Diversification Of Income Sources Research Articles

Diversification of income sources in the United Arab Emirates for the period 1975-2022 (An economic analytical study)

The research aims to benefit from the experience of the United Arab Emirates in diversifying its sources of income, by following up on the legislative base it has prepared for this change which it had planned for in its economic structure, the results that were reflected in the developments of the gross domestic product and the relative importance of the sectors that make up its oil and non-oil composition, the basket of oil and non-oil exports, and the reflection of this in the growth of the average per capita income. The researchers followed the inductive approach and the descriptive analytical method. Perhaps the most important thing they reached was that this country had built its development strategy within the framework of the outward orientation in transferring the country from the local framework to the global horizon, achieving a diversity in the components of its GDP and in its export basket. This was reflected in a noticeable increase in the average per capita income, and this could not have been achieved without the cohesion and harmony between the citizens of the country and the government.

The Impact of Non-Agricultural Activities on Poverty Reduction in Rural Communities: A Case of Sumbawanga Rural District, Tanzania

Agriculture is central to Tanzania's rural economy, but its underperformance drives many households in Sumbawanga Rural District to seek non-farm activities to combat poverty. This study investigates the impact of such activities on poverty reduction. It identifies drivers pushing farmers towards non-agricultural work, like low farm earnings and land scarcity, and explores how these activities affect household income. Data from 195 farming households reveals non-farm activities contribute significantly to income, ranging from 43% to 50%. Despite Tanzania's decreasing poverty rate (25.7%) in 2020, around 26 million still live in extreme poverty. The study suggests promoting non-agricultural endeavours like carpentry and animal husbandry to diversify income sources and alleviate poverty. Overall, it highlights the importance of non-farm activities in rural prosperity and recommends their integration into poverty reduction strategies.

Migration as an Adaptation Measure to Achieve Resilient Lifestyle in the Face of Climate-Induced Drought: Insight from the Thar Desert in Pakistan

A significant number of people, either seasonally or permanently, migrate from the Thar Desert in Pakistan each year due to droughts caused by climate change. This study aims to investigate the determinants and consequences of these migration decisions, examine the effectiveness of migration as a climate adaptation strategy, and identify challenges in adapting to these changes. Data were gathered from 400 migrated households in the Mithi sub-district. A mixed-method approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings revealed that threats to the standard of living, including lack of food and clean drinking water, unemployment, and limited educational and medical opportunities, were the primary reasons for permanent and temporary migration from ancestral locations. Migration significantly impacted the origin and destination regions, with positive or negative effects. Specifically, migrants identified various consequences for both the origin and destination communities, including population decline (63%), changes in age structure, increased demand for housing, economic fluctuations (73%), alterations in healthcare services, and increased psychological stress (77%). The study also revealed that individuals who migrated from the Thar Desert experienced improved conditions compared to their previous location, such as diversification of income sources, increased job stability, access to clean water and food, reduced health risks, and overall improvements in their living conditions. However, the destination communities faced significant challenges due to widespread resource depletion and environmental deterioration. Migrants encountered barriers to developing resilient livelihoods in destination areas, including lack of proper knowledge and information, institutional and government issues, environmental and technological challenges, and social and cultural issues. The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive policies and sustainable solutions to address the root causes of migration and support the resilience of vulnerable populations.

Multifaceted economic impacts of a 500-year flood on gateway communities of Yellowstone National Park

Disasters can have dramatic implications for gateway communities of National Parks, especially local economies that rely on park tourist visitation as their primary source of income. In June 2022, a 500-year flood event impacted Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and gateway businesses, both directly through infrastructure damages (property loss) and indirectly through park closures and post-disaster marketing. We used a combination of approaches to document and explore the relative importance of these diverse sources of economic impacts. First, structured surveys were used to evaluate economic impacts, from the perspective of individual business owners and community leaders in six gateway communities surrounding YNP. Average revenue loss was 48 % during peak tourist season across all communities but averaged 75 % for communities inaccessible to the park. Direct infrastructure damages to businesses were localized; however, even businesses sustaining property losses suggested more severe economic impacts were the result of loss of visitors from park closures and damaging media coverage. Using annual visitation and economic input-output model data, we developed a statistical model to estimate regional economic impacts from the flood. The model corroborated the results of our survey and suggested the flood led to a total loss of $156 million in visitor spending in gateway areas in 2022, exceeding economic losses from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We present some guidelines for building economic resilience in gateway communities, including diversifying sources of income, building social capital, embracing tourist adaptations, and developing coordinated park-gateway-regional messaging and marketing to the media post-disasters.

Agroforestry: Multifunctional Benefits and Implementation Strategies

Agroforestry, the practice of integrating trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, offers many benefits for biodiversity, soil health, climate resilience, and socio-economic development. This review explores the multifunctional benefits of agroforestry systems and discusses implementation strategies to optimize their potential. The article covers ecological, economic, and social aspects, highlighting successful case studies and best practices from various regions. By providing a comprehensive overview of agroforestry's advantages and practical approaches for its adoption, this review aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners about the transformative potential of agroforestry in sustainable land management and rural development. Agroforestry systems have the potential to transform traditional agricultural practices by promoting biodiversity, enhancing ecosystem services, and increasing farm productivity and resilience. Integrating trees and shrubs into farming landscapes can improve soil health through enhanced nutrient cycling and erosion control, sequester carbon to mitigate climate change, and create microclimates that protect crops and livestock from extreme weather events. Additionally, agroforestry offers significant economic benefits by diversifying income sources for farmers, reducing reliance on chemical inputs, and improving market opportunities for agroforestry products. The review also addresses the social implications of agroforestry, emphasizing its role in enhancing rural livelihoods, promoting food security, and supporting community resilience. Agroforestry practices can empower smallholder farmers by providing them with new skills and knowledge, increasing their adaptive capacity, and fostering social cohesion through community-based initiatives. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the barriers to agroforestry adoption, such as lack of awareness, financial constraints, and insecure land tenure, and proposes solutions to overcome these challenges. In-depth case studies from various regions illustrate the successful implementation of agroforestry systems and their positive impacts on local communities and ecosystems. The review highlights best practices and lessons learned from these examples, offering valuable insights for scaling up agroforestry initiatives globally. By integrating scientific research with practical experiences, this article provides a holistic perspective on the potential of agroforestry to contribute to sustainable development goals, including climate action, zero hunger, and life on land. Ultimately, this review aims to inspire policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to recognize the value of agroforestry and to implement strategies that support its widespread adoption. By fostering collaboration among stakeholders and promoting innovative approaches, agroforestry can become a key component of sustainable agricultural landscapes, ensuring food security, environmental health, and socio-economic well-being for future generations.

The Role of Financial Oversight in Enhancing the Efficiency of Public Spending in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to determine the extent of the impact of financial control on the efficiency of public spending in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to regulate corruption, reduce waste of public funds, enhance transparency, and assess the effectiveness of current financial control legislation and agencies, and the procedures included therein, to understand their responsiveness, efficiency, and their impact on diversifying income sources, reducing unemployment rates, and their effect on economic growth through the analysis and study of international and local reports and indicators regarding financial control. Additionally, this study reviews the most distinguished international experiences in financial control and how to benefit from them to enhance the efficiency of control over the implementation of the general budget in the Kingdom. This study adopts the descriptive-analytical approach to reveal the effectiveness of current financial control over the public budget in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and its impact on the efficiency of spending, relying on three important indicators that represent the growth rate, unemployment rate, and diversification of income sources, through the review and analysis of international and local reports and indicators during the period covered by the Open Budget Index in the Kingdom, starting from 2008 to 2023. The study revealed the necessity of financially and administratively independent financial control agencies, granting them the necessary powers to carry out their tasks, making all administrative levels accountable, with the need for continuous updating of financial control legislation and laws in the Kingdom, activating what has recently been introduced of systems, working on integrating control agencies, in addition to the importance of exercising preventive control before preparing the budget to avoid budget deficit crises and preserve public funds. The researcher believes, through what has been discussed, that this study provides a valuable contribution to the development of financial control policies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Analysis Of Financial Performance Of Muhammadiyah Aisyiyah Hospital In Jakarta Before And After The Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to analyze differences in the financial performance of the Muhammadiyah-Aisyiyah Hospital (RSMA) in Jakarta before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was obtained from financial reports (2017Q1-2022Q4) which were analyzed using the ANOVA difference test. Based on the analysis and discussion, it was found that there was a significant difference in financial performance in the financial ratios of TATO and PBT, while the difference in DAR was not significant before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in the RSIJ Group. Apart from that, it was found that financial performance was better after the COVID-19 pandemic.This research provides practical insights for hospital managers and stakeholders in designing more effective policies for financial management during and after the pandemic. The increase in the Debt to Assets Ratio in several hospitals shows the need for better debt management strategies, while the decrease in the Total Assets Turnover Ratio emphasizes the importance of increasing the efficiency of assets use. The increase in Profit Before Tax in several hospitals indicates opportunities to increase profitability through appropriate management despite existing challenges. To improve the financial performance of Muhammadiyah private hospitals in DKI Jakarta, it is recommended to improve asset management to make it more effective, diversify income sources to reduce financial risks, improve revenue and operational expense management strategies, and invest in advanced health technology.

Factors Influencing the Choice of Value Addition Among Kiwi Growers in Ilam, Nepal

Value addition helps farmer to overcome financial difficulties during market crises. Production of value-added product is the best possible alternative to diversify income sources for farmers in developing countries like Nepal. However, the choice of value addition is low among kiwi growers in Nepal. An investigation was carried out to identify existing value-added products and factors influencing the choice of value addition among kiwi growers in Ilam district, Nepal. Primary data were gathered using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire with 39 randomly selected kiwi growers from the study area during 2023, followed by Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant Interview with selected individuals. Descriptive statistics and a logit model were used to analyze the findings of the study. The results revealed that juice was the commonly produced product. Farm size was statistically significant in production of value-added products. Thus, extension agencies of government and non-governmental organizations should primarily focus on large farms for better adoption of value addition. Similarly, provisions to increase farm sizes can be made by providing cost-effective lease in options or even subsidies to lease in land. Group based farming enterprises should be promoted to increase the adoption.

The influence of diversifying income sources on the financial performance: An empirical study on Vietnamese commercial banks

This research investigates the impact of income diversification on the financial outcomes of commercial banks in Vietnam. The analysis utilizes financial reports from 26 Vietnamese commercial banks spanning from 2012 to 2022. A variety of analytical methods, including the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, Fixed Effects Model (FEM), Random Effects Model (REM), and System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) models, were employed to evaluate the data. The findings suggest that diversifying income streams enhances the financial health of commercial banks. The case of Vietnamese banks indicates that bank growth and an increase in borrowing activities positively influence financial results. Additionally, it is recommended for banks to manage deposit ratios of customers and lower the ratio of loan loss provisions to optimize financial performance.

Assessing the impact of flood risk and associated factors on profitability of fish farming operations: evidence from South- South Nigeria

Fish farming plays a crucial role in food security and economic development in Nigeria. However, the country’s susceptibility to floods due to its geographical location and climate change has raised concerns about the profitability and sustainability of fish farming operations. This study aims to assess the impact of flood risk and associated factors on the profitability and sustainability of fish farming operations in South-South, Nigeria. The research employs a purposive random sampling techniques to generate data on flood frequency and severity, associated factor affecting profitability fish farms locations in the three (3) states, and other associated factors affecting profitability of fish farmers, their production figures are collected and analyzed to identify areas prone to flooding and the extent of damage caused to fish farms. Additionally, two hundred and one (180) fish farmers were sampled for the study (Delta 96, Bayelsa45 and Rivers 60 fish farmers) to gather information on flood risk effects, perception and profitability during flood occurrence. Preliminary findings indicate that flood severity is statistically significant at a 5% level (t-ratio: -2.4806) with a negative coefficient (-0.4876). Flood frequency is statistically significant at a 1% level (t-ratio: -4.5934). with a negative coefficient of -3.8035. This suggests that more severe flood events are associated with lower profitability among fish farmers. The result also revealed that at a probability of 0.1%, fish farmers in Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers States were susceptible to flooding with about 92.9% experiencing flood events although at a probability of 0.2%, it was noticed that only 7.1% of fish farmers were facing flood events. The study recommends that adoption of climate- smart farming practices, such as choosing flood resistant fish species and diversifying income sources, can enhance resilience, prioritize conducting thorough risk assessments specific to each fish farming location. These assessments should consider historical flood data, local climate conditions, topography, and the vulnerability of infrastructure. These findings will inform farmers and policy makers about the level of risk and guide mitigation efforts.

The Impact of Government Regulations on Forest Fires on the Decline in Livelihoods of Residents in Pulang Pisau

Forest fires in Indonesia, especially in peatlands such as Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan, are a serious problem that impacts the environment and the livelihoods of local communities that depend on agriculture and timber mining. The government has issued strict regulations based on Law Number 32 of 2009, Law Number 41 of 1999, and Government Regulation Number 10 of 2010 to prohibit forest burning to protect the environment. However, the implementation of these regulations often does not take into account local conditions, leading to a decline in livelihoods, poverty, and population migration. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the impact of government regulations on forest fires and livelihood decline in Pulang Pisau. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The results of the study show that the regulation limits the traditional practices of communities in managing land, causing a decrease in income and increasing poverty. Community adaptation to these regulations includes diversification of income sources, training, use of technology, and increased community cooperation. The study recommends increased support through proper training, access to environmentally friendly agricultural technologies, and better coordination between central and local governments. A holistic approach is needed to balance environmental protection and the economic well-being of the community. Effective regulatory implementation and ongoing support are expected to reduce forest fires without sacrificing the livelihoods of local communities.

Effect of Net Interest Margin on Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of net interest margin on financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The researcher developed four specific objectives, four research questions and four hypotheses that guided the study. The research design employed was ex post facto. This design is selected and implemented due to the researcher's lack of control over the various elements of the design. The data for this study is preexisting, therefore it is utilized for a secondary data analysis. The study's population comprised twenty-two (22) designated deposit money banks in Nigeria. This study employed the judgmental sampling technique. The sample size is made up of two (2) DMBs which includes United Bank for Africa Plc, Fidelity. The data for this study were obtained from the published financial statements of the chosen publicly traded deposit money banks in Nigeria. This study employed an estimated technique that involved the use of descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis. The E-view-9 software was utilized to carry out the analysis. The study established that net interest margin is statistically significant and has a positive effect on operating income (OI). The researchers suggested that Banks should monitor and manage the duration gap between assets and liabilities, considering potential interest rate changes and the bank's risk appetite. Banks should explore opportunities to diversify income sources by offering a broader range of financial products and services, such as wealth management, insurance, and asset management.

A comparative study on bank income diversification: which non-interest income component is beneficial?

PurposeThis paper aims to conduct a comparative study on the impact of income diversification and the main non-interest components on banks’ financial performance and risk-adjusted profitability in China and Egypt.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses both static and dynamic panel regression analyses on a sample of Egyptian and Chinese banks from 2009 to 2022.FindingsIncome diversification yields positive effects on bank profitability in Egypt and China. Trading income consistently exhibits a significant positive influence on bank profitability in both nations. Conversely, fee-based income positively impacts bank profitability in China, whereas in Egypt, this effect is observed under dynamic-based regression models. On the contrary, income diversification does not consistently increase risk-adjusted profitability in both countries, especially Egypt.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of income diversification on Egyptian bank performance while identifying the most significant non-interest income components. In addition, the comparative analysis conducted in this study reveals the positioning of China, the largest economy among emerging countries, in terms of the degree of income diversification, its impact on bank profitability and the extent to which non-interest income components contribute to bank profitability when compared with Egypt, representing an emerging country characterised by different levels of bank market power, financial infrastructure and expertise. Findings hold significant implications, suggesting that bank managers and policymakers should prioritise diversifying income sources, particularly through fee-based services and trading activities in China, and trading activities in Egypt, to enhance financial profitability.

Contribution of Wildlife-based Tourism to Household Income and Income Inequality: A Case of Burunge Wildlife Management Area in Tanzania

This study investigates the contribution of wildlife-based tourism to household income, employment, and income inequality in villages surrounding Burunge WMA. The study used cross-sectional design, focusing on four villages namely Olasiti, Mwada, Minjingu and Sangaiwe. Primary data collection involved a household survey that covered 272 randomly selected households. The questionnaire addressed issues of household social-economic characteristics, main income-generating activities and tourism-related employment. The study employed the Gini coefficient to measure income inequality. The study reveals that wildlife-based tourism provides income opportunities at household level but its contribution to the overall household income is low because only about 15% of sampled households depended on wildlife-based tourism as their main source of income. Agriculture and livestock activities overshadow tourism-related income sources, contributing to significant income inequality within the tourism sector. Recommendations for enhancing economic impact of wildlife based tourism include awareness creation, supporting existing investors, providing targeted sector support, income distribution and encouraging income source diversification.

Portuguese Banks Efficiency: A Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper analyses the determinants of Portuguese Banking efficiency using a sample of 45 banks from 2005 to 2019. Simar and Wilson's two-stage approach [1] has been applied. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used in the first stage to estimate efficiency scores. In the second stage, a truncated regression was estimated with a double bootstrap to test the significance of the relationship between bank efficiency and its determinants.The results obtained indicate that, in general, Portuguese banking shows good levels of pure technical efficiency but poor results in scale efficiency, thus deteriorating the levels of total technical efficiency. After a decrease in total technical efficiency between 2005 and 2011, from 2012 onwards, it shows a positive trend. Our results also show that larger banks, better-capitalised, more profitable, with less credit risk and less diversified sources of income, are the most efficient.These results have implications for public policies adopted by the government and regulated by the competent authorities for the sector studied. Namely, creating large, well-capitalized banks should be promoted, preventing excess credit risk.

Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan di Pondok Pesantren

This study aims to analyze the financial management of education at Bustanul Wildan Islamic Boarding School. The primary focus is on how the boarding school manages its funding sources, budget allocation, and financial sustainability efforts to support educational activities and daily operations. The methodology used is a case study with a qualitative approach, involving in-depth interviews with the school's administrators, direct observation, and financial document analysis. The study reveals that Bustanul Wildan Islamic Boarding School has diverse funding sources, including community donations, student fees, and government aid. Budget management is conducted transparently and accountably, although challenges remain in maintaining a balance between income and expenditures. For financial sustainability, the boarding school has developed self-sustaining businesses such as agriculture and handicrafts involving student participation. The findings indicate that effective and innovative financial management is crucial to ensuring high-quality education continuity at the boarding school. The implications include recommendations for enhancing the financial management capacity of school administrators and diversifying income sources to reduce dependence on external donations.

Farming systems research in Nepal: Concepts, design, and methodology for enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability

Farming Systems Research (FSR) plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, sustainability, and livelihoods in Nepal. This article provides a comprehensive review of FSR in Nepal, focusing on concepts, design, and methodology for optimizing farming systems. Integrated farming systems have emerged as a key strategy for small and marginal farmers to improve livelihood security and meet household needs for nutrition and income. By integrating various components such as crops, livestock, and agroforestry, farmers can enhance resource use efficiency, diversify income sources, and improve resilience to climate change impacts. FSR in Nepal combines scientific research, community engagement, and local knowledge to enhance agricultural sustainability and improve livelihoods for small-scale farmers. Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) plays a crucial role in developing a national research agenda and allocating resources to address the diverse technological needs of farmers. By integrating diverse perspectives, utilizing innovative technologies, and engaging stakeholders, FSR addresses agricultural system complexities and contributes to food security, environmental sustainability, and rural development.

Navigating Synergies: A Comprehensive Review of Agroforestry System and Agronomy Crops

Agroforestry, the integration of trees with agricultural or livestock systems, holds significant promise for sustainable land management and addressing various environmental challenges. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted benefits and challenges associated with agroforestry systems, focusing on their interactions with agronomy crops. We delve into the ecological, socio-economic, and climate-related dimensions of agroforestry, highlighting its potential to enhance productivity, conserve resources, and mitigate climate change impacts. The review begins by examining the historical context and conceptual foundations of agroforestry, elucidating its diverse array of products and services. Through case studies and empirical research, we explore the ecological benefits of integrating trees with crop production, emphasizing improvements in soil fertility, water quality, and biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, we discuss the role of agroforestry in climate change adaptation and mitigation, including its capacity for carbon sequestration, soil restoration, and resilience-building in the face of extreme weather events. A critical analysis of agroforestry's implications for agronomy crops reveals both opportunities and challenges. While agroforestry systems have shown potential to enhance crop yields, improve soil health, and diversify income sources, they also present complexities related to competition for resources and management practices. Insights from studies conducted in various agro-ecological contexts provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and implementation of agroforestry systems to maximize their benefits for agronomy crops. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange in advancing agroforestry research and practice. By integrating principles from agronomy, ecology, economics, and forestry, we can develop innovative strategies to harness the full potential of agroforestry for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.

Implementation Strategy For Fishery Processing Business Based On Blue Economy

This study investigates the readiness and capacity of the East Fakfak district community to transform fish into micro-small scale business products, aiming to contribute to the blue economy's development and enhance their welfare. Employing a semi-qualitative research approach through surveys, the research team, including surveyors, engaged in direct observation and conducted comprehensive interviews across all villages in East Fakfak. The objective was to assess the community's preparedness to process fish into preserved products that are marketable, high-quality, and possess unique organoleptic qualities characteristic of Fakfak. The analysis revealed a prevalent unfamiliarity among the East Fakfak district inhabitants with fish processing technologies. A traditional preference for consuming fresh fish, attributed to the ease of access to fish resources, has significantly hampered the advancement of fishery product processing in the region. This study underscores a critical need for introducing and fostering fish processing knowledge and technologies among the community. By educating and equipping the local populace with the necessary skills and resources to undertake sustainable fish processing, there lies a potential to unlock a new avenue for economic development. Such initiatives would not only diversify income sources but also ensure the longevity and sustainability of fishery resources, pivotal to the prosperity of East Fakfak's blue economy

Adapting to climate change-induced flooding: insights from women traders in the riverine areas of Nigeria—a qualitative study

IntroductionIn the riverine areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, the intersection of climate change and flooding poses an escalating threat to the livelihoods and well-being of women traders. This qualitative study investigates the experiences and adaptive strategies employed by women traders in response to climate change-induced flooding.MethodsEmploying an exploratory research design with purposive sampling, 46 women traders participated in the study, involving 23 in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was applied to scrutinize the collected data.ResultsThe study unravels the impacts of climate change-induced flooding on economic, social, and gender dynamics, revealing economic disparities, gender inequality, livelihood disruptions, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to information among women traders. Vulnerabilities emanated from disruptions in supply chains, damage to goods, and constrained market access, with agricultural traders being notably affected. Flood events exacerbated gender inequalities, amplifying caregiving responsibilities and limiting decision-making power for women traders. Resilience surfaced through diversified income sources, community solidarity, collective narratives, and local adaptive strategies, including indigenous knowledge and innovations.DiscussionPolicymakers and stakeholders should prioritize resilient infrastructure investments, such as flood-resistant marketplaces and storage facilities, to safeguard women traders’ businesses during flooding events and enhance the overall economic resilience of the community.