Divine Religions Research Articles

Role of Social Media in Spreading Violent Extremism in Bangladesh

“Violent Extremism”, a word that can quiver a whole country or society entirely and affect in its foundation so much that its socio-economic system can be broken down entirely. Bangladesh is also a high-risk situation as there are some religious extremist groups active around our motherland to spread hate speech and misinterpretation of divine religion so that there could be chaos and terrorist acts to break the social order. The purpose of this study was to find out how social media is being used for spreading violent extremist ideologies in Bangladesh. The authors mainly collected the data from newspapers, books, articles, journals, reports of DMP and other social organizations. As such, this paper is an in-depth study of the relationship between social media and the spreading of violent extremism and it aims to assess the precedential effect of social media in spreading violent extremism. The authors have found that the national and international extremist groups are using social media sites to express their propaganda, misinterpretations of divine messages and hate speeches to the mass majority who use those sites so that people can be misguided and fulfill the objectives of those groups.

First Christian Church in Transcaucasia

In the southern regions of Iran (Persia), Zoroastrianism was represented by numerous temples and pantheons of gods, while in the Northern provinces, fire worship retained its early form, recognizing one deity - Ahramazda. With the coming to power of the Sassanids, the number of temples began to increase. The fact that peregrine And his son were priests of the Anahita temple also set priorities during their rule. When the Sassanids came to power, Ardeshir imposed a special tax (one-tenth) on the temples of fire-worshippers. However, environmental analysis shows that during the reign of various rulers, Mazdeism, Mithraism, Manichaeism, and even Christianity gained moderate ascendancy in the Sassanid state, albeit temporarily. For the first 300 years after Christ, there was a serious struggle in Eastern Anatolia to become a strong and lasting religion. The first Christian Church in Parthia played a leading role in this struggle. The lack of information about the history of Parthia, and sometimes very little, enriches this period with legends. The Parthian aristocracy maintained its influence in the Northern regions of Persia. The reign of the Arshakids (of aranshah) continued in Albania until the 6th century. The Parthians understood and practiced fire worship differently than in Persia. The Parthian nobles saw and knew the important role of the temple of Anahita in the victory of the sons of Sassanids. Along with various traditional religions, many new religions spread in the Persian province and in Persian geography, new concepts were synthesized between religions, there was fierce competition between religions, and religious clans sought access to large palaces. The early Christians who settled in the Northern provinces of Parthia in the middle of the third century gained a large following. In 252-326, Gregory (his Church name) was the son of Apak (Anak) of the Arshakid dynasty , and he was baptized in Cappadocia and received a Christian upbringing. When another of the Arsacid dynasty, Prince Tridad, together with Gregory, founded the first Christian Church, of course, the Central government did not like it, and the persecution increased. However, by the will of the sons of A, they were able to hold and preserve the Church. The younger son of Gregory, Arastun (Armenians call him Aristakes), led the Church in 325-333, and then his older brother, the first son of Gregory erfan (Arfan) (Armenians call him Vrtanes), took over the leadership of the Church in 333-341 on the advice of his father was brought to the leadership. Arastun took part in the creation of the churches of Albania and Iveria, became their first Bishop, and participated in the first world Council of Christians (Nicaea-Syria). Early Christians quickly forgot the important decisions made at the first meeting of the apostles of Jesus, and Christians all over the world are involved in intrigues between the two churches - the Church of Nicaea (Syria) and the Church of Alexandria. After the formation of the Church of Constantinople, competition increased, and although the Christian Church in Eastern Anatolia and Cappadocia was subordinate to Constantinople, the Syriac Church sent representatives to Cappadocia and Eastern Anatolia in search of supporters. The church, founded by Gregory, son of Apak, acts as a true Christian church under the leadership of 10 generations after him and proclaims that Christianity is a divine religion. Only in 437, with the appointment of Hovhannes, a disciple of the Syrian missionary and provocateur Mesrop Mashtos (educated in Syria), the leadership of the church changed the character of the first Christian Church of the Parthians, covering a large area from Eastern Anatolia to Albania. The first Christian Church of the Parthians changed its essence, defining the status of a national church, and not a propagandist of common Christian values.

Women’s rights of inheritance: An overview in the present era

Islam is the final divine religion and its teachings are natural and justice based. One of its teachings is the right of inheritance. Inheritance is very important in every human life. After the death of a Muslim man or woman, his/her decedents and other relatives become entitled the inheritance. In Surah Al-Nisa, the division of inheritance has been briefly described. The Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) implemented this divine rule in his life and the Khulafa-e-Rashidin also followed and implemented this rule in their period very well. So there is no conflict among the Muslims about the law of inheritance. In subcontinent, after British rule, some social and ethical problems and issue regarding law of inheritance appeared. To violate this law some greedy people made different ways to deprive their relatives from the inheritance e.g. marriage with Quran, forced marriage, agricultural land deceiving, usurper on trade and business, divorce and late decision of honorable courts made a social role in deprivation of inheritance. This paper aims to diagnose the reasons of these problems and make suggestions to control these issues by the implementation of law of inheritance in the light of Quran o Sunnah and the constitution of Pakistan.

Satan's Repentance: Carnivalesque in Asy-Syahiid Story By Taufiq Al-Chakim

Carnivalesque or carnival behavior is a concept coined by Mikhail Bakhtin about the suspension of all forms of social rules and hierarchies in literature. This is reflected in an Egyptian short story Asy-Syahiid written by Taufiq al-Chakim (1898-1987). The short story tells of a demonic character who wants to repent of his attitudes known as a human tempter. The satanic narrative described as contradicting the understanding of divine religion shows that al-Hakim tries to present the carnivalesque aspect in his work. This study will analyze the carnivalesque elements in the short story and the ideology behind the carnivalesque depictions. The method used is descriptive analysis method, namely by first describing the carnivalesque elements in the short story, then analyzing the ideology behind the depiction of these elements. The results showed that the short story Asy-Syahiid represented carnivalesque elements, such as profanation, comical elements, and multiplicity of tones. The ideology shown by the short story is a form of al-Hakim's criticism of humanity categorized by the devil's repentant narrative.

STUDY THE IMAGE OF DEATH IN THE QUR'AN AND COVENANTS

Purpose of the study: The phenomenon of death and its attitude is one of the basic issues in human life. The question that has always occupied the human mind in this regard is: What is death? What does he do to a man in the end?
 Methodology: And how do the heavenly books that have the most knowledge of man portray this phenomenon to the audience of their time? In this article, we try to use the analytical-descriptive method and unbalanced comparison, while examining the verses of death in the Bible and then comparing them with the Qur'an, to state that although the books of the Old and New Testaments have been distorted over time.
 Results: They may have disagreements with the Qur'an on this subject, but ultimately state that death is a phenomenon in the powerful iodine of the incomparable Creator, which has never been the destruction of man, but an evolutionary stage of human life. The presence of death in human life depends on human actions and behavior. By comparative study in these books, it seems that: Death in the verses of the Old Testament in various meanings such as: death and destruction, sleep and separation of the body used in While in the books of the New Testament, attention to the meanings after death has been given more attention and has been expressed with interpretations such as the day of separation, auditing, and arbitration, while from the perspective of the Qur'an, And life is again for the human soul.
 Applications of this study: This thesis can have many applications for example in universities that teach theology, philosophy of religion, and mysticism. These fields can use the results of this study in their researches. Moreover, those who interest in religious studies can use it.
 The novelty of the study: This study reveals the clear relation between divine religions as Islam, Judaism, and Christianly.

امام رازیؒ اور تفسیر رازی(تعارف ،اسلوب اور تحقیقی جائزہ)

It is sufficient for the limitless greatness of the holy Quraan that it is Allah’s talking to us. The fact is what is in the world hitherto in the creation of the world, the Kaaba, the holy personalities of Prophets (ﷺ), in above world the Arsh, ALLAH’s chair, Loh e Mahfooz, the blessings of Jannat (Paradise) and Jahannam (Hell) and the angles closed to ALLAH (saw) all of them instead of their being acknowledged greatness are creatures and separate from ALLAH. But Quraan e Majeed is the creature that is not separate from him rather it is established with his honorable personality. It is limitless thanking to ALLAH (saw) and his great blessing that he send such a Kalaam and enabled us to do its tilawa (recitation) and read it through our tongue. Then to make it our leader in our life after we had learned it. Ago there had been three books, likewise masahif(small books) in hundreds but all of them are not in their original form. It is good fortune that Ummat e Muhammadya has saved the last Divine book with the name of Quraan e Majeed with all its requirements. Other divine religions has not this pride. Not only it but Sahaba, Tabeen and their followers explained Quraan e Kreem from different angles and served it from every aspect. One of them is Allama Fkhruddin Al Razi who made Quraan e Kreem,s Tfseer in a new way.

Concept of Prayer in Islam and Judaism: Similarities and Differences

All divine religions are based on the belief in the Oneness of God. Prayer was made obligatory for the practical manifestation of this belief in all divine religions so that this belief is strengthened in the core of the heart, and in turn, it develops and strengthens the relation between God and His servant. Prayer is a dialogue and whispering between Allah and mankind; it is a source of acquiring righteousness. Keeping in view the importance of prayer, books, and research articles have been written on the concept, obligation, importance, and purpose of prayer in Islam and Judaism. However, a valuable comparative study is still missing on the conditions, elements, posture, and supplication of prayer. This article traces the similarities and differences in prayer between Islam and Judaism. In this connection, an analytical and comparative study has been used in the light of the Quran, Ḥadīth, and the Old Testament on the meaning of prayer, its obligation, conditions, elements, posture, supplications, and qualities of Imām in Islam and Judaism. Hence, the similarities and differences of prayer in both religions have been traced out.

The Role of Ideology in Enhancing Political Ethics at the level of International Relations from the Perspective of the Holy Quran and Hadiths

Nowadays, according to the ungodly worldviews, most of the time governments strive to increase their power and interests based on realistic and neorealistic theories. They are also after their multilateral dominance and expanded empire. In these situations- where the world is in chaos and separation of ethics from politics comes to the fore thereby showing its impact at the international level- Islam considers ethics as the basis of politics and at the level of international relations, it also seeks to establish an ideal, spiritual and moral relationship. Therefore, by emphasizing the role of epistemological and ideological beliefs and divine worldview, Islam stresses the importance of intensifying political ethics within the field of international relations. These epistemological beliefs include monotheism, prophecy and apostleship of the divine prophets, the eschatology and resurrection. In this article, the plan is to concentrate on the common points of the divine religions through examining the verses, hadiths and traditions of the divine saints regarding the emphasis of Islam on this issue. Therefore, this study attempts to deepen the political ethics in the aspect of people's relations, as well as the relation among Muslim and non-Muslim governments based on the basic and epistemological beliefs of Islam. This will (hopefully) lead to the peaceful coexistence among the followers of the divine religions and it will also lead to a peaceful living without any war and conflict.

THE CONCEPT OF "FAITH" IN YOUNG PEOPLE’S CONSCIOUSNESS: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The article analyses psychologically-linguistically the verbal representations of the concept of “faith”. A free associative experiment was used in the research to identify the meaning of the examined concept in native speakers’ cognitive consciousness. The respondents received ten words-stimuli related to religious discourse. In this article, we analyze associations evoked by “faith” word. The research sample included 246 students with average age of 18.6 years from Lesia Ukrainka Eastern European National University, students studied biology, psychology and publishing business. During the associative experiment revealing verbal representation of the concept of “faith”, we obtained only 286 reactions that included 131 different associations. The most frequent associative reactions to “faith” were: “hope”, “God”, “in God”, “love” and “prayer”. The processing of the obtained associations for “faith” was carried out according to the grammatical criterion, which allowed us to reveal the predominance of paradigmatic reactions to the word-stimulus. As for the logical criterion, central reactions were most often among associations obtained for “prayer”. The associations obtained for “faith’ were analyzed according to thematic criteria, which allowed us to distinguish ten different thematic categories: religion, God, hope, emotions and feelings, strength, society, convictions, soul, beliefs, name. The most numerous thematic groups were responses connecting “faith” with religion, God and hope. The thematic groups of “soul”, “beliefs” and “name” were the least numerous among the obtained associations. The vast thematic diversity can indicate students’ unawareness about the concept of “faith”. Cluster analysis revealed that the verbalized concept of “faith” is represented by two semantic groups of associations: “hope” and “God - emotions and feelings”. Thus, young people view faith not only through the prism of the divine (religion, spirituality) and its peripheral components (prayer, confession), but also try to understand faith as hope and support. We see the prospects for further research in further psycholinguistic analysis of religious discourse, namely the functioning and use of religious concepts in mass-media.

A-1 The comparison of angels among Judaism, Christianity and Islam

The human mind is unable to acquire the knowledge of metaphysical and unseen worlds which fall in the category of faith such as angels , concept of life and death , hereafter, and the belief in heaven and hell, except through the divine guidance given to the messengers and Prophets by Almighty Allah .The faith in angels is one of those believes mentioned in all the divine religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. All these three divine religions agree on the existence of angels in general. As this is one of the six articles of faith of our true Islamic religion, and this is one of the most important article of faith in Judaism and Christianity too. Belief in angels is the most widely discussed doctrinal elements in the sacred books of all these religions. It is a matter of fact that all these three divine religions have a firm belief in the existence of angles but they differ only regarding their details such as their names, classes, descriptions, characteristics and actions. This article analyses and addresses the main question about angels in sematic and divine religions which is; how do the divine religions present angels and which are the similarities and differences between them.

U-10 Historical Evaluation of Disregard of Religious Identifications in Divine religions Prof: Zahida Parveen*

There have been extraordinary signs and symbols in every religions that are given due honour and respect by their followers. In all the Semitic religions (based on revelation) the respect of emblems has remained a common and the disrespect to these religious signs is considered a punishable act. In modern world, among the other reasons of the ongoing conflicts is the disrespect of such religious signs also. To bring the reconciliation and maintaining peace and solidarity among the nations, it is obligatory that the emblems of every religion should be given due respect. In this article the concept of the respect to these signs is discussed in the light of the teachings of three Semitic religions. rand the punishment on their disrespect have been discussed comparatively, which in this regard world prove a positive step. It is a condition of publication in this journal that authors assign copyright or license publication rights of their articles to the Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad. This enables IRI to ensure full copyright protection and to disseminate the article, and of course the journal, to the widest possible readership in print and electronic formats as appropriate. Furthermore, the authors are required to secure permission if they want to reproduce any figure, table, or extract from the text of another source. This applies to direct reproduction as well as "derivative reproduction" (where you have created a new figure or table which derives substantially from a copyrighted source). Allah Almighty has perfected His benevolence towards humanity through the mercy of the worlds, the Messengers and the intercessors of the sinners Muhammad Kareem. Undoubtedly, this benevolence towards mankind is the religion of Allah, Islam, Called it a 'great blessing' for humanity.

Sokaklarından Süt ve Bal Akan Kutsal Belde: Haçlı Seferleri Öncesinde Kudüs Algısı

Jerusalem, one of the oldest known cities, with its settlement dating back to 3,000 B.C., is a unique place considered as being sacred by the three great divine religions. It started being a frequent destination of pilgrims who wished to visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, from the VIth century, when Christianity gained freedom. While there were some interruptions in the visits of the Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem, which passed into Islamic rule in 638, they did continue until the time the Crusades began. Jerusalem, which remained under Islamic rule for more than four centuries, enjoyed a calm and prosperous period during this time. Jerusalem, which is very much worthy of the phrase, “sacred land flowing with milk and honey,” as depicted in the Old Testament, was very wealthy due to its function as the meeting point of commercial activities, as well as being a great centre of religion throughout history. Indeed, the tales of the riches seen by the Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem became a topic which was frequently talked about among the people in a very short time. When the weak economic and social structure of eleventh century Europe is taken into consideration, it is easy to understand the reasons for the love of and desire to attain Jerusalem. Our paper will discuss the perception of Jerusalem, which was the motivation behind the Crusades, following the famous Sermon at Clermont, when Pope Urban II made his call for the Crusades, on the axis of its economic dimensions in addition to its religious dimensions, by taking into account the sources from the period.

ARABIC-A STUDY OF NEW ARABIC BOOKS ON THE PROPHETIC TREATIES AND COVENANTS

This brief research paper consists of an analytical study of the modern books compiled on the topic of treaties and covenants of The Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) with other tribes and nations. In this regard, in the modern literature of Arabic, four authors are very prominent and famous, they are:  Muhammmad Abd ul Munim Khan, Dr Muhammad Hameedullah, Ali bin Husain Ali Al ahmadi and Awon alshreef Qasim. Their worthy books and compilations are so comprehensive and reasonable on the above mentioned topic. The topic of Holy Prophet’s covenants has too much importance because it shows His political approach as a successful ruler. So, a research analysis will be presented here about the said books and their authors as under: 1.Brief introduction of the authors. 2.Main contents of the books. 3.Special style and characteristics of the books. 4.Some specimens from the books. This topic is as important today as it was years ago. Students of comparative literature essentially need to study the divine religions, their spread, characteristics, and the political approach of the leaders of these religions. So, the letters of the Prophet and his political documents caught the attention of researchers of all generations and generations

Prejudices on Concerning Human Rights Vis-a-Vis Islam

In the history of thought, defending human rights and freedom, positivist and materialist views are critical of religion in general and Islam in particular. Islam as a divine religion with its theoretical and practical dimensions has been the guarantor of human rights. Positivist and materialist views on every occasion ready to blame and identify the Islamic concept of servitude (to God) with slavery. But if we examine Islam in-depth with a philosophical mind, we can see that the Islamic concept of devotional servitude accommodates genuine freedom which intends to protect the health of both the body and the soul. Positivist and materialist minds consider the issue of human rights as their own, and religious sides approach this issue reluctantly due to the rhetoric of human rights devoid of religious rhetoric. Finding reasonable answers to the questions of what the source of human honor is and what makes human being meaningful will bring closer to each other the positivist/materialist views and religious views.

بارزان وأنحائها في كتابات السريان دراسة تحليلية نقدية

للمصادر السريانية اهمية كبيرة في تدوين بعض الحلقات المفقودة من تاريخ كوردستان، فالناطقين بالسريانية من كلدان وسريان وآثوربين (=آشوريين) هم بلا شك جزء من هذا المجتمع الكوردستانى و عاشوا لعشرات القرون جنبا الى جنب مع بقية اطياف المجتمع من كورد وتركمان وعرب وغيرهم، وبالتالي شكلوا مجتمعا متجانسا الى حد بعيد تشهد بذلك أواصر الجيرة والتعاون والمصير المشترك، فضلا عن وجود سمات ثقافية واجتماعية واقتصادية مشتركة بين جميع أطياف هذا المجتمع. وبخصوص المصادر السريانية وتطرقها الى قرية بارزان والمناطق المحيطة بها فانها بدون شك تقدم خدمة كبيرة للباحثينن لكشف بعض الحلقات المفقودة من تاريخ هذه المنطقة القصية وتميط اللثام عن الكثير من الحقائق التي كانت خافية او مطمورة في اخاديد هذه المنطقة الوعرة بتضاريسها والمملؤة بحكمة الاديان السماوية الثلاث.

Relasi Wahyu dalam Tiga Agama Samawi (Kajian terhadap Pemikiran Mohammed Arkoun)

The revelation so far is reading by partially and exclusively way. Partial and exclusive here means only discussing only the religious groups. Each religion has its own truth claims. In this point, Arkoun’s idea about revelation found its signification. From his prespective which contemplate the revelation not only by Islamic view but also consider its relation to the two religion before Islam. This article aims to discuss the Arkoun’s idea about revelation and how the implication of his idea to the multi-religion discourse. The Abrahamic religion is Yahudi, Kristen, and Islam. Arkoun said that basically Yahudi, Kristen, and Islam are a social group which produce by the revelation. the dialogue between the divine religions can be opened and the exclusivity of reading the revelations can be eliminated through Arkoun's idea of revelation.

Un estudio comparativo de la leyenda egipcia de las aflicciones de Abydos con la historia de Hiram en la Torá.

Mito, en el pensamiento del primer hombre, e incluso en el humano moderno no es solo fantasía y leyenda, sino historia real que expresa su actitud hacia su esencia y es la base de sus pensamientos. En este ensayo, estudiamos y adoptamos los signos, palabras y pensamientos de los mitos de las aflicciones de Abydos con la historia de Hiram en la Torá y algunas de las ideas del judaísmo que han llevado esta religión divina a ser torcida. Mientras mostramos las fuentes de su pensamiento, como uno de los representantes de la barbarie moderna, demostraremos la relación entre estos pensamientos y algunas de las desviaciones en las sociedades actuales.

Religious Philosophy of Bhagat Singh

The article focuses on how Bhagat Singh as a great freedom fighter in the entire history of India is a well-recognised national hero by every common citizen and intellectual. It also explores how he was a revolutionary not only on the political front but also on social and religious fronts. His ideas are deeply rooted in a deep sense of social and political understanding in many ways. Bhagat Singh as a social-political thinker always tried to be rational and construct strong base against any irrational and illogical elements present in the society. He has proclaimed an atheist but his views on the religious front are remarkable. He never advocated people to follow any religion blindly and stay on illusion. He condemned everything that seemed damaging and destructive for the Indian society. He was more concerned about the progress of people irrespective of any identity and created a universal platform for everyone at the national level. He also presented his views over the Gods and their different roles for humanity in his writings and thoughts. While talking about the divine figure and religion his prime concern had been to benefit people without any disparity and difference. Bhagat Singh throughout his life fought against the sufferings that affected human lives. At the same time, he questioned the authority of those who were responsible to carry the religious elements by criticising the caste system and religious practices of India. He questioned the highest Varna of society by arguing that if he commits any sin who would be responsible and who is authorised to punish him. In other words, he until the end of time stood against any nexus that harms humanity and human lives in any form. His prime objective in life had been to inject revolutionary ideas among the people and impart a heart that opened its door for everyone without any reservations. In the end, he concluded himself as an atheist on the basis his observations of the religious elements.

Treatment of Individuals with Disabilities throughout History and across Religions in Libya

This article describes historical eras’ and religions’ influences on Libyan people’s attitudes toward individuals with disabilities. This article depicts the emergence of ancient civilizations and religions (e.g. the Pharaoh era, the Greek and Roman Empires, Arab immigrant civilizations, and the Ottoman and Italian Empires) in Libya and assesses how these civilizations’ cultures have shaped Libyan people’s opinions toward and acceptance of people with disabilities. This article also reviews the Libyan literature about disabled people throughout the country’s history. In doing so, this study describes the impact of ancient civilizations on Libya’s current population. It also expresses the impact of divine religions and contemporary invasions. Ultimately, this article is intended to raise people’s awareness of fair advocacy for people with disabilities’ rights.

ISLAM, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GLOBALIZATION

The objective of Islam is to establish economic equality, social justice, and fairness in all spheres of the life of individuals and societies. Islam put a very clear prohibition on slavery and discriminated social grades and caste-systems, and asserts on the human dignity through the golden principles of universal brotherhood among all human and gave a special honor to the women. These principles are considered integral parts the UN charters and constitutions of civilized world for establishing exploitation free society. In the view of Islam, in the divine religions as well, all races of human, white and black or brown are born from Adam and Eve. Allah, the almighty creator, has made them vary in colour, language and has placed them in different lands, but before Him they are all one and cherished by Him alike, and he is most honoured who is most righteous. Islam described the rights and duties of all kinds of people as all are equal in gender as human being. This paper examines the rights of individual in the lights of Holy Quran specially Surah al-Nisa verse 36 and the Sunah specially the last sermon of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).