenarios and doctrinal change, 1953–1975

ABSTRACT The Apartheid-era South African military (SADF) underwent dramatic peacetime changes, from a small and underfunded expeditionary element of Commonwealth forces in the 1950s to a regime bulwark with regional capabilities under ‘Total Strategy’ in the mid-1970s. By comparing internal assessments, changes in the SADF’s official view of future wars are traced through security crises of the 1960s and 1970s. Shifting future war perceptions were shaped by the interplay of organizational-political needs during crises of legitimacy for the military. These shifts in future war perception motivated strategic and operational-tactical doctrinal change and shaped the military’s view of security crises.

Evolusi Doktrin Pertahanan Indonesia sebagai Negara Maritim

Indonesia's foreign policy in the era of President Joko Widodo's administration focused on national maritime awareness. With its strategic geographic and geopolitical potential, it is realized that there are also potential threats. By using qualitative research method and the concept of Revolution on Military Affairs, this article discusses the increase and adjustment of national maritime defense posture, and also the changes in military doctrine that followed by strategic policies supporting the Revolution on Military Affairs in Indonesia as a maritime country.

A DIAGNOSIS OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY CAPABILITY IN A SITUATION OF AN ESCALATION OF HOSTILITY IN UKRAINE AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SAFETY OF THE EASTERN NATO FLANK

The paper presents the results of research, whose main goal is to evaluate the aviation and rocket capability of the armed forces of the Russian Federation and Ukraine in terms of a possible launch of regular warfare. The authors primarily focus on changes in the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, which have created legal determinants of the use of armed forces outside the country’s territory in defense of national minorities, illustrated by taking control of Crimea. The authors also stress Russia’s military plans, including the development directions of the potential of armed forces as well as a possible threat to the security of the eastern NATO’s flank in the event of a conflict in Ukraine. In this respect, the capabilities of the air defense of countries on the eastern NATO flank, particularly Poland’s capability, were analyzed.

Development and Transformation of the Indian Nuclear Doctrine

Indian rationale for developing nuclear weapons is embedded in Article 51 of United Nations (UN) Charter. After analyzing the changes in Indian defence procurements, a huge defence spending and public statements issued by the former and incumbent Indian government official authors presume India is changing its nuclear posture. New Delhi is discarding earlier publicly stated No-First Use (NFU) posture with ready or super ready status. It is replacing Credible Minimum Deterrent (CMD) posture with overkill capacity. India revived earlier announced Cold Start Doctrine (CSD). The objective of this paper is to review changes in Indian nuclear doctrine and capabilities and implications for Pakistan security. However a qualitative method is used for the completion of this research. Paramount aim of nuclear signaling is to avoid outbreak of violence. The findings of this paper include dividing Indian strategic community into leftists/rightists. Further, abovementioned changes can result in Indian preemptive strike against Pakistan or inadvertent or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons. The region is ripe for nuclear exchange. South Asia is nuclear flashpoint. In conclusion, Pakistan needs to expedite its diplomatic efforts to highlight changes introduced by India. Islamabad should follow North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) strategy to solidify its conventional and nuclear armed force structure to deter militarily powerful enemy

"Second-Class" Rhetoric, Ideology, and Doctrinal Change

A common refrain in current constitutional discourse is that lawmakers and judges are systematically disfavoring certain rights. This allegation has been made about the rights to free speech and free exercise of religion, but it is most prominent in debates about the right to keep and bear arms. Such “second-class” treatment, the argument goes, signals that the Supreme Court must intervene aggressively to police the disrespected rights. Past empirical work casts doubt on the descriptive claim that judges and policymakers are disrespecting the Second Amendment, but that simply highlights how little we know about how the second-class argument functions as a matter of rhetoric. What do people mean when they allege that a constitutional right is subject to second-class treatment? What are the relevant audiences for these arguments? And how does such rhetoric travel throughout the legal system—from briefs, for example, into court opinions? In this Article, we use Second Amendment litigation to illuminate the complex interplay between attorneys and judges invoking the second-class claim. After situating the second-class argument in the literature on law and rhetoric, we empirically investigate its development by isolating each use of second-class rhetoric in briefs and opinions in the decade following District of Columbia v. Heller. We show that the second-class argument is, indeed, increasingly prevalent in litigation as a justification for enhanced judicial protection of the Second Amendment. We also find support for the proposition that advocates use the second-class claim differently depending on the court they are in. Finally, we show how the second-class claim is ideological, appealing to a small but growing number of Republican-nominated judges. Our analysis provides a clearer picture of an increasingly common argument that has the potential to shape individual rights jurisprudence for years to come. And by illustrating a more nuanced picture of how a consequential legal argument operates on a rhetorical level, we hope to advance our understanding of how constitutional change happens.

Do Unto Others in War? The Golden Rule in Law of Armed Conflict Training

ABSTRACT Training on the Law of armed conflict (LOAC) employs different rationales to motivate soldiers and to induce their compliance with LOAC rules. Of these, none is as controversial, or as potentially contradictory, as the Golden Rule. This article analyzes the role of the Golden Rule in historical and contemporary LOAC training material, including manuals, pamphlets, circulars, and films. Research findings suggest that the Golden Rule message corresponds with changes in military training and doctrine that emerged as a result of Vietnam War violations. Furthermore, the Golden Rule is conceptually dynamic, having both positive and negative formulations that are tied to the larger concept of reciprocity. This article concludes with a discussion of possible contradictory interpretations of the Golden Rule and prospects for future research. Since this is the first systematic examination of the Golden Rule in LOAC training material, the author hopes that it will provide a foundation for further dialogue and research.

OUR ANTI-KOREMATSU

OUR ANTI-<i>KOREMATSU</i>

A Revolution in Catholic Thought on Poverty: Engaging the Poor Means Engaging in History

AbstractPerhaps nowhere else has the Vatican II document Gaudium et Spes been appropriated more radically and completely than by the Catholic Church of Latin America. The gathering of bishops at Medellín, Colombia in 1968 and the documents produced there represent a significant appropriation of the new possibilities opened up by Gaudium et Spes. The new emphasis on “justice” allowed the church to leave older “charity” approaches aside and the “dynamism” embodied by social doctrinal change would allow this episcopal body to affirm a preferential option for the poor that was both multifaceted and revolutionary. A careful consideration of documents from the Medellín Conference reveals the strong influence of Gaudium et Spes, especially in how the Latin American Church moved beyond the traditional societas perfectas model of church/state relations indicative of past centuries with its new commitment to transforming the world. This article highlights certain texts of Gaudium et Spes and their influence upon the Medellín documents.

Maxims, Principles and Legal Change: Maritime Law in Merchant and Legal Culture (Low Countries, 16 th Century)

Abstract In the course of the sixteenth century, in the Low Countries maritime law was changing. At first, damages caused during maritime transport (“averages”) were compensated on the basis of customs of limited scope and calculation, starting from “facts and figures”. From the 1550s onwards, legal scholars developed new views; they revised norms, some of which came from below, while others were imposed by the sovereign. Both in legislation and in jurisprudential commentaries, the Roman rules of general average were revived. The legal authors made use of a more principled, humanistic method of interpretation. Their views did not contradict mercantile opinions; instead, merchants called for necessary adjustments of the law. The changes in doctrine and legislation responded to developments in the organization of the maritime industry. Although the legal scholars could have doubts about the older rules and how to reconcile them with a principled approach, their contribution to updating the rules was crucial.

A Note on the Quantitative Analysis of Hadith

Hiroyuki Yanagihashi observes how recent developments make the quantitative analysis of ḥadīths a “promising” endeavor. The question then becomes: why and how the text of certain ḥadīths, taken literally, appear to contradict established Sunnī legal doctrine? The logical presumption is that either traditionists transmitted the jurisprudence of ancient legal systems that were eventually replaced by later-derived fiqh rulings or they reformulated the ḥadīths in the process of transmission to develop the rulings underlying those later legal systems. By way of example, and to investigate these possibilities, Yanagihashi proposes quantitative analysis to trace variations within the texts of two prominent ḥadīths over the course of more than a century. His analysis yields conclusions that corroborate other work in ḥadīth­­-related studies from recent years (e.g., those of Behnam Sadeghi on a larger scale in his “Traveling Tradition Test,” and Intisar Rabb with respect to a select ḥadīth in her evaluation of the doubt canon, and others): an increase in textual variation does not necessarily correspond to a change in legal doctrine; the number of variants can increase over time, even after the compilation of Sunnī Islam’s six canonical ḥadīth collections. His methods represent and propose new directions for quantitative analysis at the intersection of ḥadīth and law in early Islamic history.

Explaining Military Change in China: Reintroducing Civilian Intervention

ABSTRACT Since the mid-1990s, the operational doctrine of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has increasingly focused on jointness. For two decades, however, the PLA’s organizational structure did not adapt accordingly. A major reform was eventually passed in 2015, with the establishment of a new joint operational command system. This 20-year institutional lag is explained by the changing pattern of civilian intervention in military affairs. Even more than doctrinal change, organizational change is likely to be met with resistance from within the military. A facilitating role is then played by civilians who provide external support to pro-reform senior military officers. Yet, such external support depends on the state of civil–military relations, which determines the room for civilian intervention in the military sphere.

JDN 2-19: Hitting the Target but Missing the Mark

Predoctrinal deliberations about the employment of the US armed forces, captured in Joint Doctrine Notes, remain critically understudied. Using comparative text analysis, this article identifies changes in recent Joint Doctrine Note depictions of military strategy. These changes risk distorting the logic of military strategy, sacrificing means-ends integration to organizational impulse, and raising the prospect of future shortfalls in US strategic effectiveness.

“She Blinded Me with Science”: The Use of Science Frames in Abortion Litigation before the Supreme Court

While much of the work on amicus briefs focuses on whether such briefs affect Supreme Court outcomes or doctrine, much less is known about the content of these briefs, particularly how groups opt to frame issues as part of their litigation strategy. In this study, I leverage an approach to content analysis that has previously been used to analyze judicial opinions and use it to assess the frames used by amicus groups in a single policy area over four decades. Using an original dataset of amicus briefs filed in Supreme Court cases on the right to abortion, I test the claim from the social movement literature that antiabortion groups have adopted the language of science in the post-Roe era. However, I find only limited support for such a shift, suggesting that litigation strategies may not track framing approaches used in other venues. Among antiabortion amici, only health organizations rely upon science framing, partially neutralizing the monopoly that prochoice health organizations had established with respect to scientific claims. By comparison, prochoice groups generally employ more science framing in their briefs than prolife groups and show evidence of calibrating this frame in response to changes in doctrine and court composition. Beyond its contributions to illuminating the movement-countermovement dynamics in abortion litigation, this study offers an approach that could be easily adapted to the study of other policy areas, contributes to the literature on social movements and framing, and advances our understanding of how organized interests assert themselves through the amicus curiae brief.

A mercenary army of the poor? Technological change and the demographic composition of the post-9/11 U.S. military

ABSTRACT We test two sets of alternative hypotheses about the demographic composition of the U.S. armed forces. We analyse individual-level data of two national representative samples covering the period 1979–2008. We find that, in contrast to the accepted wisdom, the U.S. military no longer primarily recruits individuals from the most disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds. Technological, tactical, operational and doctrinal changes have led to a change in the demand for personnel. As a result, on different metrics such as family income and family wealth as well as cognitive abilities, military personnel are on average like the average American citizen or slightly better.

Transformaciya vneshnepoliticheskogo kursa Kitajskoj Narodnoj Respubliki v 1949—1976 gg.

The article is devoted to the comprehension of changes in foreign policy of Communist China during Mao Zedong's rule - in late 1940s - mid 1970s. The authors investigate the causes and consequences of fundamental changes in the Chinese foreign policy doctrine, taking into account the whole range of objective and subjective factors that led to the deterioration of the Soviet-Chinese relations and the beginning of rapprochement between China and the USA.