Diving Work Research Articles

Concurrent 10. Presentation for: Unlocking Gippsland reserves with a minimum kit solution – West Barracouta

Presented on Wednesday 18 May: Session 10 The West Barracouta (BTW), field one of the largest proven undeveloped gas fields off the south-eastern Australian coast, commenced production in April 2021. The project was developed by Esso-BHP Gippsland Basin Joint Venture (JV), a 50–50 JV between ExxonMobil’s subsidiary Esso Australia and BHP Petroleum. The BTW gas field is situated ~6 km south west of the existing Barracouta gas field and platform, the first Gippsland Basin Joint Venture platform in Bass Strait. The BTW development involved drilling two subsea production wells, installation of umbilical controls from the existing platform and installation of a ~6 km subsea flowline to connect to existing gas pipeline via a hot tap. The BTW team will share insights on how it: (1) utilised minimum kit solution and verification of existing asset condition; subsea hot tap into operational gas pipeline and re-use of existing platform J-tube to minimise works on and around the Barracouta Platform (including diving work). (2) Managed an Operator first – co-mingled wet gas subsea pipelines while operating in hydrate regions; via detailed water detection metre/software solution, downhole zone isolation and systematic operating guidelines. (3) Leveraged Installation Contractor competitive Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) enabling optimisation of facilities design/execution strategies to align with strengths and maximise overall project value. (4) Leveraged the OneSubsea/Subsea 7 Subsea Integration Alliance and global worldwide network to execute the subsea design (including qualification), manufacture and installation. (5) Utilised the incumbent Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor to integrate the subsea and topsides control systems to support a single operation system linked to the existing to Distributed Control System (DCS). To access the presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here

Unlocking Gippsland reserves with a minimum kit solution – West Barracouta

The West Barracouta (BTW), field one of the largest proven undeveloped gas fields off the south-eastern Australian coast, commenced production in April 2021. The project was developed by Esso-BHP Gippsland Basin Joint Venture (JV), a 50–50 JV between ExxonMobil’s subsidiary Esso Australia and BHP Petroleum. The BTW gas field is situated ~6 km south west of the existing Barracouta gas field and platform, the first Gippsland Basin Joint Venture platform in Bass Strait. The BTW development involved drilling two subsea production wells, installation of umbilical controls from the existing platform and installation of a ~6 km subsea flowline to connect to existing gas pipeline via a hot tap. The BTW team will share insights on how it: (1) utilised minimum kit solution and verification of existing asset condition; subsea hot tap into operational gas pipeline and re-use of existing platform J-tube to minimise works on and around the Barracouta Platform (including diving work). (2) Managed an Operator first – co-mingled wet gas subsea pipelines while operating in hydrate regions; via detailed water detection metre/software solution, downhole zone isolation and systematic operating guidelines. (3) Leveraged Installation Contractor competitive Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) enabling optimisation of facilities design/execution strategies to align with strengths and maximise overall project value. (4) Leveraged the OneSubsea/Subsea 7 Subsea Integration Alliance and global worldwide network to execute the subsea design (including qualification), manufacture and installation. (5) Utilised the incumbent Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor to integrate the subsea and topsides control systems to support a single operation system linked to the existing to Distributed Control System (DCS).

Pulmonary fluid shifts occur as a result of scuba diving at NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Lab

Introduction: Pulmonary fluid shifts can occur while scuba diving. Such shifts, generally thought to be rare, may result in a life-threatening phenomenon known as immersion pulmonary edema (IPE). This study aims to better classify the normal physiology of diving using ultrasound (US) to determine if these fluid shifts occur routinely during commercial diving work at the NASA Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). Methods: Chest US was performed on commercial divers prospectively pre- and post-dive to evaluate the presence of B-lines in a total of 12 intercostal points on the anterior, posterior, and lateral chest wall. The number of B-lines at each anatomic site was recorded and scored by two independent reviewers. An increase in the number of B-lines postdive was considered a positive result. Results: There were 67 exposures; 39 (58%) had an increase of one or more B-lines post dive; 64% of the female exposures and 57% of the male exposures were positive for B-lines post-dive, suggesting no difference across gender (Fisher’s exact; p = 0.763). After the dive, all divers remained asymptomatic. Conclusions: From our results, fluid shifts can be viewed as a normal, transient, and physiologic process in commercial divers. This correlation can be compared to the formation of low-grade venous gas emboli (VGE) from decompression that does not result in decompression sickness. Further study of US B-lines in symptomatic divers may define the utility of field US in the diagnosis and management of IPE, and help identify associated risk factors.

Pulmonary fluid shifts occur as a result of scuba diving at NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Lab

Introduction: Pulmonary fluid shifts can occur while scuba diving. Such shifts, generally thought to be rare, may result in a life-threatening phenomenon known as immersion pulmonary edema (IPE). This study aims to better classify the normal physiology of diving using ultrasound (US) to determine if these fluid shifts occur routinely during commercial diving work at the NASA Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). Methods: Chest US was performed on commercial divers prospectively pre- and post-dive to evaluate the presence of B-lines in a total of 12 intercostal points on the anterior, posterior, and lateral chest wall. The number of B-lines at each anatomic site was recorded and scored by two independent reviewers. An increase in the number of B-lines post-dive was considered a positive result. Results: There were 67 exposures; 39 (58%) had an increase of one or more B-lines post dive; 64% of the female exposures and 57% of the male exposures were positive for B-lines post-dive, suggesting no difference across gender (Fisher’s exact; p = 0.763). After the dive, all divers remained asymptomatic. Conclusions: From our results, fluid shifts can be viewed as a normal, transient, and physiologic process in commercial divers. This correlation can be compared to the formation of low-grade venous gas emboli (VGE) from decompression that does not result in decompression sickness. Further study of US B-lines in symptomatic divers may define the utility of field US in the diagnosis and management of IPE, and help identify associated risk factors.

Remote sensing for underwater archaeology: case stud-ies from Greece and Eastern Mediterranean

Modern underwater remote sensing technology introduces many advantages that extend the range of conventional diving work providing the means to survey in a detailed and systematic fashion large seafloor area. There are two general approaches regarding the application of these techniques in underwater archaeology; they are being increasingly used to identify, locate and map (i) ancient and historical shipwrecks lying on the seafloor or partly buried in it and (ii) the coastal palaeogeogra-phy and thus submerged sites of archaeological interest (submerged ancient cities, settlements, ports and man-made structures). The underwater remote sensing techniques most commonly applied to underwater archaeology employ: (i) single and multi-beam echosounders (ii) side scan sonar (acousting imaging), (iii) laser line scan (optical imaging) (iv) subbottom profiler, (v) marine magne-tometer and (vi) undersea vehicles. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (i) to present the results of remote sensing surveys that carried out at sites of archaeological and historical interest, in Greece (Dokos Island, ancient harbour of Kyllene and Navarino Bay whereas a historical naval Battle took place) and in Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alexandria Egypt and Mazotos shipwreck Cyprus), and (ii) to prove the applicability of remote sensing techniques in underwater archaeology showing that a combination of these can be a very effective tool.

Effects of a Fact-finding Survey on General Characteristics of Shell-fishing Work and Farm Work, Musculoskeletal Pain and Depression on Quality of life in Jeju Women Diver

The purpose of this research was to find out the effects on quality of life according to fact-finding characteristics of shell-fishing diving work, farm work, body part-specific musculoskeletal pain and depression of Jeju woman diver (haenyeo) with chronic musculoskeletal disease. Data were 199 haenyeos between 50 and 90 years old residing in S city, Jeju island. dependent variable of multiple regression is Received (May 26, 2015), Review Request(May 27, 2015), Review Result(June 10, 2015) Accepted(July 02, 2015), Published(August 31, 2015) 697-864 Dept. Physical Therapy, Seogwipo Medical Center, Jangsoo 47, Seogwipo, Jeju, Korea email: Kohw0925@hanmail.net (Corresponding Author) 506-706 Dept. Physical Therapy, Nambu University, Chumdan 23, Gwangsangu, Gwangju, Korea email: geriatricpt1@naver.com 697-864 Dept. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Seogwipo Medical Center, Jangsoo 47, Seogwipo, Jeju, Korea email: Emtyangyohan@gmail.com 682-715 Dept. Physical Therapy, Ulsan College, Bongsoo 101, Donggu, Ulsan, Korea email: cykim@uc.ac.kr Effects of a Fact-finding Survey on General Characteristics of Shell-fishing Work and Farm Work, Musculoskeletal Pain and Depression on Quality of life in Jeju Women Diver Copyright c 2015 HSST 236 quality of life, independent variables are general characteristics, shell-fishing diving work characteristics, farm working characteristics, body part-specific musculoskeletal pain, depression. general characteristics showed significant difference in 'educational level', 'living with whom' index from multiple regression analysis. shell-fishing diving work characteristics showed significant difference in 'career of diving', 'medications' index from multiple regression analysis. farm working characteristics showed significant difference in 'type of farming', 'career of farm working' index from multiple regression analysis. 'depression' index also showed significant difference from multiple regression analysis. Based on the data of this research, A systematic controls are needed continuously to improve Quality of life in jeju women divers. Keyword : haenyeo, musculoskeletal pain, depression, quality of life, multiple regression analysis.

シート基盤を利用したコアマモ移植方法の適用に関する実験

In the previous study, a new method for transplanting zostera japonica which doesn't require much diving work was developed. This method is to put a biodegradability sheet close to living areas of zostera japonica and to move the sheet to the destination after zoster japonica grows enough on the sheet. Although the applicability of the sheet was already confirmed through a field survey, it was also observed that some zostera japonica are removed from the sheet after transplanting the sheet. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to clarify the requirements for zostera japonica to remain certainly on the sheet. The results of the laboratory experiments show that when the sheet is moved, more than 5cm of shoot roots need to remain and the moved sheet should be attached firmly to the destination ground.

장죽수로 조류발전건설시 작업특성에 따른 산업잠수 작업한계

The Korea has significant tidal current energy resources, but it is so hard to work underwater for tidal turbine installation. Therefore commercial diving work is very important for tidal current generator. Also, Jangjuk channel is vary famous as proper area to generate tidal current energy. Nevertheless, no one is studied about characteristics of commercial diving works with installation of tidal current generator. The purpose of this study is to introduce commercial diving with work types and investigate critical limits of diving working under the conditions, which are working only to minutes at slack tide during the neap tide. As the results, work types are five as like mooring installation, OMAS(Offshore Maintenance Access System), support structure installation, cable and turbine installation. Here, the original construction period is expected about 4 months, but the construction take 18 months to complete. The cause of extends construction period is insufficiency of researching tidal current conditions at the site and ignorance of slack tide which need to secure diving working time. Total diving working times are 110th during 18 months, the highest percentage of diving times is turbine installation about 43.6 %, and cable, mooring installation and support structure construction are 27.3 %, 15.5 %, 13.6 %, respectively. On the basis of this study, estimation of times of commercial diving is possible with work types of tidal current power, and has a significance as basic data to determining construction period.

EVALUATION OF SCUBA DIVING WORK LOAD

Divers' heart rates were measured under real ocean diving conditions with the purpose of evaluating the workload during SCUBA diving. For the subjects, all-out tests were conducted and evaluated in each of the following conditions: 1. ergometer cycling, 2. ergometer cycling using diving regulator, 3. fin-swimming in a swimming pool with diving equipment. No significant heart rate difference was found between the pre-dive and post dive of each subject; although, in novice divers, high heart rates such as 140/min or more were observed especially during the dive gear wearing phase on the topside and/or floating on the surface phase, suggesting there should be some high heart rate inducing factors, other than the exercise, like stress. Whereas, in the results of the all-out tests, the heart rate for fin-swimming was 16~18 beats/min lower, as well as 5.7~14.2 ml/kg/min lower for VO2max, as compared to the ergometer cycling. This may suggest that fin-swimming like scuba diving could give a diver some degree of physical load without on increased heart rate.

Organização do trabalho, subjetividade e confiabilidade na atividade de mergulho profundo

Neste artigo destacamos a dimensão coletiva do trabalho na atividade de mergulho profundo e os componentes subjetivos aí implicados, por considerarmos que tais aspectos são fundamentais para pensar a segurança e a confiabilidade nos sistemas sociotécnicos complexos. Tomamos como material empírico privilegiado a investigação inicial conduzida por Figueiredo (2001) acerca das condições em que se desenvolve esta atividade na bacia de Campos (região norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), que é permanentemente terceirizada e está inserida na indústria petrolífera offshore. Ao desconsiderar algumas das chamadas regras de trabalho fundamentais, assim como o papel decisivo que estas desempenham no curso das tarefas, o modo de organização do trabalho vigente cria obstáculos sérios à coesão e à consolidação dos coletivos, minando o potencial de cooperação aí presente, com graves riscos para a confiabilidade do sistema analisado e para a saúde (mental) e segurança dos mergulhadores.

Evaluation of diving stress implication of analysis of work loads

An investigation was conducted on the actual diving conditions of 2,996 divers in Japan except those engaged in fishery. Results of analysis made on the diving profiles and actual working conditions showed that some of their jobs required heavy load and that the burden was excessively large. Little study has been made for the proper evaluation of diving stress or work loads, but it has been assumed from these limited studies that the load is not so heavy. The load has been generally estimated to be about 1.8l/min STPD of oxygen consumption (VO2) during 40 l/min STPD of expiratory gas volume/min (VE). In our examination of their actual diving work, their work load was far greater than our expectation. It was in practice not only difficult to obtain the actual VO2 but also very difficult to determine their actual fatigue. Instead of these, it is necessary to establish an adequate index for evaluating diving work load. Studies have been made in our laboratory since 1981 and regression equations have been finally obtained, by which load during diving work can be determined using heart rate as index. Seven healthy males were chosen as subjects of the present study having a mean age of 34.4 yr and a mean diving history of 7.3 yr. First, performance time was acquired in each subject by bicycle ergometer exercise and the maximalen oxygen consumption (VO2-max) was obtained. In the second step, VO2-max was obtained by using the regulator apparatus for breathing during SCUBA diving. This value was 86.1% of the first step. The third step was made in a swimming pool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Energetics of wet-suit diving in Japanese male breath-hold divers.

The present study was undertaken to investigate energy balance in professional male breath-hold divers in Tsushima Island, Japan. In 4 divers, rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures and rate of O2 consumption (VO2) were measured during diving work in summer (27 degrees C water) and winter (14 degrees C water). Thermal insulation and energy costs of diving work were estimated. In summer, comparisons were made of subjects clad either in wet suits (protected) or in swimming trunks (unprotected), and in winter, they wore wet suits. The average Tre in unprotected divers decreased to 36.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C at the end of 1-h diving work, but in protected divers it decreased to 37.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C in 2 h in summer and to 36.9 +/- 0.1 degree C in 1.5 h in winter. The average Tsk of unprotected divers decreased to 28.0 +/- 0.6 degrees C in summer and that of protected divers decreased to 32.9 +/- 0.5 degrees C in summer and 28.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C in winter. Average VO2 increased 190% (from 370 ml/min before diving to 1,070 ml/min) in unprotected divers in summer, but in protected divers it rose 120% (from 360 to 780 ml/min) in summer and 110% (from 330 to 690 ml/min) in winter. Overall thermal insulation (tissue and wet suit) calculated for protected divers was 0.065 +/- 0.006 degree C X kcal-1 X m-2 X h-1 in summer and 0.135 +/- 0.019 degree C X kcal-1 X m-2 X h-1 in winter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bone necrosis and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in rabbits.

1. Aseptic necrosis of bone is a serious chronic complication of deep-sea diving and compressed-air work. 2. The changes to the bone which occur in this condition take time to develop to the stage where they cause the radiographic signs of bone necrosis, and consequently there is a delay of some months between the causal incident and the first diagnosis by radiography. 3. As a possible method for the earlier detection of bone necrosis the 24 h urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was measured over a period before and after experimental production of bone necrosis in rabbits by the intra-arterial injection of glass microspheres. 4. Total hydroxyproline excretion rose significantly within a few days of the injection in those rabbits in which there was later shown to be historical evidence of bone necrosis. This rise occurred long before there was any radiographic changes. 5. It is suggested that measurements of urinary hydroxyproline might be used to give an early indication of bone necrosis in man.

Responses to Pressure: The Physiology and Medicine of Diving and Compressed Air Work . P. B. Bennett and D. H. Elliott, Eds. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1969. xiv + 534 pp., illus. $27.

Responses to Pressure: <i>The Physiology and Medicine of Diving and Compressed Air Work</i> . P. B. Bennett and D. H. Elliott, Eds. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1969. xiv + 534 pp., illus. $27.

The Physiology and Medicine of Diving and Compressed Air Work.

The Physiology and Medicine of Diving and Compressed Air Work.