DNA Encryption Research Articles

Towards next-generation DNA encryption via an expanded genetic system

Abstract Information encryption based on DNA data archiving, referred to as DNA encryption, has been advocated for decades and has become highly appealing owing to its remarkable advantages, e.g., high storage capacity, complexity and programmability. Early DNA encryption schemes primarily leveraged the natural four-letter genetic alphabet for data storage, with message-storing DNA sequences easily decrypted by routine DNA sequencing, which is consequently vulnerable to attack and faces severe security challenges. Here, an unnatural base pair (UBP), dNaM-dTPT3, was introduced into the message and/or index DNA sequences, which can be stored either in vitro or in vivo; this approach achieved the bioorthogonal encryption of “secret” messages, where message DNAs could be selectively, faithfully and readily retrieved or read exclusively in the presence of unnatural bases. Furthermore, a separative computational algorithm, named IM-Codec, was developed to encrypt the data into a “key sequence” (KS) and an “information sequence” (IS) through UBP insertion. Finally, a UBP-based multilevel DNA encryption approach was developed and validated for data encryption and decryption. The employment of the UBP expanded genetic system for data encryption should provide valuable solutions for archiving highly confidential data and thus usher in a new era of DNA encryption.

Node Localization Based on Unsupervised Approach and Secure Routing for Healthcare Management in Delay‐Tolerant Network

ABSTRACTThe ability of the current global healthcare system to continue providing high‐quality medical care has been questioned. By using delay‐tolerant networks (DTNs) in healthcare management, people that spend a lot of time treating illnesses are exposed to more people while also putting their lives in danger. Unsupervised approach‐based node localization and secure routing in DTNs are developed in the proposed method. The proposed adaptive density‐based localization algorithm is constructed in two modules. The entire network is clustered depending on density utilizing density‐based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). An RSA‐based location estimation algorithm is employed to identify the unlocalized node within each cluster. After finding the location of each node, routing mechanism is carried out. An adaptive spray and wait routing strategy is utilized in the proposed method. When a node only has one copy of a message, the spray and wait, routing mechanism moves the relay node while it waits for the destination to be countered. Then modified DNA encryption algorithm is applied for secure data transmission. It is used for encrypting the information before storing it in the network. The trusted center will generate the private key needed for encrypting the data based on the sensitivity level of the information. This proposed algorithm is tested with several metrics which attain better performance, like 94% localization accuracy, 6% localization error, average residual energy of 93%, 5.7 Mbps throughput, 18% encryption time, and 14% decryption time. Thus, the techniques used in the proposed approach are the best choice for node localization, energy efficiency, and secure data transmission in DTN.

Synergistic Commutative Algorithm for Securing Vector Spatial Data via GD‐PBIBD Fingerprint Encoding and Data Encryption

ABSTRACTAs a fundamental component that supports business connectivity and enables intelligent decision‐making, vector spatial data encounter increasing copyright and security challenges throughout their lifecycle. There is an imminent need for a comprehensive lifecycle protection solution to ensure data security and adherence to copyright laws. This study introduces an integrated protection scheme designed to address copyright and security issues across the entire lifecycle of vector spatial data. First, DNA encryption is applied to the vector spatial data, with the key subsequently encrypted using the RSA public key. Concurrently, GD‐PBIBD fingerprint encoding is used to generate a fingerprint sequence. Thereafter, this sequence is scrambled using logistic mapping, and a quantization mechanism embeds the scrambled fingerprint sequence into the coordinates. Subsequently, the RSA private key is used to decrypt the key and extract the fingerprint information. Finally, logistic mapping is employed to restore the fingerprint sequence, and Hamming distance calculations are used to identify colluding users and trace potential data leaks. Experimental studies indicate that the proposed DNA encryption algorithm is effective for various types of vector spatial data, including point, polyline, and polygon data. It features a large key space and high key sensitivity. Furthermore, the GD‐PBIBD fingerprint encoding is simple to construct, offers excellent imperceptibility, and provides robust resistance to both single‐ and multi‐user attacks. This research addresses the gap in full lifecycle copyright and security protection for vector spatial data and offers a holistic solution for secure data circulation, thereby demonstrating significant practical value.

Layer multiplexing and DNA based color image encryption

Abstract A layer multiplexing-based encrypted image scheme for DNA color images is proposed. Firstly, a memristor is added to the Sprott-B chaotic system to make it a fourth-order memristorised hyper-chaotic system. The hyperchaotic system has better pseudo-randomness. The encryption system proposed generates the initial value of the system by SHA3-256 function to achieve “One image, one secret”. The chaotic sequence is generated by a memory hyperchaotic system for encrypting the image. The encryption process includes image zero complements, image chunking, DNA encryption, layer multiplexing, DNA decryption, and improved XOR diffusion. The encrypted images are analyzed by Matlab. The pixel distribution of the encrypted image is verified to be homogeneous by pixel histogram analysis. The encryption system is tested to have good resistance to shear attacks and noise attacks. The encryption system also has a good encryption effect by information entropy test. Experiments show that the encryption system proposed has a short encryption time and decryption time.

Research on Variable Parameter Color Image Encryption Based on Five-Dimensional Tri-Valued Memristor Chaotic System.

To construct a chaotic system with complex characteristics and to improve the security of image data, a five-dimensional tri-valued memristor chaotic system with high complexity is innovatively constructed. Firstly, a pressure-controlled tri-valued memristor on Liu's pseudo-four-wing chaotic system is introduced. Through analytical methods, such as Lyapunov exponential map, bifurcation map and attractor phase diagram, it is demonstrated that the new system has rich dynamical behaviors with periodic limit rings varying with the coupling parameter of the system, variable airfoil phenomenon as well as transient chaotic phenomenon of chaos-periodic depending on the system parameter and chaos-quasi-periodic depending on the memristor parameter. The system is simulated with dynamic circuits based on Simulink. Secondly, the differently structured synchronous controls of chaotic systems are realized using a nonlinear feedback control method. Finally, based on the newly constructed five-dimensional chaotic system, a variable parameter color image encryption scheme is proposed to iteratively generate varying chaotic pseudo-random sequences by varying the system parameters, which will be used for repetition-free disambiguation, additive modulo left-shift diffusion and DNA encryption for the three components of RGB of the color image after chunking. The simulation results are analyzed by histogram, information entropy, adjacent pixel correlation, etc., and the images are tested using differential attack, noise attack and geometric attack, as well as analyzing the PSNR and SSIM of the decrypted image quality. The results show that the encryption method has a certain degree of security and can be applied to medical, military and financial fields with more complex environmental requirements.

Dynamical analysis and circuit realization of a high complexity fourth-order double-wing chaotic system with transient chaos and its application in image encryption

This paper proposes a fourth-order double-wing chaotic system with high complexity. After conducting a dynamic analysis, it is found that the system exhibits transient chaos and a rare inverse period-doubling bifurcation phenomenon in the bifurcation diagram. The system also exhibits attractor coexistence, with periodic, quasi-periodic, indicating high sensitivity to initial values. These phenomena sufficiently demonstrate the rich dynamical characteristics of chaotic systems. By introducing an impulse function with a cosine function in the foundation of the proposed system, it is found that controllable wing number and staircase burst oscillations occur. Furthermore, the number of wings and oscillation periods vary with changes in parameters, which has significant implications in engineering applications. The circuit design and construction are carried out using the Multisim simulation software, and the digital circuit is realized by using a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). It is found that the simulation results and the actual implementation results are highly consistent with the phase portrait of the system, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the circuit. Finally, by combining the proposed system with a DNA encryption algorithm, a novel image encryption algorithm with multiple layers of encryption is designed, greatly enhancing the security of encrypted images. The security of this encryption algorithm is analyzed in terms of information entropy, key space, correlation, and resistance to attacks. It is found that the proposed encryption algorithm exhibits high confidentiality and resistance to attacks. The proposed system has significant reference value in secure communication when applied to image encryption.

Embedding secrets in pixels: two-level security through DNA encryption and LSB image steganography

Embedding secrets in pixels: two-level security through DNA encryption and LSB image steganography

Clown face in 3D chaotic system integrated with memristor electronics, DNA encryption and fractional calculus

Clown face in 3D chaotic system integrated with memristor electronics, DNA encryption and fractional calculus

Target localization image encryption of wind turbines based on DNA strand replacement rule

The continuous development of the industrial internet of things has raised increasingly high requirements for the secure storage and transmission of information. Ensuring that image information avoids malicious attacks and tampering during transmission has become an important aspect of information security. In response to the security requirements for drone-captured image transmission during wind turbine inspection, this paper proposes a new target localization encryption scheme based on DNA strand replacement rules. In traditional methods using DNA encryption, the DNA computing rules used include DNA addition, DNA subtraction, and DNA XOR operations. These operations are relatively simple and have weak biological relevance, making them vulnerable to attack and decryption. To address this issue, this article introduces the principle of DNA strand replacement reaction and proposes a DNA strand displacement reaction rule. The rule has stronger biological relevance and more complex operational rule than traditional DNA algorithms, thus providing stronger security for encrypted images. Experimental results indicate that this encryption algorithm effectively enhances the information security of ciphertext images and can withstand brute-force attacks and various statistical attacks.

A verifiable multi-secret image sharing scheme based on DNA encryption

A verifiable multi-secret image sharing scheme based on DNA encryption

Design of a new DNA Encryption Algorithm based on Simon Algorithm

In the contemporary era, technology plays a significant role in our daily lives. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on securing information transmitted across networks. To meet this need, numerous cryptographic systems have been developed to enhance security. The distinguishing factor among these systems lies in their capability to uphold fundamental criteria for information security, including authentication confidentiality and integrity. This paper introduces a method involving the use of DNA and lightweight cryptography[1-2-3]. This method utilizes for the encryption and decryption of data using DNA sequence and the SIMON cryptographic system—a symmetric encryption algorithm specifically designed for simplicity and efficiency.

A new fractional-order 5D memristive chaotic system with special extreme multistability and its application to image encryption

Introducing memristor into the chaotic system can enrich the dynamic behaviors of the chaotic system. We propose a symbolic function memristor model and introduce it into a chaotic system to construct a fractional-order 5D memristor chaotic system. Through dynamic analysis of equilibrium point, Lyapunov exponents, phase diagram and bifurcation diagram, it is found that the system has abundant dynamic behaviors, for example, the change of equilibrium point type with parameters, transient chaos, offset-boosting and a special kind of extreme multistability. And with the change of parameters, the attractor state and shape will appear rich changes. Then the correctness of the system is verified by circuit simulation. The chaotic system is introduced into the process of image encryption, and an encryption system is constructed, which is composed of Zigzag scrambling, Hilbert curve scrambling, DNA encryption and GF257 diffusion algorithm. Finally, through a variety of security verification, the results show that the encryption system has good security and can resist many kinds of attacks effectively.

Image encryption algorithm based on hyperchaotic system and dynamic DNA encoding

Since the existing DNA encryption algorithms only have fixed DNA coding and decoding rules and a single algorithm that cannot meet more complex and more secure encryption requirements, an image encryption algorithm based on hyperchaotic system and dynamic DNA coding is proposed. The algorithm proposes two new operation methods in the DNA operation rules, namely the equal-additive column transformation and the equal-subtractive column transformation. which combine the SHA-256 function and the external key to generate the initial value of the chaotic system to ensure that key and plaintext of algorithm are correlated. In the encryption process, the plaintext image is firstly converted into a two-dimensional matrix for rotation and scrambling. Then the chaotic sequence generated by the hyperchaotic Chen system is used to perform DNA dynamic encoding, decoding and operation on the scrambled matrix and block matrix generated by logistic chaotic sequence. Finally, the encrypted matrix is scrambled in one dimension. Simulation results show that the improved encryption algorithm has a larger key space, breaks the strong correlation between image pixel layers, and can effectively resist multiple attacks.

Multi-vortex hyperchaotic systems based on memristors and their application to image encryption

In this paper, a new memristor-based fourth-order hyperchaotic circuit that can generate multiple vortex volumes is constructed with the aid of a cosine memristor proposed by scholars. Thanks to the properties of cosine memristors, we find new hyperchaotic systems with full even symmetry based on parameters. The new system can produce multi-vortex properties with infinite equilibrium points and exhibits extreme multi-stability phenomena with the coexistence of an infinite number of attractors. After further study of phase trajectory diagrams, Lyapunov exponential spectrum, bifurcation diagrams, intermittent chaos and transient phenomena, we find that there are complex state transfer phenomena such as period 1 windows, chaos, multiperiodic bifurcations, multi-periodic windows and hyperchaotics, which are constantly alternating. In terms of circuit implementation, Multisim was used to build the circuit and to realise the characteristics of the memristor and the simulation of the hyperchaotic circuit. Finally, a DNA encryption algorithm is designed based on memristor hyperchaotic system, with emphasis on adjacent pixel correlation, encryption histogram, key sensitivity, anti-cropping and anti-noise performance. The results show that the new system has a very large key space, strong key sensitivity, outstanding anti-cropping, and anti-noise performance. The proposed hyperchaotic system thus has high security performance when applied to image encryption.

A Dynamic Image Encryption Scheme Based on Quantum Walk and Chaos-Induced DNA

The development of quantum information technology and increasing attention of people to the secure transmission of image information in the Internet have put forward higher requirements for traditional image encryption algorithms that not only take advantage of the exponential acceleration ability of quantum computing compared with classical computing but also reduce the risk of encryption algorithms being cracked. Therefore, in order to seek the combination of the advantages of quantum computing and classical image encryption algorithms, this paper proposes a new dynamic encryption image scheme of quantum walk and chaos-induced DNA. Firstly, the RGB three-channel pixels of the color image are extracted and combined into a one-dimensional array, and a random sequence is generated by quantum walk to reorder it to obtain a preliminary scrambled image; secondly, the color image is processed by the SHA-256 algorithm and divided into the generated message digest as the initial condition of the chaotic model. The random sequence was generated by the high-dimensional chaotic model which encodes each pixel independently and disorderly as DNA bases. The difference of the chaotic sequence ensures the dynamic selection of random DNA encoding and decoding rules during encryption. At the same time, the number of times of DNA encryption of the encoded pixel value is also controlled by the dynamic induction of the chaotic sequence, and ultimately, the DNA coding sequence is replaced with the decimal pixel value to obtain the encrypted image. The simulation results show that the information entropy of the encrypted image is above 7.99, and the correlation of each channel is close to 0, which can effectively resist brute force attacks, plaintext attacks, statistical analysis attacks, noise attacks, etc. In addition, in this paper, extracting the watermark embedded in the encrypted image to judge whether image information is tampered or forged further improves the security of the image information.

Efficient Secure Communication in Zigbee Network Using the DNA Sequence Encryption Technique.

Zigbee IoT devices have limited computational resources, including processing power and memory capacity. Therefore, because of their complicated computational requirements, traditional encryption techniques are inappropriate for Zigbee devices. Because of this, we proposed a novel, "lightweight encryption" method (algorithm) is based on "DNA sequences" for Zigbee devices. In the proposed way, we took advantage of the randomness of "DNA sequences" to produce a full secret key that attackers cannot crack. The DNA key encrypts the data using two operations, "substitution" and "transposition", which are appropriate for Zigbee computation resources. Our suggested method uses the "signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR)", "congestion level", and "survival factor" for estimating the "cluster head selection factor" initially. The cluster head selection factor is used to group the network nodes using the "adaptive fuzzy c-means clustering technique". Data packets are then encrypted using the DNA encryption method. Our proposed technique gave the best results by comparing the experimental results to other encryption algorithms and the metrics for energy consumption, such as "node remaining energy level", key size, and encryption time.

A novel zero-watermarking algorithm based on multi-feature and DNA encryption for medical images

A novel zero-watermarking algorithm based on multi-feature and DNA encryption for medical images

A novel image encryption scheme based on Logistic cosine cascade maps

A two-dimensional Logistic cosine cascade map (2D-LCCM) and a three-dimensional Logistic cosine cascade map (3D-LCCM) are proposed based on a logistic map and infinite collapse cascade model. We analyze the chaotic properties of 2D-LCCM and 3D-LCCM, such as Lyapunov exponential spectrum, attractors, and complexity, which show that the 2D-LCCM and 3D-LCCM are hyperchaotic and have large chaotic regions. We also proposed a DNA encryption algorithm based on double chaotic maps. 2D-LCCM was used for scrambling and 3D-LCCM for diffusion. First, the sequence no-duplicate zigzag transform (SNZT) is used to scramble the plaintext. Z-transform is applied to the permutation sequence to make the sequence more random. Then a repetition-free permutation associated with the plaintext is applied to each block, and the pixel position is effectively scrambled. Finally, DNA diffusion is performed using DNA coding to diffuse pixel values. Simulation results show that the algorithm has a good encryption effect, high efficiency and anti-interference performance. Therefore, the proposed new hyperchaotic map and DNA encryption algorithm can be effectively applied to the process of image encryption.

A hybrid logistic DNA-based encryption system for securing the Internet of Things patient monitoring systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in healthcare, and high-end encryption schemes are needed to ensure data integrity and privacy in this industry. The security procedures and methodologies in the healthcare industry must be improved to combat various security breaches brought on by the IoT. The methodologies such as Advanced Encryption Systems (AES), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Data Encryption Schemes (DES) are used in IoT devices to ensure high-end security against counterfeit IoT attacks. The existing procedures and methodologies need brighter light of improvisation when transmitting medical data over the network. This study proposes a novel hybrid chaotic DNA and AES encryption methodology that combines the powerful features of 3D logistic chaotic maps and employs DNA operations in an AES system to provide more security against IoT attacks. Extensive experimentation is carried out using National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) tests, and metrics tests such as Discrete Fourier Tests (DFT), Run length tests, and Frequency Monobit Tests are conducted and evaluated to determine the high randomness of the data and ensure high-security transmission. We show the suggested encryption technique outperforms the competing methods and is better suited for establishing high-level security for medical data transmission.

A Review in Use of 4D Hyper chaotic Systems and DNA for Image Encryption

Recently, the color image encryption technique using the chaotic system and DNA bases hasattracted great interest from the research community.The current research presents a study in an efficient methodfor color image encryption by using Hyper-chaotic Lorenz system with Hyper-chaotic Rösler system and DNAcoding. Where the Secure Hashing Algorithm-256/384 was presented first, due to the need for chaotic systems tohave initial values (primary key), which are obtained using this hashing function.Then the study presented the useof Hyper-chaotic Lorenz system and its chaotic sequences generated, as it turns the normal color image into adistorted image. By mixing the three components (red, green and blue) of the color image. Finally, the use of acombination of methods to encode mixed components is shown to achieve significant randomness, Hyper-chaoticRösler system is shown as well as XOR operations are applied between image DNA components and DNAsequences that are generated on the basis of Hyper-chaotic Rösler system. then decode the DNA components of theimage; Thus, the final encoded image is generated. The use of these methods of encryption is more efficient whencompared to the previous many color image encryption algorithms, as these methods are safer for attacks, and thiswas proven by studying the histogram (graph) in addition to the use of DNA and its characteristics, the mostimportant of which is DNA encryption additional technique. It has characteristics, such as wide parallelism andlarge storage capacity, which make it a very promising field and thus use DNA and messy functions will provideimage protection in an efficient way. Messy maps and DNA technology are two of the most popular topicscurrently used in image coding, in combination or separately. These two technologies have good security featuresand can be used to secure digital images. Chaotic systems' sensitive initial conditions, unpredictable and nonperiodic ideal statistics, and other attributes enable them to build secure cryptographic systems. Numerousbeneficial properties of computational parallel DNA computing have been discovered on a large scale, less powerloss, and a large amount of storage space. This is what this study sought to find an encryption technology thatmaintains a high level of strength against encryption attacks