Quasigroups Research Articles

Contextualization of Qiwamah Meaning: Reflection on Abdullah Saeed, Application and Consistency

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><em>Textual interpretation potentially emerges conflict because it denies the social cultural context in which Al-Qur’an is used a way of life in the present context. Especially if the verse interpreted textually is related to the division of roles and rights that must be fulfilled in a family relationship. This article aims to examine the principles of interpretation, application and consistency of Saeed’s contextual interpretation in the qiwamah verse. This research is a library research with a data collection model and is presented in an analytical descriptive. The results of this study found that: First, Saeed’s contribution in contextual interpretation was a theoretical-methodological contribution by establishing nine principles in treating texts. Secondly, Saeed has applied three hermeneutical stages in interpreting verses related to male and female relationship, but it is not entirely consistent with the contextual interpretation model he initiated, especially in the third (meaning for the first recipient) and the fourth (meaning for the present). He explores the opinions of pre-modern to modern scholars more to describe the shift in context and the possibility of radically changing interpretation but he tends not to convey his personal opinion regarding the meaning of qiwamah. </em></p>

EFFECTIVENESS OF TOPICAL APPLICATION OF MIXTURE OF HONEY AND COFFEE IN RADIATION INDUCED ORAL MUCOSITIS AMONG PATIENTS WITH HEAD & NECK CANCER UNDERGOING RADIOTHERAPY AT RADIOTHERAPY DEPARTMENT OF KGMU, LUCKNOW, U.P

Background: Cancers commonly known as head and neck cancers typically begin in the squamous cells that line the moist, mucosal surfaces within the head and neck. Oral mucositis is erythematous and ulcerative lesion of the oral mucosa in patients with cancer being treated with chemotherapy/ radiation therapy in the areas of oral cavity. Objectives: To assess the grade of the oral mucositis among head & neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of mixture of honey and coffee application on radiation induced oral mucositis among the study group. 3. To find the association between the radiation induced oral mucositis with selected demographic variables. Method: quasi experimental non randomized control group design was applied and 60 samples (30 in each group) were selected by convenience sampling technique. The mixture of honey and coffee was applied to the study group before and after 15 minutes of radiotherapy till the continuation of radiotherapy and no intervention was given in the control group. Result: The result revealed that the application of honey and coffee mixture was significantly effective on oral mucositis (p<0.001) in the study group. Conclusion: The study concluded that, application of mixture of honey and coffee is an effective method of reducing the onset and severity of oral mucositis in comparison with no intervention.

Hybrid technique of virtual-assisted lung mapping and systemic indocyanine green injection for extended segmentectomy

BackgroundVarious approaches have been used to assist and facilitate segmentectomy with favorable oncological outcomes. We describe a hybrid approach comprising virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP), which is a preoperative bronchoscopic dye-marking technique, combined with systemic indocyanine green (ICG) injection.Clinical presentationAn asymptomatic 64-year-old man was referred to our department because of a lung nodule detected during his annual medical checkup. The chest computed-tomography image revealed a 16-mm, partly solid, ground-glass nodule in the left segment 4. Because the nodule was hardly palpable and deeply located between the left upper division segment and the left lingular segment, we performed VAL-MAP to facilitate extended left lingulectomy. Five dye markings were undertaken preoperatively. Surgery to remove the nodule was then conducted via complete three-port video-assisted thoracic surgery. The VAL-MAP markings were easily identified intraoperatively and helped locate the nodule. The intersegmental plane was identified by the ICG injection. The resection line was determined based on the intersegmental plane identified by the ICG injection and the site of the nodule suggested by the VAL-MAP markings. Following the resection line, we thoracoscopically achieved extended lingulectomy with sufficient surgical margins. The patient was discharged with no complications. The pathological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma in situ.ConclusionThe hybrid technique of VAL-MAP and systemic ICG injection can be useful for accomplishing successful extended segmentectomy.

What to Do If Patients Want Service or Emotional Support Animals

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Government & LegalFull AccessWhat to Do If Patients Want Service or Emotional Support AnimalsAnne Huben-Kearney, R.N., B.S.N., M.P.A.Anne Huben-KearneySearch for more papers by this author, R.N., B.S.N., M.P.A.Published Online:28 Sep 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.10a24AbstractHere are some tips and information on how to handle patient requests for a support animal or emotional support animal.A patient asks the psychiatrist for a letter advocating for a service animal or for an emotional support animal. What is the difference between them? What is the psychiatrist’s responsibility when receiving such a request?Service DogsUnder the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), a service animal is defined as a dog (or miniature horse) that has been individually trained to perform tasks for an individual with a disability. The task(s) performed by the dog or horse must be directly related to the person’s disability. The disability may be physical, sensory, psychiatric, or intellectual. Psychiatric service dogs (PSDs) require extensive training to work specifically with people whose disability is due to mental illness. PSDs might be trained to remind patients to take their psychiatric medications, turn on lights for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or interrupt self-mutilation by patients with dissociative disorder. Under the ADA, service animals can go anywhere the public can go.Emotional Support AnimalsEmotional support animals (ESAs) provide support through companionship. ESAs (generally dogs) have no special training and are not given the same accommodations as service animals. Regulations regarding ESAs are primarily set by individual states, but under the Federal Fair Housing Amendments Act and the Air Carrier Access Act, individuals who meet the proper criteria are entitled to an emotional support dog to assist them with their daily life.Generally, a regular pet can be an ESA if a mental health professional writes a letter saying that the owner has a mental health condition and needs the animal’s help for their health or treatment.Disorders that qualify for a PSD or ESA must be specified in DSM-5. Examples of disorders that could qualify a person for a service dog or emotional support animal include the following:ADHDAnxiety disordersDepressionPTSDBipolar disorder/mood disorderSchizophreniaRisk Management Tips for LettersFor a PSDDetermine that the patient is psychiatrically disabled to the degree that the person is unable to perform at least one major life task without assistance of a PSD on a daily basis.For an ESADetermine whether an ESA can indeed provide emotional support, but also understand how the animal assists with support.Consider meeting and observing the ESA, especially prior to patients’ airplane travel if they do not have their ESA with them. However, patients’ not bringing their ESA to sessions may be a flag that an ESA is not necessary.Resist classifying different species of animals, such as peacocks, iguanas, pigs, and other unusual animals as an ESA for air travel.State that you are not vouching for the ESA’s behavior, but only how the ESA helps your patient.For either a PSD or ESAState that your patient has a DSM-5 diagnosis for which the PSD or ESA is a necessary accommodation but do not give your patient’s specific diagnosis. ■ResourcesU.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section, Frequently Asked Questions about Service Animals and the ADAADA National Network, Service Animals and Emotional Support AnimalsADA National Network, Service AnimalsThis information is provided as a risk management resource for Allied World policyholders and should not be construed as legal or clinical advice. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without the express, written permission of Allied World Assurance Company Holdings, Ltd, a Fairfax company (“Allied World”). Risk management services are provided by or arranged through AWAC Services Company, a member company of Allied World. © 2020 Allied World Assurance Company Holdings, Ltd. All Rights ReservedAnne Huben-Kearney, R.N., B.S.N., M.P.A., is a risk management consultant in the Risk Management Group of AWAC Services Company, a member company of Allied World. Risk Management services are provided as an exclusive benefit to insureds of the APA-endorsed American Professional Agency Inc. liability insurance program. ISSUES NewArchived

АДМІНІСТРАТИВНА ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНА ПРАВОСУБ’ЄКТНІСТЬ АДВОКАТА: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ

The article analyzes the theoretical and legal provisions on the administrative procedural legal personality of a lawyer in Ukraine. It was found that his procedural legal personality can be divided into: ‒ general, which is available to a lawyer at all stages of the process; ‒ special, which is characteristic only for a specific stage of the process. It is pointed out that the administrative procedural legal personality of a lawyer is based on the norms of Art. 43 Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine and consists in the ability of a lawyer: 1) to have procedural rights and responsibilities in the administrative process (administrative procedural capacity); 2) personally exercise their administrative procedural rights and responsibilities during the lawyer’s representation of a person in the administrative process (administrative procedural capacity). It is noted that in Art. 45 Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, enshrined a provision on the inadmissibility of abuse of procedural rights, which a lawyer as a procedural representative must take into account when representing a person in administrative proceedings. It is noted that there is a division of procedural rights of a lawyer into general and special. It is emphasized that in addition to the rights of a lawyer as a procedural representative, he is also endowed with both professional duties and responsibilities defined in Art. 47 Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine. It is noted that in addition to imposing duties on a lawyer, the legislator provides grounds for bringing him to justice (administrative procedural tort). A lawyer as a procedural representative has disciplinary responsibility. At the same time, the lawyer must remember that he ensures the protection of personal data about an individual, which he possesses, in accordance with the legislation on personal data protection. The author’s conclusion is made that the administrative procedural legal personality of a lawyer as a representative of a person is a complex category, which consists of his administrative procedural legal capacity, administrative procedural capacity and administrative procedural tort.

Preface

We are glad to introduce you that the 2020 International Conference on Electrical Technology and Automatic Control (ICETAC2020) was successfully held during August 7-9, 2020 in Xi’ an, China. ICETAC2020 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Electrical Technology and Automatic Control. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Electrical Technology and Automatic Control. And another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world.We are greatly honored to have invited Assoc. Prof. Ning Cai from Department of Automation, Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications to serve as our Conference Chair. The rest of the committee was composed of nearly eighty privileged scholars from different renowned universities and institutes around the globe.During the conference, the conference model was divided into three sessions, including oral presentations, keynote speeches and Q&A discussion. In the first part, some scholars, whose submissions were selected as the excellent papers, were given about 5-10 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. Then in the second part, keynote speakers were each allocated 30-45 minutes to hold their speeches. Our beloved Conference Chair, Assoc. Prof. Ning Cai, was also invited to present his latest research on Swarm Stability of Dynamical Networked Systems: From Consensus to Quasi Group Consensus. In addition, we had Assis. Prof. Huanyu Cheng, Dorothy Quiggle Professor in Engineering, from Engineering Science and Mechanics (ESM) and Materials Research Institute (MRI), The Pennsylvania State University, USA to present his talk Dissolvable Tattoo Electronics for Biomedicine. In the last part of the conference, all participants were invited to discuss and explore the academic issues after the presentations. The discussion was lasted for about 30-60 minutes. The conference provided a forum for discussing electrical technology and automatic control and in particular for promoting the interchange of novel ideas and the presentations of the latest developments in this field. This conference will also provide an ideal environment to develop new collaborations and meet experts on the fundamentals, applications, and products of the mentioned fields.List of Conference chairman, Organizing Committees and International Technical Program Committees are available in this pdf.

СТАТУТНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА В ПРАВОВИХ СИСТЕМАХ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНІЇ ТА США

У статті здійснено ґрунтовне комплексне загальнотеоретичне вивчення статутних джерел у правових системах Великобританії та США, які із судовими прецедентами становлять основу англо-американської правової сім`ї. В англійському праві традиційним є вузький підхід до розуміння статутів і статутного права як сукупності парламентських актів. Во-дночас статутне законодавство, згідно із широким підходом, поділяється на первинні (акти парламенту Великобританії, парламенту Шотландії, парламенту Уельсу та Асамблеї Північної Ірландії, законодавчі акти про церкву тощо) та вторинні акти (статутні інструменти, статутні правила, церковні інструменти тощо). Для США характерна тенденція збільшення масиву та ролі статутного законодавства, існує писана федеральна Конституція; ієрархія нормативних актів, яка засновується на найвищому авторитеті Основного закону; систематизація законодавства, яка полягає в значній кількості кодифікованих актів; поділ права на матеріальне та процесуальне, публічне та приватне; перевага федеральних статутних актів над судовими прецедентами та конституційний судовий контроль статутів.

The concept of human rights in the political and legal doctrine of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries of 1917-1921

The genesis of rights and freedoms in the history of Ukrainian state-building is closely linked to the activities of Ukrainian political parties and their leaders. Today, in the face of the global economic crisis and the coronavirus epidemic, the concept of human and citizen rights and freedoms is subject to skepticism and criticism. Reassessing the experiences of previous generations can help find ways to overcome a crisis. The concept of the human rights of the UPSR can be characterized as a collectivist, which, in accordance with the idea of prioritizing the interests of the dominant class of workers over the interests of the individual, significantly limited the political and economic rights and freedoms of a large part of the population. At the same time, the concept contained, at the time, quite advanced provisions on equal rights between men and women and national minorities, the provision of equal suffrage, the right to free education and the use of cultural and economic institutions, etc. The concept did not contain a clear division of human rights and citizens into their types. In particular, some economic, social and cultural rights were included in the list of political rights. A significant influence on the formation of the list of rights and freedoms and their content was made by the model of the future socialist Ukrainian state M. Hrushevsky, who was in fact the ideological inspirer of the leadership of the UPSR throughout the party's existence. The basic principles of the concept of human rights of the UPSR were reflected in the Constitution of the UNR in 1918. Keywords: Ukrainian Party of Revolutionary Socialists, Human Rights and Freedoms, M. Hrushevsky, Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), Constitution of the UNR in 1918.

Extended systematic clustering: Microdata protection by distributing semsitive values

Anonymity data for multiple sensitive attributes in microdata publishing is a growing field at present. This field has several models for anonymizing such as k-anonymity and l-diversity. Generalization and suppression became a common technique in anonymize data. But, the real problem in multiple sensitive attributes is sensitive value distribution. If sensitive values do not distribute evenly to each quasi identifier group, it is potentially revealed to sensitive value holder. This research investigated on how the high-sensitive values are distributed evenly into each group. We proposed a novel method/algorithm for distributing high-sensitive values when it forms groups. This method distributes high-sensitive values evenly and varies high-sensitive values in a group. We called our method as extended systematic clustering since it is an extension of systematic clustering method. Diversity metrics was used for evaluating our method. Experiment result showed our method outperformed systematic clustering with average diversity value 0.9719 while systematic clustering 0.3316.

PENGARUH EDUKASI MANAJEMEN DIRI TERHADAP DAN TEKANAN DARAH PASIEN HIPERTENSI DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RUMAH SANTA ELISABETH MEDAN

Introduction: The risk for cardiovascular disorder caused by hypertension can be forestalled and controlled by applying healthy behavior such as exercises, cognitive symptom management, healthy diet, and blood pressure monitoring. In this case, education plays an important role in increasing the control of blood pressure. The objective of the research was to identify the influence of self-management education on healthy behavior and blood pressure in hypertension patients in the Hospital Elisabeth Medan Method: The research used quasi experiment and nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The samples for this study were 60 hypertension patients as the respondents divided into two group, 30 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group taken by consecutive sampling technique. The data were gathered by using modification instruments from Stanford University; they were exercise behavior scale, cognitive symptom scale, questionnaires on healthy diet, and digital Omron tensimeter for measuring blood pressure Result: The data were gathered by using modification instruments from Stanford University; they were exercise behavior scale, cognitive symptom scale, questionnaires on healthy diet, and digital Omron tensimeter for measuring blood pressure. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney test. The result of the research showed that there was no influence of self-management education on exercise (p-value = 1.00 > 0.05), there was the influence of self-management education on cognitive symptom (p-value = 0.00 < 0.05), there was the influence of self-management education on healthy diet (p-value = 0.00 < 0.05), and there was the influence of self-management education on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p-value = 0.00 < 0.05).. Discussion: The conclusion of the research was that education could increase the application of healthy behavior and controlling blood pressure in hypertension patients. The result of the research could be an input for health care to maintain and increase education in hypertension patients so that they could control their blood pressure and forestall hypertension complication.

URGENSI KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM AKTIVITAS BISNIS

The term standard clause is often used specifically in the practice ofbuying and selling that occurs between businesses and consumers.Consumers are forced to accept it even though this is a unilateralagreement in the form of transfer of responsibility by business actors toconsumers. As a result of the existence of this standard clause if there is adefect in the goods that have been purchased, the consumer cannotreturn the item back wherein in Islamic law the business / purchasetransaction is determined by the validity of a contract that is carried outand discussed in the division of khiyar rights. In addition, this standardclause is also regulated in Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning ConsumerProtection (UUPK).Thus, the focus of this research objective is to find out the application ofstandard clauses in business practices and to describe the approach ofIslamic law and La w no. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protectionagainst standard clauses in business practices or buying and selling.In the approach of Islamic law the application of this standard clausemust be carried out in an interadin manner. While according to Law no. 8of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) the application of thisstandard clause continues to provide protection for consumers infulfilling the rights of consumers to be served properly and notdiscriminatory as well as the right to get compensation in the form ofreplacement of similar goods if there is a disability.

PENGARUH APLIKASI SIK-ASIEK TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP TENTANG ASI EKSKLUSIF

Background: The spread of health information about breastfeeding can take advantage of smartphone technology. Utilization of the application of the Exclusive ASI Health Information System (Sik-Asiek) as a source of information about exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding support from peers and health workers through chat group features found in the Sik-Asiek application.
 Objective: Analyze the effect of the application of Sik-Asiek applications on knowledge and attitudes of exclusive breastfeeding.
 Methods: The study used a quasi experimental non equivalent control group design with pretest and posttest. The research respondents were third trimester pregnant women, amounting to 72 people. Knowledge and attitudes of mothers before and after the application of Sik-Asiek applications were measured using a questionnaire while the practices were measured using observation sheets after treatment. Data analysis using independent test sample t-test, Mann-Whitney test and Manova.
 Results: there is the effect of applying the Sik-Asiek application on mothers to knowledge (p-value 0,00), and attitudes (p-value 0,00) for exclusive breastfeeding practices.
 Conclusion: The application of "Sik-Asiek" can be an effective means of increasing knowledge and attitudes of exclusive breastfeeding for pregnant women.

Multiplication Alteration by Two-Cocycles: The Non-associative Version

In this paper, we introduce the theory of multiplication alteration by two-cocycles for non-associative structures like non-associative bimonoids with left (right) division. Also, we explore the connections between Yetter–Drinfeld modules for Hopf quasigroups, projections of Hopf quasigroups, skew pairings and quasitriangular structures, obtaining the non-associative version of the main results proved by Doi and Takeuchi in the Hopf algebra setting.

The Practical Logic and Countermeasures of Community Home-based Elderly Care Service Under the Dimension of Innovative Big Data

Under the background of accelerating the integrative development of big data technology, fiscal finance, and public services to the community home-based care industry model, with the continuous acceleration of China’s social aging process, the government uses public finance to provide a basic community home care services for elderly residents. This paper analyzes the development status of community home care services, analyzes the root sources of the problems on insufficient supply, imbalance and unequalization of care services caused by China's financial system, and proposes a reasonable division of financial and administrative rights for community home care services, optimize the expenditure structure of public finance for community home-based elderly care, improve the use efficiency of financial funds for community home-based elderly care services, effectively supervise financial transfer payments, introduce the market mechanism to cultivate the policies and suggestions of the market main body of community home-based elderly care services. The state formulates fiscal policies and laws and regulations to strongly support the construction of community home-based care services. Promote the fiscal system reform of community elderly care service industry and cultivate the market main body of community home-based elderly care service. Develop a professional, branded and chained community home-based care service system, accelerate the healthy development of community home-based elderly care, and achieve good elderly care.

Discourses of Resistance of Coastal Intellectuals from La Araucanía and Los Ríos Regions (Chile) against States Policies of Maritime Division

This study analyzes the dissident discourse of a group of leaders of coastal communities in La Araucania and Los Rios Region respectively, concerning their socio-environmental conditions, social organization, identity, history, and vision of the future related to the state-imposed division of access rights to local ocean waters through the Ley de Pesca (Fisheries Act). A workshop/meeting was analyzed along with 15 interviews with local leaders. The results indicate the existence of an emerging organic intellectual that works for the well-being and development of their communities and sustains a hybrid-transformational discourse formed by aspects related to both hegemony and resistance. Elements identified include criticizing and resisting conditions of domination, valuing the organization and bonds of solidarity as tools for liberation, community self-knowledge and self-discovery. These results invite a rethinking of local communities as active and empowered agents who can confront the pressures of neoliberalism and thus undergo rapid economic and environmental changes in their social and cultural systems.

To the Issue of Determining the Criteria for Differentiating Human Rights Into Absolute and Relative

Based on logical-gnoseological and axiological analyses, the article under studies presents an attempt of ontological research regarding the division of a wide range of human rights into absolute and relative ones. This article is a continuation of the authors’ investigation [9] on scientifically substantiating the problem of determining some features that make it possible to find out, which group (absolute or relative) a certain human right belongs to, according to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms from 1950 (further – the Convention) [5]. The right to life and the right to absolute inviolability of the individual have been selected as the principal samples of this research. Taking into consideration the essence of certain cases, considered by the Strasbourg Court, as well as some other normative-legal acts, the authors of the article under discussion offer a few identification “markers”, which should lay the foundation of differentiating human rights. In addition, they question the present-day indisputable division of human rights into absolute and relative. Consequently, this article is of a rather debatable nature, since it aims at clarifying certain phenomena and notions in the field of the issue under investigation.

The problem of fair division of surplus development rights in redevelopment of urban areas: Can the Shapley value help?

Many more people are expected to live in urban areas in the coming decades, and much of the physical transformation will take place in the built-up areas of cities. Landownership is a key factor in urban regeneration, and the fair division of benefits is a major obstacle to redeveloping urban land in a cooperative context. This paper aims to show that the Shapley value, a fair division scheme developed within the cooperative game theory framework, can be used to achieve a fair division of the surplus development rights among landowners remolding smaller and irregular parcels into bigger and regular ones, resulting in higher aggregate development rights. The methodology is illustrated by a case study of three parcels selected from the Karabaglar district in Izmir, Turkey, where surplus development rights are available for landowners cooperating for land amalgamation. The findings show that the Shapley values for the landowners satisfy the core conditions of the game and landowners can benefit from the highest possible development rights and share the surplus fairly. However, the current institutional setting has to be restructured to apply such division schemes.

Quasi Structured Codes for Multi-Terminal Communications

A new class of structured codes called quasi group codes (QGCs) is introduced. A QGC is a subset of a group code. In contrast with the group codes, QGCs are not closed under group addition. The parameters of the QGC can be chosen, such that the size of $\mathcal {C}+\mathcal {C}$ is equal to any number between $|\mathcal {C}|$ and $|\mathcal {C}|^{2}$ . We analyze the performance of a specific class of QGCs. This class of QGCs is constructed by assigning single-letter distributions to the indices of the codewords in a group code. Then, the QGC is defined as the set of codewords whose index is in the typical set corresponding to these single-letter distributions. The asymptotic performance limits of this class of QGCs are characterized using single-letter information quantities. Corresponding covering and packing bounds are derived. It is shown that the point-to-point channel capacity and optimal rate-distortion function are achievable using QGCs. Coding strategies based on QGCs are introduced for three fundamental multi-terminal problems: the Korner-Marton problem for modulo prime-power sums, computation over the multiple access channel (MAC), and MAC with distributed states. For each problem, a single-letter achievable rate-region is derived. It is shown, through examples, that the coding strategies improve upon the previous strategies based on the unstructured codes, linear codes, and group codes.

Transcending the Collective/Individual Minority Rights Division: A Procedural Proposal

Violations of human rights often target minority groups. This paper argues, through the case of minority claims, that the right to effective remedy entails an obligation to provide non-individualized remedies where lack thereof would result in non-remediable rights violations. Using class action or a similar tool to aggregate claims in a court procedure will in itself fulfill certain embedded claims and, as a result, contribute to achieving the goal of providing adequate remedy. While many collective procedures can be cited as concrete examples for implementation, the US class action rule will be used here as an example through which the various challenges and possible benefits of a collective procedural tool are assessed. The article presents a conceptual proposal based on insights from the US experiences with class action and concludes that a right view of legal remedies might not only allow but also require accommodating certain collective claims, and such a move could benefit group members in a number of respects, providing for a more efficient and adequate remedy that is sensitive to the context and addresses symbolic claims as well as the problem of limited funds.

Some Nonsolvable Character Degree Sets

For positive integer k and nonabelian simple group S, let $$S^{k}$$ be the direct product of k copies of S. We conjecture that all finite groups G with $$\mathrm{cd}(G)=\mathrm{cd}(S^{k})$$ are quasi perfect groups (that is; $$G'=G''$$) and hence nonsolvable groups, where $$\mathrm{cd}(G)$$ is the set of irreducible character degrees of G. In this paper, we prove this conjecture for $$S\in \{\mathrm{PSL}_{2}(p^{f}), \mathrm{PSL}_{2}(2^{f}), \mathrm{Sz}(q)\}$$, where $$p>2$$ is an odd prime number such that $$p^{f}>5$$ and $$p^{f}\pm 1\not \mid 2^{k}$$, and $$q=2^{2n+1}\geqslant 8$$.