Diversity In Water Research Articles

Bird Diversity Unconsciously Increases People’s Satisfaction with Where They Live

There is growing evidence that exposure to nature increases human well-being, including in urban areas. However, relatively few studies have linked subjective satisfaction to objective features of the environment. In this study we explore the links among objective environmental features (tree cover, water, and bird diversity) and subjective judgements of satisfaction. We surveyed residents of Ottawa, Canada (n = 1035) about their satisfaction with their local neighbourhoods. We then compared the survey responses to measures of nature near their homes, including bird diversity (number of bird species), tree canopy cover, and distance to water. After controlling for effects of income and subjective happiness, residents’ neighbourhood satisfaction was positively related to the number of bird species nearby, even before participants were prompted to consider nature. Residents’ appreciation of their local neigbourhood relative to others also increased with tree canopy cover and nearness to water. Unsolicited comments from participants following the survey indicated that while residents consciously appreciate trees and water, the relationship between bird diversity and neighbourhood satisfaction appears to be unconscious; very few of the participants mentioned birds. Based on these results, we speculate that a diverse local bird community may provoke feelings of satisfaction through their presence, activity, and songs. Our results create a compelling argument for city planners and individual residents to maintain bird-friendly spaces in urban areas.

Antifungal agents, yeast abundance and diversity in surface water: Potential risks to water users

South African surface waters are subject to various forms of pollution. Recent findings in aquatic systems suggest an association exists between yeast diversity, chemical pollutants and land coverage, which are important water quality determinants. Yeast abundance and diversity, as well as antifungal agents in two river systems in South Africa, were investigated and related to the existing land coverage. Yeast abundance and diversity were determined from environmental DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing, respectively, of the 26S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene. Antifungal agents were qualitatively and/or quantitatively detected by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyses of 2 031 714 high-quality 26S rRNA sequences yielded 5554 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs)/species. ASV richness and Shannon-Wiener index of diversity reflected the southward flow of the river with higher values observed downstream compared to the upstream. Fluconazole concentrations were quantifiable in only two samples; 178 and 271 ng L−1. Taxonomically, at least 20 yeast species were detected, including the dominant Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus spp. as well as the lesser dominant Bensingtonia bomiensis, Fereydounia khargensis, Hericium erinaceus, Kondoa changbaiensi, Pseudozyma spp. and Sphacelotheca pamparum. The two dominant species are known opportunistic pathogens which had antifungal resistant traits in previous studies from the same rivers and therefore is a public health threat. The present study provides further evidence that yeasts should be included as part of water quality parameters, especially in developing countries where much of the population are economically disadvantaged, and also immunocompromised due to age and disease.

Key drivers of microbial abundance, activity, and diversity in karst spring waters across an altitudinal gradient in Slovenia

In aquatic ecosystems, the biomass, activity and composition of microorganisms are determined to a large extent by local and regional environmental conditions. While karst aquifers are an important source for drinking water, the ecology of microbial communities in karst waters has hardly been studied. This study examined the regional variations and seasonal dynamics of microbial communities in pristine karst spring waters of Slovenia (Central Europe). Fifteen springs distributed across 5 eco-regions exhibiting a strong altitudinal gradient were sampled 4 times a year. Evaluation of the microbial communities included quantification of prokaryotic biomass via total cell counts and microbial activity estimated via measurements of electron transport system activity. The taxonomic structure of the bacterial communities was analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. Biological measures were complemented by a set of physico-chemical parameters, including dissolved organic carbon, nutrients, major ions, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Bacterial community structure differed significantly with seasons and eco-regions, with the latter causing greater variation. While the overall power of the environmental variable tested was a moderate factor (15%) in explaining the variability in microbial community structure, catchment altitude was a key determinant. Prokaryotic cell density and microbial activity in spring water decreased with an increase in catchment altitude and were significantly positively correlated. For a better understanding of karst ecosystems and the ecosystem service of water purification, future investigation should address karst microbial communities at a higher phylogenetic and functional resolution.

The microbiome of a polluted urban lake harbors pathogens with diverse antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the greatest threats to the modern human population. Paradoxically, urban settlements are often culpable in generating such resistance by influencing the adaptation of bacterial communities via pollution of natural ecosystems. Urban lakes are well-known examples of this problem, as they often receive discharges of both domestic and industrial wastewater. In this study, we used shotgun metagenome sequencing to examine the microbial diversity of water and sediment samples of Lake Alalay, a polluted urban lake near Cochabamba, Bolivia. We found that Proteobacteria dominated the relative abundance of both water and sediment samples at levels over 25% and that a significant proportion of the microbial diversity could not be classified (about 9% in water and 22% in sediment). Further metagenomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes identified 277 and 150 AR genes in water and sediment samples, respectively. These included genes with functional annotations for resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, phenicols, macrolides, beta-lactams, and rifamycin. A high number of genes involved in bacterial virulence also occurred in both water and sediment samples (169 and 283, respectively), where the virulence gene pscP normally found in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system had the highest relative abundance. Isolated and identified bacteria from water samples also revealed the presence of pathogenic bacteria among the microbiota of Lake Alalay. Seeing as most AR and virulence genes detected in this study are commonly described in nosocomial infections, we provide evidence suggesting that the microbial ecosystem of Lake Alalay presents a severe health risk to the surrounding population.

Small Produce Farm Environments Can Harbor Diverse Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. Populations

A comprehensive understanding of foodborne pathogen diversity in preharvest environments is necessary to effectively track pathogens on farms and identify sources of produce contamination. As such, this study aimed to characterize Listeria diversity in wildlife feces and agricultural water collected from a New York state produce farm over a growing season. Water samples were collected from a pond (n = 80) and a stream (n = 52). Fecal samples (n = 77) were opportunistically collected from areas <5 m from the water sources; all samples were collected from a <0.5-km2 area. Overall, 86 (41%) and 50 (24%) of 209 samples were positive for Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. (excluding L. monocytogenes), respectively. For each positive sample, one L. monocytogenes or Listeria spp. isolate was speciated by sequencing the sigB gene, thereby allowing for additional characterization based on the sigB allelic type. The 86 L. monocytogenes and 50 Listeria spp. isolates represented 8 and 23 different allelic types, respectively. A subset of L. monocytogenes isolates (n = 44) from pond water and pond-adjacent feces (representing an ∼5,000-m2 area) were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); these 44 isolates represented 22 PFGE types, which is indicative of considerable diversity at a small spatial scale. Ten PFGE types were isolated more than once, suggesting persistence or reintroduction of PFGE types in this area. Given the small spatial scale, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Listeria spp., as well as the considerable diversity among isolates, suggests traceback investigations may be challenging. For example, traceback of finished product or processing facility contamination with specific subtypes to preharvest sources may require collection of large sample sets and characterization of a considerable number of isolates. Our data also support the adage "absence of evidence does not equal evidence of absence" as applies to L. monocytogenes traceback efforts at the preharvest level.

Distribution of Fungi density and diversity in a Surface water of Epie Creek in Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria

Distribution of Fungi density and diversity in a Surface water of Epie Creek in Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria

Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity of Tuna Larvae (Family Scombridae) in the Philippine waters

The Philippines is a significant producer of tunas globally but has experienced a decline in tuna production in recent years. Thus, efforts to explore and assess new fishing grounds were conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) through M/V DA-BFAR. Assessment of the spawning and nursery grounds of tunas in the country’s EEZ was also undertaken to properly manage and conserve tuna stocks. The said assessment commenced in 2006 and is continuing up to the present. All the data from 2006-2018 were compiled, including the data from collaborative studies with the University of the Philippines-Marine Science Institute and Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center to create an overall profile of Scombridae’s abundance and distribution larvae in Philippine waters. The study results showed that family Scombridae is most abundant in the Philippine waters along Batanes-Polillo and areas off Eastern Luzon. Species diversity in Philippine waters was considerably high, with about six to eight dominant species. The most dominant species was Thunnus albacares., followed by Thunnus obesus, Auxis spp., Katsuwonus pelamis, unidentified Scombrid larvae, Rastrelliger spp., Thunnus alalunga, and Thunnus tonggol. The Scombridae species are diverse in the West Philippine Sea and Batanes-Polillo waters but not in Davao Oriental-Surigao waters.

An assessment of the persistence of putative pathogenic bacteria in chloraminated water distribution systems

This study investigated how a chloramine loss and nitrifying conditions influenced putative pathogenic bacterial diversity in bulk water and biofilm of a laboratory- and a full-scale chloraminated water distribution systems. Fifty-four reference databases containing full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database were prepared to represent fifty-four pathogenic bacterial species listed in the World Health Organisation and Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines. When 16S rRNA gene sequences of all samples were screened against the fifty-four reference pathogenic databases, a total of thirty-one putative pathogenic bacteria were detected in both laboratory- and full-scale systems where total chlorine residuals ranged between 0.03 - 2.2 mg/L. Pathogenic bacterial species Mycolicibacterium fortuitum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were noted in all laboratory (i.e. in bulk water and biofilm) and in bulk water of full-scale samples and Mycolicibacterium fortuitum dominated when chloramine residuals were high. Other different pathogenic bacterial species were observed dominant with decaying chloramine residuals. This study for the first time reports the diverse abundance of putative pathogenic bacteria resilient towards chloramine and highlights that metagenomics surveillance of drinking water can serve as a rapid assessment and an early warning of outbreaks of a large number of putative pathogenic bacteria.

In Situ Growth of Halophilic Bacteria in Saline Fracture Fluids from 2.4 km below Surface in the Deep Canadian Shield.

Energy derived from water-rock interactions such as serpentinization and radiolysis, among others, can sustain microbial ecosystems deep within the continental crust, expanding the habitable biosphere kilometers below the earth’s surface. Here, we describe a viable microbial community including sulfate-reducing microorganisms from one such subsurface lithoautotrophic ecosystem hosted in fracture waters in the Canadian Shield, 2.4 km below the surface in the Kidd Creek Observatory in Timmins, Ontario. The ancient groundwater housed in fractures in this system was previously shown to be rich in abiotically produced hydrogen, sulfate, methane, and short-chain hydrocarbons. We have further investigated this system by collecting filtered water samples and deploying sterile in situ biosampler units into boreholes to provide an attachment surface for the actively growing fraction of the microbial community. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and DNA sequencing analyses were undertaken to classify the recovered microorganisms. Moderately halophilic taxa (e.g., Marinobacter, Idiomarina, Chromohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Hyphomonas, Seohaeicola) were recovered from all sampled boreholes, and those boreholes that had previously been sealed to equilibrate with the fracture water contained taxa consistent with sulfate reduction (e.g., Desulfotomaculum) and hydrogen-driven homoacetogenesis (e.g., Fuchsiella). In contrast to this “corked” borehole that has been isolated from the mine environment for approximately 7 years at the time of sampling, we sampled additional open boreholes. The waters flowing freely from these open boreholes differ from those of the long-sealed borehole. This work complements ongoing efforts to describe the microbial diversity in fracture waters at Kidd Creek in order to better understand the processes shaping life in the deep terrestrial subsurface. In particular, this work demonstrates that anaerobic bacteria and known halophilic taxa are present and viable in the fracture waters presently outflowing from existing boreholes. Major cations and anions found in the fracture waters at the 2.4 km level of the mine are also reported.

Comparison of Seaweed Growth, Fish Abundance and Diversity in Deep Water Floating Raft with Tubular Nets and Shallow Water Off-bottom lines Seaweed Farms

This study compared the growth performance of Eucheuma denticulatum, fish abundance anddiversity between deep water (using tubular nets) versus shallow water (off-bottom) seaweedfarming methods. For each farming method, three plots were set and fish abundance, diversity andseaweed growth rates were measured at intervals of 15 days. Belt transects measuring 10 m x 4 meach, were established on seaweed farms for fish observations. Fish were identified to the lowestpossible taxonomic level by underwater census. The results showed that the growth rate of E.denticulatum in deep water farms was slightly higher at an average daily growth rate (DGR) of3.42 ± 0.18% day−1 compared with 3.01 ± 0.27% day−1 for shallow water farms but with nosignificant differences (p = 0.079) likely due to higher herbivory in the deep water farms. Fishabundance and diversity were higher in deep water farms but insignificant (t (34) = 0.69, p = 0.49and t (34) = 0.424, p = 0.67, respectively). Habitat complexity and seaweed growth rate were almostsimilar for both farming methods hence attracting comparable numbers of fish. Further studies arerecommended on fish community structures, differences between the two farming methods andeffects of herbivory.&#x0D; Keywords: E. denticulatum; seaweed farming methods; growth; fish diversity and abundance

Physico-chemical parameters and culturable yeast diversity in surface water: a consequence of pollution

Rivers in the North West Province (NWP) of South Africa are polluted by various anthropogenic activities that are associated with agricultural, domestic, industrial, and mining activities. Pollutants and effluent resulting from these activities impact the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of river water. More particularly, domestic and agricultural pollution has been associated with the occurrence of pathogenic yeast species in water. The aim of this study was to determine physico-chemical parameters, yeast levels, and the antifungal susceptibility of pathogenic yeasts in river water. Physico-chemical parameters and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified by biochemical tests and 26S rRNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted on identified potential pathogenic yeasts. Physico-chemical parameters were within target water quality ranges (TWQR) for livestock farming but were mostly out of range for irrigation. Yeast levels (incubation at 37°C) ranged from 363 to 1 778 CFU/L. There were significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters and yeast levels between some seasons and among the river systems under study. A positive association was observed between temperature, COD and yeast levels in all the river systems. Ascomycetes, which were the most prevalent isolates, were identified as Candida spp. (35%), Pichia spp. (13%), Cyberlinera spp. (12%), Meyerozyma spp. (11%), Clavispora spp. (10%), Saccharomyces spp. (6%), Kluyveromyces spp. (5%), Yamadazyma spp. (4%), Trichosporon spp. (3%), and Wickerhamomyces spp. (1%). Antifungal resistance of the potential pathogenic yeasts was as follows: flucytosine and miconazole (100%) &gt; fluconazole (78.5%) &gt; econazole, and miconazole and ketoconazole (49.6%) &gt; nystatin (15.2%). The river water systems explored in the study are used for agricultural, domestic and recreational purposes. Direct contact with the water, especially by immune-compromised people, may pose a health threat and should be further investigated.

Microbial diversity in water and animal faeces: a metagenomic analysis to assess public health risk

ABSTRACT Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a new avenue for investigating changes in the water microbial community associated with faecal contamination. Faeces in drinking water might include pathogens, which result in serious waterborne diseases in humans. Therefore, drinking water requires comprehensive information about microbial diversity that comes from faecal contamination of different sources to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. Here, we investigated the microbial diversity of water and faecal samples at 15 recreational campgrounds in New Zealand. In total, 42 faecal (two rabbits, seven ducks, seven ruminants, seven passerines, nine possum and ten Pukeko) and 75 water (37 intakes and 38 taps) samples were analysed using 16S rRNA metabarcoding. Our results suggested that water samples harbour a higher microbial diversity than faeces. Canonical correspondence analysis of bacterial communities and NeighborNet tree of recognised pathogens showed clustering of samples from similar sources. Phylogenetic analyses showed evidence for the presence of Arcobacter and Sulfurospirillum and indicator organisms Escherichia and enterococci in water, while Campylobacter was mainly found in faeces. These findings provide novel insights toward understanding the quality of drinking water and allow future use for the identification of faecal contamination in water.

Bacterial community composition and diversity in the ballast water of container ships arriving at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China

Ballast water is a major vector of invasion by protozoans and metazoans. Bacterial invasion is less-well understood. We surveyed the bacterial diversity of ballast water from 26 container ships arriving at the Yangshan Deepwater Port, Shanghai, China during 2015–2016. We characterized the ballast microbiome using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based on V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes. We simultaneously monitored physicochemical parameters of the ballast water, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), particulate organic carbon (POC), NO2, NH4, PO4. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum, comprising more than 50% of the OTUs of almost all vessels, followed by Bacteroidetes (12.08%), Actinobacteria (4.86%) Planctomycetes (3.24%) and Cyanobacteria (1.95%). The relative abundance of Cyanobacteria differed among vessels. It was negatively correlated with temperature, NO3, pH, TSS, PO4, and turbidity and positively correlated with NH4, POC. The genus Synechococcus was the most common Cyanobacteria in our results. Escherichia coli were relatively rare; they are indicator-species of D-2 standards published by the IMO. The relative abundance of the genus Vibrio ranged from 0.003% to 24.88% among different vessels. Our results showed that HTS was able to profile the bacterial communities in ballast-waters, even when the approach was restricted by technical and other obstacles.

Correlation of microbiota in the gut of fish species and water

To analyze the intestinal microbiota diversity of several important economic fishes in the Loudi area and its correlation with the microbiota of water environment, the high-throughput sequencing based on the bacteria 16S rRNA was used to analyze the intestinal microbiota diversity in fish intestines and water. The results revealed that half of the OTUs in the water sample could be detected in the fish intestine, the proportion of shared OTUs in the intestines of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and water samples was only 22%, and the unique OTU in the LC group was relatively the highest in the fish intestinal group. It can be seen from the analysis in NMDS analysis, the distance between Hypophthalmichthys molitrix group and water group is relatively farthest. Ctenopharyngodon idellus has the highest microbiota richness and diversity (P < 0.05), while the water samples have the lowest microbiota richness (P < 0.05). Firmicutes, Methylocaldum and Bacillus are the prevalent taxonomic unit in the Aristichthys nobilis and Carassius auratus groups, Anaerospora is the prevalent genera in the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix group, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria have a high relative abundance ratio in the Ctenopharyngodon idellus group, and the prevalent taxonomic unit in the water sample group are Phenylobacterium, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In conclusion, fish species have different prevalent microbiota. There are a strong correlation between fish intestinal microbiota and the water environment, and the fish with a weak correlation is Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Results of this study will contribute to the prevention and treatment of fish diseases and the fish ecological culturing in Loudi area.

Biogeographic patterns of planktonic and meiobenthic fauna diversity in inland waters of the Russian Arctic

Abstract Broad‐scale assessment of biodiversity is needed for detection of future changes across substantial regions of the Arctic. Presently, there are large data and information gaps in species composition and richness of the freshwater planktonic and meiobenthos communities of the Russian Arctic. Analysis of these data is very important for identifying the spatial distribution and temporal changes in species richness and diversity of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods in the continental Russian Arctic. We investigated biogeographic patterns of freshwater plankton and meiobenthos from c. 67° to 73°N by analysing data over the period 1960–2017. These data include information on the composition of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods obtained from planktonic and meiobenthic samples, as well as from subfossil remains in bottom sediments of seven regions from the Kola Peninsula in the west, to the Indigirka River Basin (east Siberia) in the east. Total richness included 175 species comprised of 49 rotifer genera, 81 species from 40 cladoceran genera, and 101 species from 42 genera of calanoid, cyclopoid, and harpacticoid copepods. Longitudinal trends in rotifer and micro‐crustacean diversity were revealed by change in species composition from Europe to eastern Siberia. The most common and widespread species were 19 ubiquitous taxa that included Kellicottia longispina (Rotifera), Chydorus sphaericus s. lat. (Cladocera), Heterocope borealis, Acanthocyclops vernalis, and Moraria duthiei (Copepoda). The highest number of rare species was recorded in the well‐studied region of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra and in the Putorana Plateau. The total number of copepod and rotifer species in both Arctic lakes and ponds tended to increase with latitude. Relative species richness of copepods was positively associated with waterbody area, elevation, and precipitation, while relative species richness of cladocerans was positively related to temperature. This result is consistent with known thermophilic characteristics of cladocerans and the cold tolerance properties of copepods, with the former being dominant in shallow, warmer waterbodies of some western regions, and the latter being dominant in large cold lakes and waterbodies of eastern regions. Rotifers showed a negative association with these factors. Alpha‐ and β‐diversity of zooplankton in the Russian Arctic were strongly related to waterbody type. Lake zooplankton communities were more diverse than those in pond and pool systems. Moreover, the highest β‐diversity values were observed in regions that showed a greater breadth in latitude and highly heterogeneous environmental conditions and waterbody types (Bolshezemelskaya tundra and Putorana Plateau). Redistribution of freshwater micro‐fauna caused by human activities occurred in the 1990s and 2000s. As a result of climate warming, a few cladoceran species appear to have extended their range northward. Nevertheless, the rotifer and micro‐crustacean fauna composition and diversity of the majority of Arctic regions generally remain temporally conservative, and spatial differences in composition and species richness are chiefly associated with the differences between the warmer European and colder east Siberian climates.

Reducing the Abundance of Harmful Bacteria of Rooftop Tank-Stored Drinking Water Using Silver Nanoparticles and Acetic Acid and Its Impact on Japanese Quail Growth Performances.

This study evaluated the microbial diversity of rooftop tank-stored drinking water consumed by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and acetic acid (AC) and their mixture. Japanese quails (2weeks old) of two different plumage colors, white and brown, were divided into four groups. In group 1 (control), birds received rooftop tank-stored water. In groups 2, 3, and 4, birds received rooftop tank-stored water treated with AC (0.5mL/L), AgNPs (0.1mg/L), or both AC and AgNPs. A reduction in the total coliform count was observed for AgNP- and AC-treated water after 2h, 24h, 48h, and 5days (P < 0.05). Growth rates and feed intake in both white- and brown-feathered quails were also increased using both AC and AgNPs (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in water consumption was observed in the brown-feathered quails, whereas the white-feathered quails drank more water (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum parameters remained unchanged in the white-feathered quails using both AC or/and AgNP purifiers (P > 0.05), whereas brown-feathered quails receiving water treated with AC or both AC and AgNPs displayed a significant increase in serum total protein and hemoglobin compared with quails receiving water treated with AgNPs alone or non-treated water (P < 0.05). Cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly increased when using both AC or/and AgNP purifiers (P< 0.05). In conclusion, both AgNPs and AC are recommended as efficient purifiers to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and to increase the growth performance and health condition of white- and brown-feathered Japanese quail birds.

Dissimilarity of microbial diversity of pond water, shrimp intestine and sediment in Aquamimicry system

The Pacific white shrimp, with the largest production in shrimp industry, has suffered from multiple severe viral and bacterial diseases, which calls for a more reliable and environmentally friendly system to promote shrimp culture. The “Aquamimicry system”, mimicking the nature of aquatic ecosystems for the well-being of aquatic animals, has effectively increased shrimp production and been adapted in many countries. However, the microbial communities in the shrimp intestine and surrounding environment that act as an essential component in Aquamimicry remain largely unknown. In this study, the microbial composition and diversity alteration in shrimp intestine, surrounding water and sediment at different culture stages were investigated by high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, obtaining 13,562 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Results showed that the microbial communities in shrimp intestine and surrounding environment were significantly distinct from each other, and 23 distinguished taxa for each habitat were further characterized. The microbial communities differed significantly at different culture stages, confirmed by a great number of OTUs dramatically altered during the culture period. A small part of these altered OTUs were shared between shrimp intestine and surrounding environment, suggesting that the microbial alteration of intestine was not consistent with that of water and sediment. Regarding the high production of Aquamimicry farm used as a case in this study, the dissimilarity between intestinal and surrounding microbiota might be considered as a potential indicator for healthy status of shrimp farming, which provided hints on the appropriate culture practices to improve shrimp production.

REVIEW: FARMERS' LOCAL WISDOM ON NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural resources are essential parts of human life, even the technologies continue to grow, natural resources still become a strategic sector for many countries. Many countries that don’t have many natural resources are trying to collaborate with rich countries. How people manage natural resources is very important to get maximum benefits. Local wisdom seems to have a role in managing natural resources with wise ways, get full benefits without destroying it. Natural resources, especially in terms of soil, water, plant and animal diversity, vegetation cover, climate, and ecosystem services, are fundamental for agricultural systems' structure and function. Therefore how farmers are managing their farming can be seen as farmers are managing natural resources. Farmers’ local wisdom on natural resources can be seen in the shape of how farmers managing their farming activities with various ways that they learned or got from generation to generation. Understanding farmers’ local wisdom on natural resources can help stakeholders make a suitable program for farmers' lives and natural resources development.

Classification of Australian Waterbodies across a Wide Range of Optical Water Types

Baseline determination and operational continental scale monitoring of water quality are required for reporting on marine and inland water progress to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study aims to improve our knowledge of the optical complexity of Australian waters. A workflow was developed to cluster the modelled spectral response of a range of in situ bio-optical observations collected in Australian coastal and continental waters into distinct optical water types (OWTs). Following clustering and merging, most of the modelled spectra and modelled specific inherent optical properties (SIOP) sets were clustered in 11 OWTs, ranging from clear blue coastal waters to very turbid inland lakes. The resulting OWTs were used to classify Sentinel-2 MSI surface reflectance observations extracted over relatively permanent water bodies in three drainage regions in Eastern Australia. The satellite data classification demonstrated clear limnological and seasonal differences in water types within and between the drainage divisions congruent with general limnological, topographical, and climatological factors. Locations of unclassified observations can be used to inform where in situ bio-optical data acquisition may be targeted to capture a more comprehensive characterization of all Australian waters. This can contribute to global initiatives like the SDGs and increases the diversity of natural water in global databases.

Effects of marine oil pollution on microbial diversity in coastal waters and stimulating indigenous microorganism bioremediation with nutrients

Marine oil spill brings disaster to coastal waters, whereas indigenous microorganisms remedy oil pollution. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are necessary for the biodegradation of oil pollution. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of marine oil spill on indigenous microorganisms in coastal waters under different nutrient concentrations. The degradation efficiency of 10.00 g/L crude oil with 0.02 and 2.00 g/L of nutrients added increased by 76.92% and 115.38%, respectively, compared with that of 10.00 g/L crude oil without nutrients added. The degradation efficiency of 0.01 g/L crude oil with 0.02 and 2.00 g/L of nutrients added increased by 20.39% and 23.99%, respectively, compared with that of 0.01 g/L crude oil without nutrients added. Sequencing results showed that 10.00 g/L crude oil reduced bacterial and fungal richness as well as fungal diversity, but increased bacterial diversity. The 0.01 g/L crude oil increased the richness and diversity of bacteria but decreased those of fungi. In addition, the dominant genera in 0.01 g/L crude oil were no-rank Methylophagaceae and unclassified fungi. The dominant genera after adding 0.02 g/L of nutrients were Ralstonia and Alternaria, and unclassified fungi was the dominant genus after adding 2.00 g/L of nutrients. Fungi played a major role in 0.01 g/L crude oil degradation with 2.00 g/L of nutrients added. The dominant genera in 10.00 g/L crude oil were Marivita and unclassified fungi, whereas the dominant genera after adding 0.02 and 2.00 g/L of nutrients were Litoribacillus and unclassified fungi, and Parvibaculum and unclassified Ophiostomataceae, respectively. Parvibaculum was mostly abundant in 10.00 g/L crude oil degradation with 2.00 g/L of nutrients added. The abundance of unclassified fungi in the 10.00 g/L crude oil decreased with the increase in nutrient concentration. Fungi mainly populated the crude oil with 2.00 g/L of nutrients after 14 days of cultivation.