Concept Of Division Research Articles

Parallel Mini/Micro-LEDs Transmitter: Size-Dependent Effect and Gbps Multi-User Visible Light Communication

As an important supplement to radio frequency (RF) communication in a crowded indoor environment, high-speed multi-user visible light communication (VLC) is a promising candidate for practical application compared with point-to-point architecture. In this work, an area division concept is proposed based on the multi-directional low-cost array transmitter. For the first time, a series of parallel mini/micro-LEDs transmitters with various chip sizes are designed, fabricated and packaged, which are used to build a multi-user VLC link. The size-dependent characteristics of the parallel mini/micro-LEDs transmitters for VLC are systematically analyzed, including the linearity, electroluminescence, impedance, achievable bandwidth and data rate. The proposed transmitters with active regions of 75 μm, 100 μm, 125 μm, 150 μm, and 175 μm can provide access bandwidths of 278 MHz, 190 MHz, 133 MHz, 104 MHz and 85 MHz at 50-mA driving current for two independent users over a 3-m link, accordingly. The VLC system based on the parallel 75-μm micro-LED transmitter can simultaneously support two independent users at different positions with a summing data rate of 2.6 Gbps by implementing pulse-amplitude modulation 4-level (PAM4) schemes with Volterra equalizer. The maximum distance-rate product of 7.8 Gbps·m exhibits superiority to accelerate the practical deployment of high-speed multi-user VLC.

The "Divisive Concepts" Laws and Americans of Asian Descent

In the past year, a number of states have enacted laws that prohibit public schools from teaching certain lessons about race. The main target of these laws appears to be “critical race theory,” once a theory advanced in legal academia that has now become a “catchall term” for discussions of race and racism. The states mean business and seek to enforce their new or proposed laws by prohibiting state funding for teaching the banned content, withholding funding to local educational agencies or schools in violation, subjecting offending teachers to disciplinary action, and allowing those aggrieved to bring an action at law or equity. More of these anti-critical race theory laws appear to be coming, as there are bills pending in more than a dozen states with provisions virtually identical to those in already-enacted statutes. Commentators have expressed alarm, describing the laws as “content- and viewpoint-based state censorship,” an infringement “on the right of faculty to teach and of students to learn,” and “an attack on democracy.” A closer examination of these laws is in order. My own view is that some of the provisions in these laws are actually commendable, reflecting societal acknowledgment of the problem of racism and a commitment toward racial equality and justice. But about other provisions and their practical application, I raise several questions, concerns, and doubts. Examining the anti-critical race theory laws as a whole, I ask whether they might ultimately advance the much-maligned theory’s standing and legitimacy. With this background in place, I devote the rest of the discussion to the impact of these laws on Americans neither White nor Black, but of Asian descent. Questions arise in this setting too, making the new laws even more dubious. I also seize the opportunity to ask whether legislatures, while at work on education legislation, might consider including the Asian American experience in the school curriculum, especially given these divisive and polarizing times.

A bank’s intellectual capital and its importance in building competitiveness on the example of Polish listed banks

Motivation: Contemporary banks operating in the knowledge-based economy are constantly looking for sources of improving their competitiveness and attractiveness compared to the banking sector. Therefore, the ability to flexibly respond to changes taking place in the market environment and use the resources and experience in a creative way becomes essential. Intellectual capital is a source of the bank’s intangible resources, such as knowledge, employee skills, service quality, social relations and image, and innovations. The present study focuses on the structure of intellectual capital, which has been long discussed for a long time and became a subject of numerous studies. The concept of division of the bank’s intellectual capital into three subsystems was herein presented: organizational capital (KORG), innovative capital (KINN) and institutional capital (KINS). These subsystems will be included in the creation of a synthetic measure defining the bank’s competitiveness.
 Aim: The objective of this study is to present a method enabling the assessment of the competitiveness of listed banks in Poland with the use of multidimensional statistical methods, taking into account diagnostic variables that determine the economic and intellectual capital of banks, including its subsystems.
 Results: The article systematizes the concept of the division of intellectual capital. Thanks to the aggregate measure of the bank’s competitiveness, the author presented a ranking of banks, indicating the leader among the 11 banks listed on the stock exchange in Poland in 2009–2019. The proposed multidimensional analysis of the bank considers its financial and intellectual resources, which means that stakeholders can evaluate the bank’s data and its long-term development strategies. The long-term leadership position may indicate the bank’s condition and its intensified activities in intellectual capital development, which may be important information for stakeholders.

Tri Mandala: Kearifan Lokal Bali dalam Pembagian Zonasi dan Ruang pada Bangunan Pura di Kabupaten Sidoarjo

This study examines the Tri Mandala as Balinese local wisdom in the division of zoning and space in temple buildings in Sidoarjo Regency. Tri Mandala is a regional division concept that divides the temple building into three parts, there are Nista Mandala, Madya Mandala, and Utama Mandala. The purpose of this study is to explain the form of Tri Mandala as Balinese local wisdom in the division of zoning and space in temple buildings in Sidoarjo Regency. To achieve the research objectives, this research used observational interview and in-depth interview techniques. This research data analysis method uses interpretative descriptive analysis techniques. The result of this research is that the Tri Mandala concept explicitly determines the zoning and space division of the temple building. Although located outside the area of ​​Bali, the temple in Sidoarjo Regency still maintains the Tri Mandala concept with some adjustments that are adjusted to local needs and conditions without reducing the meaning of the Tri Mandala concept.

Clustering Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using the Concept of Zonal Division of Network Field

Clustering Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using the Concept of Zonal Division of Network Field

Introduction: CRT in Higher Education: Confronting the “Boogeyman” Bans, Censorship, and Attacks on Racial Justice

It took only a year after 2020’s racial justice uprisings for legislatures in half the states to attempt to ban teaching about systemic racism in US public schools, colleges, and universities. The boilerplate legislation disallows the teaching of “divisive concepts,” including the reality that systemic racism benefits white people. In what Patricia Williams calls “definitional theft,”1 architects of this conservative backlash appropriated “Critical Race Theory” as a catch-all label for those “divisive” concepts2 – even though, as many scholars and journalists attempted to publicly clarify, Critical Race Theory is a specific field of legal scholarship rarely taught in college, let alone elementary and secondary schools. As one of the founders of CRT, Kimberlé Crenshaw, proclaimed: “This is basically an effort to create a boogeyman and pour everything into that category that they believe will prompt fear, discomfort and repudiation on the part of parents and voters who are primed to respond to this hysteria that they’re trying to create.”3 The “definitional theft” isn’t even a secret strategy. One architect of the backlash, Christopher Rufo, announced it proudly in a public Twitter post: “We have successfully frozen their brand – ‘critical race theory’ – into the public conversation and are steadily driving up negative perceptions.”4

The concept of the actual division in the English scientific text

In the present work the research of the problem of actual division of the scientific text and its role in English is carried out, the question of lexical subject and lexical predicate is considered. The paper discusses several means of expressing the actual division such as semantic highlighting of the subject, constructions with introducing “there” and “it”, using direct objects to the subject at the beginning of the sentence, semantic highlighting the adverbial modifiers in the sentence, inverting the final rheme to the beginning of the sentence, expressing the theme and the rheme in infinitive constructions, in the interrogative sentences and in the sentences lacking a finite verb. The work concludes that the most common means of expressing the actual division of the English sentence is a logical stress.

The theoretical concept of tourist typology in the interdisciplinary structure of tourism

In theoretical studies on the typology of tourists, various criteria for their identification can be found. A drawback of this approach is the lack of one common concept of tourist division, which would allow for comparing research results at various academic and marketing centers. There is a definition problem of tourism and the tourist themselves, the concepts often differing from each other, thus, there is no common ground on which the theories of the separation and division of tourists can be built. In the presented publication, a review of selected, varying tourist types have been conducted. Typologies of tourists are based on various criteria, ranging from sociological and psychological to demographic, geographic, economic, marketing and others often having an interdisciplinary basis. First of all, attempts were made to show the diversity of typological concepts presented in the world. They are used in scientific research but only refer to a small group of respondents and it is difficult to compare the results with other results based on other divisions. In conclusion, a new, proprietary division has been proposed, which, it seems, could be used by various academic centers, allowing greater possibilities for the comparison of research results in the area of tourism. It is based on the awareness and subjective understanding of the phenomenon of tourism which is interpreted differently in many areas and environments.

Uwikłani w opowieści: o kolonialnych spotkaniach, emigracji i wizji Afryki Wschodniej w Desertion Adbulrazaka Gurnaha

The article offers an analysis of colonialism, immigration, and the representation of East Africa in Desertion (2005) by Nobel-Prize winner Abdulrazak Gurnah. By analyzing the complex structure of the novel, the article demonstrates that its protagonists are implicated in multiple stories, which only appear to be incompatible, but in reality are deeply entangled. Applying a variety of postcolonial theories, I focus on Gurnah’s representation of the colonial encounter at the end of the 19th century in British East Africa. I show that the colonizers’ attitudes in the novel vary from an aggressive perspective on colonial conquest, through to the belief in the legitimacy of the imperial mission, to an ideology which Mary Louise Pratt defines in terms of anti-conquest and reciprocity. However, their uncontrollable, often somatic reactions, illustrate the ambivalence of colonial discourse and foreshadow the decline of colonialism. The article also argues that Gurnah’s vision of local interactions in East Africa at the turn of the 20th century is particularly complex and that the writer proposes cosmopolitan ethics. Yet, at the same time, Gurnah does not idealize East Africa and depicts prejudice and discrimination, particularly in relation to women of mixed parentage. Furthermore, the article discusses the cultural shock of the immigrant figure and the phenomena of mimicry and (de)colonization of the mind in Gurnah’s novel. Finally, it shows how Gurnah questions the concept of racial divisions, demonstrating their harmful effects in the 1960s both in Britain and in Zanzibar.   Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki, przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC: 2019/33/B/HS2/00019.   Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki, przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC: 2019/33/B/HS2/00019.

Translations of W. S. Jevons in China in the Late Qing Dynasty

The paper examines the history of Chinese translations of the works of the British economistW. S. Jevons in the late nineteenth - early twentieth centuries as part of the process of introduction of Western scientific knowledge to China. The attention is focused on the translations of Jevons’s Primer of Political Economy and his book The State in Relation to Labor . The terminological features of Chinese translations of these works are analyzed, including the searches for equivalents of modern scientific vocabulary in the heritage of Chinese culture. Jevons’s textbook was translated by Joseph Edkins and Yan Fu, who proposed their methods of adapting the text to the perception of the Chinese reader. The paper demonstrates that Edkins’s translation faithfully followed the original and used Chinese terminology available at that time. The clarity of Jevons’s textbook contributed to the dissemination of elementary knowledge of Western economics in China. The Policy to Enrich the Nation and Support the People served in China as one of the earliest sources of information about Adam Smith, his concept of division of labor, the theory of exchange, the theory of wages, and the principles of taxation. Multiple versions of hieroglyphic transliteration of Jevons’s name obstructed the formation of comprehensive vision of his legacyin China, therefore one of the objectives of the paper was to collect all available information about Chinese translations of the economic works of the British scholar. Jevons’s theory of the impact of natural factors on economic cycles influenced Liang Qichao, who compared it with ancient Chinese ideas about the relationship of famine and natural disasters with location of celestial bodies. After the translation of the Primer of Political Economy the focus of attention shifted to Jevons’s works in industrial legislation and finances.

ANALISIS KESULITAN BELAJAR SISWA BERKEMAMPUAN MATEMATIKA RENDAH BERDASARKAN GENDER

This study aims to fully describe the learning difficulties of students with low mathematical abilities in solving arithmatic division operations based on gender. This research is a descriptive qualtative research with research subjects consisting of 1 female student and 1 male student with low math ability in class IV-A SDN Bugih 1 Pamekasan with the test instrument for the comlpetion of the division count operations aninterviews. The results showed that on thr indicators of difficulty in understanding the concept, the results of the study learning difficulities in female subject (S1) and male subject (S2) in solving the division arithmetic operation, namely the two subjects did not know the concept of division as repeated subtraction. On the indicator of difficulty in applying the principle, the two subjects were unable to do the tiered division correctly because the wo principle of division to the long division. Whereas in the indicator of difficulty in solving verbal problems, the two subjects were unable to write down what wa known and what was asked of the story problem correclty.

Tri Mandala in the Layout of Pakraman Penglipuran Bangli, Bali

Penglipuran Pakraman Village, located in the administrative village of Kubu, Bangli District, Bangli Regency, is one of the Pakraman villages in Bali Province. Penglipuran Pakraman Village maintains the traditions and traditional values of Balinese people in daily life based on Hindu teachings and also as a tourist village. The people of Penglipuran Pakraman Village carry out the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana in terms of their lives, one of which is applying the concept of Tri Mandala in the spatial layout of the village. This can be seen from the arrangement of houses, temples and other areas that produce a spatial layout that provides order, comfort and beauty. The purpose of this study is to determine the concept of Tri Mandala applied in Penglipuran village layout through literature study. Based on the literature study, the Tri Mandala concept is the concept of division of space and the value of the space area, the concept of traditional Balinese architecture, the concept of house layout, the concept of village layout, consisting of Nista Mandala, Madya Mandala and Utama Mandala. in the Nista Mandala area there is a village cemetery, Pura Dalem Pelapuhan, Pura Dalem Pingit, Bangli Regency hero's graveyard, sports field and agricultural area. In the Madya Mandala area there are Pakraman village settlements, banjar halls and sports fields, in the Main Mandala area there are Penataran Temples / Bale Agung Temples / Puseh Temples and bamboo forests.
 
 Keyword: Culture; Desa Pakraman; Penglipuran; Spatial planning; Tri Mandala

Divisão de poderes e representação em Rousseau

It is intended to show that Rousseau's fundamental political ideas seem to suggest a democratic populism, as citizens must form a general will and directly exercise popular, inalienable and indivisible sovereignty, through legislative power, which makes laws as general acts, which they must be carried out, as private acts, by the prince in the exercise of executive power, which would make the division of powers and representation impossible. However, using as an method the analysis of the works of Rousseau and the commentators cited in the references, it is observed that, as he deduces the consequences of these fundamental ideas and ponders them for a naturalistic realism, the republican political institutions arise, which reveal the limits of popular sovereignty and the need for a concept of division of powers and representation. In this sense, it is concluded that the prince not only can but must represent the sovereign both in the exercise of executive power and in the sovereign's own tasks, in legislation.

Specialists and generalists

The article considers labor specialization in terms of A.A. Bogdanov’s General Organizational Science (Tectology), whose methodology provides conclusions different from generally accepted A. Smith’s concept of labor division. The article’s goal is to investigate specialist’s characteristics and his difference from generalist.In terms of tectology, the difference is the cause of any process or phenomenon. Labor specialization is also based on difference – the difference between initial resources and collective consumption. The depth of labor specialization is determined by the number of people and the volume of their consumption. Reaching the global market’s limits has led to a reduction of differences in most markets and a decrease in production profitability, which in the long term can lead to the curtailment of material and energy flows. A qualitatively new difference may be the difference between the values and meanings of humanity, on the one hand, and the dehumanized technosphere, on the other. Subjects capable of linking these differences are generalists, capable of combining an understanding of the technosphere as a system, an awareness of long-term cause-and-effect relations, and the values and meanings of humanity.The scientific novelty of the findings obtained lies in studying labor specialization and the prospects of its transition to universalization and generalization.

Cells and building structures. Part II. The loadbearing units in cells of the building – The cells in the loadbearing elements of the building

Abstract In this study, the relationship between the structure of the supporting frame and cells is addressed. The possible arrangements of the four primary structural elements – foundation, walls and pillars, slabs, roof – in global form as well as in a single cell are looked at. The types of connections of each support member to the support elements below are examined. In line with this, the layout and possible structure of the foundation, and the possible layout of walls and pillars as well as slab is reviewed. The main possibilities for structural design of the roof structure are outlined. Using the concepts of cells, and arrangement and division of cells there is given some applications. The different building types that can be interpreted using arrangement of cells as well as some applications are shown.

G. Ph. Telemann’s Concertos for Four Violins withoutbassocontinuoin the aspect of onomatopoeic and figurative rhetoric

Statement of the problem. In musicology there has long been a tacit belief that Baroque music is the music of rhetoric, rhetorical figures and affects. In Baroque aesthetics, rhetoric, which is an important element of Baroque poetics, is perceived as an integral part of the content of a musical piece that together with form, harmony, counterpoint and musical expression form its integral substance. The study of Baroque music from the perspective of the rhetorical aspect gives a clearer comprehension of the work, understanding the context, and the competent interpretation of the composer’s idea. Analysis of recent research and publication. The theoretical assumptions of this article are based both on historical treatises (M. Praetorius, Ch. Bernhard, J. Mattheson) and authoritative works of researchers who studied theoretical issues of historically informed performance of the late XX – early XXI century (D. Bartel, L. Dreyfus), including relatively new works (M. Zgółka, P. Zawistowski, A. Mocek). M. Zgółka (2016) adopts a rather traditional approach to rhetoric, which operates with rhetorical figures and affects, and at the same time offers an innovative division of rhetoric into three varieties. Referring to the most important treatises L. Dreyfus (2004) makes us think about the relevance of making parallels between oratory and musical rhetoric highlighting common features and differences. A. Mocek’s (2019) view on musical rhetoric and on the studies devoted to it is quite critical. The main objective of the study is to examine G. Ph. Telemann’s Concertos for Four Violins without basso continuo from the perspective of figurative and onomatopoeic rhetoric. The scientific novelty. In this research for the first time, Telemann’s Concertos were analyzed from the perspective of onomatopoeic and figurative rhetoric. The concept of division of rhetoric into three categories (onomatopoeic, figurative, symbolically mystical) was proposed by the Polish violinist and theorist M. Zgółka (2016). The author uses the following methods in this research: historical, typological, comparative and structural-functional analysis. Results. The analysis of four concertos demonstrates that G. Ph. Telemann uses not only figurative type of rhetoric but also onomatopoeic, successfully combining these two categories. In comparison with, for example, A. Vivaldi or H. I. F. von Biber, the palette of sound imitative techniques in the concertos of G. Ph. Telemann is not so diverse and comprehensive, however, elements of onomatopoeic rhetoric can be found both in fast and slow movements: sound of organ or bells as well as sound images of nature. The composer does not refuse from the elements of figurative rhetoric. Like in his duo sonatas, these are mainly represented by figures that describe a melodic motion. Such techniques are often found in polyphonic quick movements. In the lyrical slow movements, similarly to the duo sonatas, harmony, polyphony and intervals are brought to the fore. Conclusions. G. Ph. Telemann’s cycle of Concertos for Four Violins without continuo is an interesting example of chamber music not only in terms of composition but also from the view point of the usage and combination of various types of musical rhetoric. Knowledge of the rhetorical component brings researchers and performers to a new, more comprehensive level of understanding of the composer’s music, allowing us to consider the emotional content not only of the work as a whole, but also of each single intonation.

THE JUDICIAL POWER LIMITATION OF COMMERCIAL COURTS COMPETENCY IN COMMERCIAL DISPUTES

One of the important instruments in a state of law is the existence of an independent judiciary, whether it is based on the doctrine of separation of powers, the notion of a state based on law or democracy. An independent judicial power is not absolute in the sense that it is free to lead to arbitrariness so that there must be restrictions on that power and freedom. The approach method is used a normative juridical approach. The results of the study found that the limitations of judicial power were based on the constitutional basis, namely Article 1 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution, Article 24 of the 1945 Constitution and Article 24 A of the 1945 Constitution. From the concept of separation or division of powers, compose an independent judicial power which is exercised by a Supreme Court and judicial bodies under it and a Constitutional Court. The commercial court as a sub-system within the judicial power is a special court under the general judiciary that has different competencies from other general courts. The implementation of the limitation of judicial power in the competence of the commercial court to realize an independent judicial power is normatively spread out in various laws.

Looking for a sociology worthy of its name: Claude Lefort and his conception of social division

The aim of this article is to question the nature of the socio-anthropological approach in Lefort’s thought. The author explores the complex relationship between Lefort and the Durkheimian French school of sociology in four stages: in the first, he shows Lefort as a sociologist ‘worthy of its name’ or, in other words, a sociologist interested in questioning the ‘institution of the social’. In the second, he focuses on the disturbing elements that Lefort introduces: the political and the division into the French sociological approach. In the third stage, he focuses his attention on the sociological approach in Lefort’s way of thinking about democratic society. Finally, he concludes by referring to Lefort’s apparent opposition between philosophy and social sciences – and the errors that this may have engendered – in order to demonstrate the continuity of Lefort’s sociological approach.

Γ-LANGUAGES AND Γ-AUTOMATA

The aim of this paper is to extend the notion of an automaton as a triple made of a set of states, a free monoid on some set, and an action of this monoid on the set of states, to the case where the free monoid is replaced by a free Γ-monoid, and the action is replaced by the action of this Γ-monoid on the set of states. We call the respective triple a Γ-automaton. This concept leads to another new concept, that of a Γ-language, which is a subset of a free Γ-monoid. Also, we define recognizable Γ-languages and prove that they are exactly those Γ-languages that are recognized by a finite Γ-automaton. In the end, in analogy with the standard theory, we relate the recognizability of a Γ-language with the concept of division of semigroups.

PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN OPEN ENDED UNTUK MENINGKATAKAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA KELAS V AL ANKABUT SDIT AL FAHMI PALU PADA MATERI OPERASI HITUNG BILANGAN BULAT

The background of this research is that generally students understand the concept of multiplication and division of integers by memorizing. Basically, the memorization method will be appropriate if you memorize it, you know and understand what you have memorized. So that students do not just memorize alone. However, students really understand what they have memorized, and the teacher in providing material on multiplication and division of integers is only glued to the textbook but does not use other solutions that are easier for students to understand. To improve students' understanding of the operations of multiplication and division of integers, learning uses an Open-Ended approach that designs a solution and answer in the operation of multiplication and division of integers with more than one solution and answer. The main objective of this research is to find out how big the Open-Ended learning approach is in improving the understanding of fifth grade students of Al Ankabut SDIT Al Fahmi on the operations of multiplication and division of integers. In this study, the researcher conducted classroom action research with six students as research subjects who were selected based on their ability level, consisting of six students, namely two students with low abilities, two students with moderate abilities, and two students with high abilities. The process of collecting data was done through tests, observations, interviews and field notes. The action was carried out four times, namely Action (1) was learning about all the elements in multiplication using Open-Ended learning through a structural approach. Action (2) is learning about integer multiplication operations with the application of Open-Ended learning through a structural approach. Action (3) is learning about all the elements in the division using Open-Ended learning through a structural approach. Action (4) is learning about the operation of dividing integers by applying Open-Ended learning through a structural approach. The results show that learning with an Open-Ended approach can improve the understanding of fifth grade students at Al Ankabut SDIT Al Fahmi Palu in the operations of multiplication and division of integers.