Diverse Viewpoints Research Articles

Students’ Views of Classroom Debates as a Strategy to Enhance Critical Thinking and Oral Communication Skills

Background: The skills in effective communication and critical thinking are essential for nurses to apply appropriate judgments in the delivery of patient care. Classroom debates are evident to be an effective strategy that can be used to improve such skills. Unfortunately, research focusing on classroom debates to promote critical thinking and oral communication skills among nursing students has not been extensively explored. Purpose: This study aimed to explore nursing students’ views of classroom debates as a learning strategy to enhance critical thinking and oral communication skills.Methods: A descriptive qualitative research design was employed in this study. Twelve students of the undergraduate program in nursing with classroom debate experiences and willingness to participate were purposively recruited for semi-structured interviews. Open-ended questions were used, and probing questions were also generated from the participants to get more detailed information. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the inductive content analysis. Results: The results of the study identified five themes, including the acquisition of new knowledge, awareness and responsiveness to diverse viewpoints and arguments, learning structuring ideas and appropriate ways of presentation, development of other necessary skills, and challenges of classroom debates in nursing education. Conclusion: Classroom debates promoted the development of critical thinking and oral communication skills, and offered students an opportunity to develop other necessary skills in the face of today’s complex healthcare. Classroom debates can be integrated into the curriculum and teaching practices of any nursing educational institutions.

Beyond the beach: Tradeoffs in tourism and recreation at the first offshore wind farm in the United States

Despite the growth of offshore wind energy and concerns that projects will harm tourism and recreation, there is a lack of empirical research on the effects of operating wind farms on tourism and recreation. The existing literature tends to treat tourists and recreationists as a monolithic group, focused almost entirely on beachgoers. Further, research regarding offshore wind energy and tourism puts forth a narrow conception of tourists, concerned primarily with a natural seascape. The 30-MW Block Island Wind Farm, the first offshore wind farm in the United States, is located offshore an iconic tourism destination and provides a laboratory for understanding interactions between offshore wind energy and the tourism and recreation sectors. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study through which tourism and recreation professionals and participants met in focus groups to discuss experiences with and observations of this project. Analysis revealed diverse viewpoints and largely positive encounters; though, some negative impacts were identified, and participants weighed project costs and benefits. Perspectives were shaped, in part, by experiences with the planning process. Visual impacts were a major concern; however, most participants described the project’s appearance in neutral or positive terms. Overall, the wind farm is functioning as an attractant, either as a novel sight or as a recreational fishing destination. Participants felt the wind farm should be promoted for tourism but cautioned that interest may be short-lived and there may be less support for larger offshore developments. Findings support tourism and recreation sector engagement throughout offshore wind project planning and operation.

Mestizo Corporalities: Tropical/vibrant Latin American bodies

The research suggests understandings about the importance of activation (of/from/in) the body with the systems (culture/communication/health) through somatic–performative experiences; by means of which the anaesthetized body is destabilized for an awakening of states of the Mestizo Corporalities in the (re)cognition of the tropical/vibrant body. The initiative has fostered the ecology of knowledge, as well as a decolonial education in a research proposal that aims to anthropofagize these experiences in movement of the performer-researcher for an activation/reactivation of diverse points of view incorporating several principles of the somatic–performative approach, embracing the (inter)arts as an actuator of relationships with nature-life-world, their religious-ritualistic syncretisms and the day-to-day experiences, as well as the paths-identities of the performer-person-researcher. This narrative aims to incorporate completed performances and expose how these paths affect my identity networks; it is in this flow of interactions that articulate transpositions of learning and their different contributions to systems (culture–communication–health) that somatic–performative experiences renew the awakening to the mestizo vibrational body and in some way force the presence of practice research for other methodologies for a decolonial education and knowledge ecology.

ON DEMAND: Facilitating Productive Class Discussions in Large Graduate Seminars (5 mins)

Graduate seminars are commonly discussion based, yet large class sizes often create a challenge for effectively facilitating class discussions. In my presentation, I will cover strategies for optimizing class discussions in larger than optimal in-person and online graduate seminars. I will discuss: (1) establishing class participation guidelines, (2) randomly assigning participants to discussion groups, and (3) facilitating large group discussions following smaller group discussions of thought-provoking questions. As a result of this session, participants will be able to implement new strategies for facilitating effective large class discussions that are applicable to any discipline. While my presentation will focus primarily on graduate seminars, the strategies are also applicable to undergraduate discussion-based classes. To help establish the desired classroom dynamic, I distribute participation guidelines on the first day of class. We discuss these guidelines as a group, which often leads to refining the guidelines. These guidelines include: (1) a request for students—particularly those who speak up frequently—to make a specific goal about their classroom participation behaviors to help ensure that everyone has an opportunity to speak, (2) specific suggestions for how to encourage quieter peers share their insights, (3) guidelines about open-mindedness and respect for others, and (4) a unique hand-raising policy that helps facilitate an organized discussion. Every class period, I randomly assign students to small groups of three or four students. This approach allows students to interact in a small group setting with each of their classmates over the course of the semester. As the Mason study body is very diverse, the rotating assigned group approach—along with discussion guidelines that promote being respectful and open-minded—allows students to derive the educational benefits of deep engagement with diverse viewpoints. During class, I provide thought-provoking questions for students to discuss in these randomly assigned small groups prior to facilitating a full class discussion. By providing small group discussion time, students—even those who tend to be quieter—are able to actively discuss the material with their peers. When discussion questions are particularly challenging, I use a think-pair-share approach, giving students a few minutes to think about the question before discussing with their small group. As I facilitate full class discussions, I encourage students to mention important insights that their quieter peers had in the small group discussion. Quieter students are often willing to share when a peer has pointed out a particularly insightful point they had in the small group discussion. As students see the value in sharing others’ insights, it has become more common for more vocal students to opt out of sharing their own thought and instead to highlight and draw attention to important insights of quieter peers—a dynamic that I consider to be an important success with respect to drawing out all perspectives. I will share my initial experiences using Blackboard Collaborate Ultra to replicate these strategies online, noting the aspects that are most challenging to facilitate—and surprisingly, those that are easier to facilitate—in an online environment.

The Art and Science of Disagreeing: How to Create More Effective Conversations About Opposing Views

Disagreement is an unavoidable part of social life. Because no two people hold identical beliefs, knowledge, values, or goals, opposing viewpoints are bound to arise at some point in the pursuit of personal and collective interests in professional organizations, civic spaces, and personal relationships. A large literature has suggested that engaging with diverse viewpoints can create numerous benefits. However, people often struggle to handle disagreement constructively. The presence of contradictory opinions often gives rise to negative affect, biased information processing, and negative inferences about the other side, resulting in either argumentation and escalated conflicts or disengagement and avoidance. Such reactions keep people from reaping the benefits of diverse viewpoints and threaten the prosperity of organizations and our society as a whole. How can people engage with disagreement more effectively through dialogues? This symposium aims to introduce four innovative empirical papers that investigate different aspects of effective conversations about opposing views ranging from affective experiences to communication medium and language to interpersonal processes. Each paper identifies an important barrier to effective communication and offers a unique practical solution to help people create more productive conversations when disagreement arises. Moreover, this symposium showcases a broad range of research methods for studying conflict of opinions, including randomized experiments in lab and field settings, archival analysis, content analysis, and machine learning techniques. Taken together, this symposium provides attendees interested in communication and conflicts in organizational and civic life with new ideas and methodologies for future research as well as insights into effective interventions to meet a wide variety of communication challenges. The Unexpected Affective Benefits of Counter-Arguing Presenter: Charles A. Dorison; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management Presenter: Julia Alexandra Minson; Harvard Kennedy School Resolving Conflict Through Conversation: The Role of Communication Medium in Conflict Outcomes Presenter: Juliana Schroeder; U. of California, Berkeley Conversational Receptiveness: Improving Engagement with Opposing Views Presenter: Michael Yeomans; Harvard Business School Thank You, Because...: Discussing Differences While Finding Common Ground Presenter: Xuan Zhao; U. of Chicago Booth School of business Presenter: Heather M. Caruso; UCLA Anderson School of Management Presenter: Jane Risen; U. of Chicago Booth School of business

Internationalizing Teacher Education through Virtual Connections and Blended Learning

This project used blended learning and virtual connections to infuse global perspectives in U.S. curriculum by preparing pre-service teachers with intercultural competence, understanding of global issues from diverse viewpoints, and the ability to use online technologies to develop critical thinking and digital literacy. Global themes were addressed in online synchronous sessions with teachers in other countries and purposefully combined with pre-readings and online and classroom discussions.

“Dark Ontology” in the Historical Context of the Denial of Consciousness

We discuss the “axioms of dark ontology” proposed by the US philosopher Levi Bryant. The axioms are analyzed in a context of the historical development of diverse philosophical viewpoints united by the concept of the denial of consciousness. The “deniers” declare the direct conscious experience to be an illusion. As for the philosophical provisions that will not fit into their very limited conceptual straitjacket, they proclaim those inimical to science and therefore subject to elimination from the epistemological discourse altogether. Analyzing the viewpoints of the denialist philosophers, we show their inner contradictions that primarily are related to their inability to apply their assertions about consciousness to their own methods, arguments, and conclusions. We review the historical development of the critique regarding the denialists’ views taken from sometimes very diverse philosophical corners. We show that Bryant’s assertions are not axioms in any logical sense, but rather a scientism manifesto created in response to a technocratic demand for dehumanization. We also show how Bryant’s rejection of the human-centered position of philosophy follows from deconstruction practices undertaken by the structuralists and poststructuralists. To advance his ideas, Bryant imitates Ludwig Wittgenstein’s forms of discourse. He also engages moralizing and sophistry. We show that Bryant’s failure to create a robust, coherent system demonstrates weaknesses in the poststructuralist ideas that his concepts stem from. We conclude that the process that the doctrine of the denial of consciousness becomes mainstream attests, in Heidegger’s terms, the final stage of European nihilism and the crisis of science and philosophy of knowledge.

Treatment effects on neurometabolite levels in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis dataset of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

This article describes a dataset for a meta-analysis that aimed to investigate the effects of treatment on the neurometabolite status in patients with schizophrenia (DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.069[1]). The data search was performed with MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. The neurometabolites investigated include glutamate, glutamine, glutamate + glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, N-acetylaspartate, and myo-inositol, and the regions of interest (ROIs) include the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parieto-occipital cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and hippocampus. The meta-analysis was conducted with a random-effects model, and the use of the standardized mean difference method between pre- and post-treatment of subjects for neurometabolites in each ROI of three patient groups or more. The dataset covers raw data of 39 patient groups (773 patients with schizophrenia at follow-up) with neurometabolite levels measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy both before and after treatment. Furthermore, it contains details of clinical characteristics and treatment types for each group. Therefore, the data would be useful for a reinvestigation of treatment effects on the neurometabolite status from diverse points of view, as well as for the development of future treatment strategies for psychiatric diseases.

"It's Me as a Person, Not Me the Disease": Patient Perceptions of an HIV Care Model Designed to Engage Persons with Complex Needs.

Ending the HIV epidemic will require dedicated efforts to engage the highest need persons living with HIV (PLWH) in treatment. We assessed patient perceptions of a clinic in Seattle, Washington, that is designed for PLWH who do not engage in conventional HIV care. The Max Clinic provides walk-in access to care, incentives for blood draws and achieving viral suppression, and intensive case management. We conducted semistructured individual interviews with 25 patients purposively recruited to obtain diverse viewpoints. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Analysis used a constant comparative approach to identify major themes related to the components of the program. For many participants, engagement in the Max Clinic was the first time they had success with HIV treatment. Relationships with clinic staff and the ability to receive care on a walk-in basis had the strongest influences on engagement. Participants felt that Max Clinic staff attended to their social circumstances in ways that were distinct from prior care experiences. Walk-in visits removed perceived stigma associated with failure to keep appointments and provided immediate attention to acute concerns. Financial incentives initially motivated participants to attend clinic and take medications, but were less important for supporting ongoing engagement in care. Food incentives motivated patients to seek care and helped them focus on health issues. In summary, patients identified walk-in access to care, monetary and food incentives, and relationships with clinic staff, particularly case managers, as the key elements of an HIV clinic model for high-need PLWH.

Indications of external radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma from updated clinical guidelines: Diverse global viewpoints.

The etiology and disease patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) significantly vary among regions. Modern standard treatments commonly require multidisciplinary approaches, including applications of up-to date medicine and advanced procedures, and necessitate the support of socioeconomic systems. For these reasons, a number of clinical guidelines for HCC from different associations and regions have been presented. External beam radiation therapy was contraindicated for HCC until a few decades ago, but with the development of new technologies, its application has rapidly increased as selective irradiation for tumorous lesions became possible. Most of the guidelines had been opposed or indifferent to radiotherapy in the past, but several guidelines have introduced indications and recommendations for radiotherapy in their updated versions. This review will discuss the characteristics of important guidelines and their contents regarding radiotherapy and will also provide guidance to physicians who are considering applications of locoregional modalities that include radiotherapy.

Mixed-methods library evaluation integrating the patron, library, and external perspectives: The case of Namibia regional libraries

The article presents a mixed-methods evaluation of regional libraries in Namibia, which incorporates three perspectives: the patron perspective (library users), the library perspective (library staff, management, and related officials), and the external perspective (including evaluators and monitoring data). Seven data collection methods were used: patron surveys, patron panel studies, focus group discussions, key informant and staff interviews, secondary data analysis, media analysis, and observations. The goal of the evaluation was to assess library performance for both formative and summative purposes by addressing evaluation questions on areas such as library services, use, and operations. Building upon the literature review of how mixed-methods approaches can contribute to library evaluation, the aim of this article is to show how a mixed-methods evaluation can be designed to examine multi-faceted library performance and to illustrate how the evaluation design allows information complementarity and can be utilized to present diverse viewpoints of the above three perspectives. The evaluation design, analysis process, and lessons learned from this study may be useful to evaluators engaged in evaluation of public services or programs (including public libraries) that examine multiple aspects of service performance and involve a variety of stakeholders.

Echo chambers and social mediators in public advocacy issue networks

The growing trend of politically motivated consumer boycotts and buycotts on social media not only impacts a company’s financial bottom line, but more fundamentally disrupts relationships between the firm and its publics, the cornerstone of public relations (Ferguson, 1984; Sommerfeldt, & Kent, 2015). On a broader level, such politically motivated advocacy is a critical facet of civil society with important implications on the societal role of public relations (Taylor, 2010). In light of the significance of politically motivated consumer advocacy to public relations, a multi-phase, exploratory study was conducted. Study 1 applies content analysis and social network analysis to examine how different interactive mechanisms on social media—retweet, mention, and reply—may affect communication within and between communities of different ideological views surrounding the boycott and buycott issues. Study 2 further explores the challenges and opportunities of fostering exchange of diverse viewpoints by identifying new social mediators—the “echoers” who propel information flow among in-group members, and the “bridgers” who initiate communication with political out-group members—and assess the key network characteristics of these social mediators. The findings of these two studies advance public relations theories on networks, intergroup communication, and civil society by illustrating how social media structure and social mediators shape the networked public discourse to facilitate or inhibit conversations between publics of different ideological orientations.

An examination of participative leadership amongst national library directors worldwide

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse managerial approaches of a selective group of national library directors, examining their views and perceptions of successful library leadership in the twenty-first century in different sociocultural contexts. This study was carried out based on a series of semi-structured interviews with ten top-level directors of national libraries located on different continents.Design/methodology/approachThe data collection method for this study consisted of the narrative analysis of the ten interviews coupled with the participative leadership theory, which highlights the leaders’ desire to create a more democratic culture within their library organisations.FindingsThe analysis of these interviews reveals that many of the directors’ responses were supportive to the concepts discussed in participative leadership. National librarians, through their participative leadership philosophies, values and beliefs, contributed to the development of an institutional culture that fostered improving trust, communications, engagement as well as promotion of inter-team relationships by breaking down the traditional “hierarchical” barriers within their organisations.Research limitations/implicationsThe participants were predominantly from Europe; only one participant represented the USA, Middle East (Israel) and Northern Africa (Egypt). As a result, there are not many diverse viewpoints from national library directors outside of Europe. Further studies would be needed to obtain a more international perspective in the national library sphere. Furthermore, this study only examines the views and attitudes of ten different library directors. In comparison with the totality of national library directors across the world, this is a relatively small sample. This study may not be representative of all national library directors around the world.Originality/valueThe results of this study would be of interest to library professionals and educators interested in management, as well as Library and Information Science students who want to understand how national library directors view successful traits of participative leadership in different sociocultural contexts.

Moral distress in the ICU: it's time to do something about it!

Moral distress is a major concern among healthcare professionals (HCPs). In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), moral distress can result from: 1) disagreements within the ICU team regarding life-sustaining treatments; 2) critical illnesses that result in tragic choices regarding treatment planning; 3) circumstances that require rapid decisions and actions without adequate consideration of all morally meaningful concerns; 4) tensions with administrators; and 5) legal standards that define the decisional authority that should be held by patients and families or which forms of end-of-life care are permissible. An impressive body of research literature has highlighted the prevalence of moral distress among HCPs (including ICU HCPs), health impacts of moral distress, as well as personal and contextual factors that are strong predictors of moral distress. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on effective ways to address moral distress. Yet, action is needed because many ICU HCPs are experiencing significant moral distress. This article outlines strategies that could be used to help diminish moral distress, drawing on the available literature. These strategies include: 1) Listen attentively to your colleagues' moral distress; 2) shift the focus from moral distress to moral agency; 3) promote ethically-attuned discussion and education (drawing on discussion models that can help reconcile diverse ethical viewpoints or disagreements); and 4) provide personal supports for HCPs. Research is urgently needed to further examine which strategies are most effective for addressing moral distress in ICU settings as well as other clinical contexts.

Art of the West: Selected Works from the Autry Museum ed. by Amy Scott

Reviewed by: Art of the West: Selected Works from the Autry Museum ed. by Amy Scott George Philip Lebourdais Art of the West: Selected Works from the Autry Museum. Edited by Amy Scott. Foreword by Stephen Aron. Afterword by Brian W. Dippie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018. vii + 144 pp. Illustrations, selected bibliography, index. $34.95, paper. Splendidly illustrated and richly varied in perspective, this catalogue represents a timely revision of the Autry Museum of the American West. Originally founded in 1988 by famed Western actor and businessman Gene Autry, the museum has progressively reckoned with the imperialist ideology that once defined frontier culture. Edited by the Autry's chief curator, Amy Scott, this collection of fourteen short essays models more inclusive and critical perspectives of an important collection of art that includes John Gast's iconic 1872 painting, American Progress. That title is apt; as Stephen Aron, the original director of the Autry's Research Institute, writes in his foreword, "Almost from its inception, the Autry Museum was a work in progress" (ix). Having merged with several other museums over the years, the Autry recently reimagined its mission around concepts like "convergence," reframing "the American West as an interwoven tapestry of cultures and peoples" (x). Art of the West puts this most recent incarnation on display while also tracking the evolution of interpretive methods. Prior skirmishes in western historiography echo in Scott's lucid introduction, "The Art of the Shared West," chief among them the mythbusting 1991 Smithsonian exhibition, The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820–1920. One of that show's curators, art historian Alexander Nemerov, contributes an engrossing essay ("The Imp; or, The Madness of Charles Deas"), as does distinguished historian Brian W. Dippie, who reflects on dominant western tropes and their arc within the museum. A case in point: the Autry's gallery once titled "Spirit of Romance" now features three themes—"Religion and Ritual," "Land and Landscape," and "Migration and Movement"—that reappear as section titles for the beautiful color plates in the catalogue. The other texts do their part bucking manifest destiny for multiculturalism. Vital indigenous voices and materials emerge, including in Nancy Marie Mithlo's take on the painting of Harry Fonseca, and Lois S. Dubin's explication of Blackfeet, Sioux, and Pawnee beadworks in Great Plains equestrian cultures. On other topics, one wishes for more. There is scant reference to how the Hollywood wealth that built this Los Angeles museum (mis)represented various "Wests" and their origins. And while compelling stories from disparate geographies arise, the texts can seem too brief or too broad in scope. Even a survey catalogue of this kind could benefit from a bit more thematic "convergence." That said, the diverse viewpoints and artworks in this volume remain resounding strengths. Art of the West is both a handsome tribute to the Autry Museum's past and a symbol of its expanding politics toward western art and culture. [End Page 176] George Philip Lebourdais Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis Stanford University Copyright © 2020 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Ecological approach for zoonosis - consideration of infectious disease risk from the view point of biological diversity

Ecological approach for zoonosis - consideration of infectious disease risk from the view point of biological diversity

Theoretical Constructs of Dissent Leadership: Moving from Theory to Practice

This paper introduces a construct for moving from theory to practice by underpinning the dissent leadership approach with the theory of distributed leadership. Navigating the decision-making process during uncertain times, such as the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, presented critical challenges for stakeholders across organizations. A single explanatory conceptual framework derived from the theory of distributed leadership is presented. This framework specifies four competencies that ensure diversity in the workforce increases: 1) leveraging personal and social identities, 2) utilizing a global and diverse mindset, 3) leveraging community and organizational contexts, and 4) promoting a diversity-supportive and inclusive climate (Chin et al., 2016; Cammarota, 2011). Furthermore, this paper reconceptualizes dissent leadership as a mechanism for equitable and inclusive decision-making. Leveraging diverse points of view may strengthen organizational responses to large scale operational disruption such as the 2019 global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Exploring perspectives in assessing the quality of governance of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) pilot project in Cambodia: Use of Q Methodology

Public and policy makers alike are concerned about national and global deforestation and forest degradation. These issues pose a significant threat to social, economic and environmental welfare. Attempts to prevent forest loss and increased attention to pilot REDD+ projects in community forestry sites would both deliver rural livelihood benefits and help to reduce adverse climate impacts. However, there has been no significant exploration of the viewpoints of local experts to determine the monitoring and action needed to support community-based forestry and improve the governance of REDD+ pilot projects in Cambodia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the perceptions of local stakeholders towards the quality of governance of the first community forest REDD+ pilot project in Cambodia, employing Q-methodology. We adapted 11 indicators of the hierarchical framework of assessment of governance quality to design 40 Q-statements related to REDD+ governance or achievements. The 52 P-set ranked these Q-statements with respect to the community-based REDD+ pilot project. Our study revealed that local stakeholders held four distinct, and partially opposite, views, that: (1) the REDD+ project is successful because it is inclusiveness and capable of causing behavioral change; (2) REDD+ pilot projects should be led by government, not external or locally; and needs more resources; (3) the REDD+ pilot project has raised unrealistic expectations, would likely be a source of corruption and will probably not be successful for local people or halting deforestation; and (4) the REDD+ pilot project is inclusive but not very transparent and probably ineffective at protecting forest. Through these four varied perspectives from local people involved in the project, we can see that there remain serious challenges to the future of pilot community forestry REDD+ projects, including the complex interaction between the multinational actors and the local socio-ecological systems. To move forwards, this study suggested Cambodia should make a pro-poor REDD+ program, implementing more community-based REDD+ projects which explicitly build the assets and capacity of the poorest households. This study also shows that Q-methodology can highlight the diverse viewpoints of local stakeholders concerning the quality of community forest REDD+ governance, helping policy makers, implementers and local stakeholders to better identify the challenges to be addressed.

Contents and Pedagogical Styles of Food and Nutrition in Middle School ｢Technology⋅Home Economics｣ Textbooks from the Constructivist Perspective

본 연구는 구성주의 관점에서 중학교 가정교과서 식생활 영역의 교육내용과 내용 전달 방식을 분석하여, 가정교과서의 식생활 영역이 구성주의 학습을 증진시킬 수 있는지를 파악하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 2015 개정 가정과 교육과정에 기초하여 집필된 ｢기술⋅가정｣교과서 12권을 대상으로 분석하였다. 식생활 교육내용은 객관주의 관점의 2015 개정 가정과 교육과정과 구성주의 관점의 실천적 문제 중심 교육과정을 기초로 각각 추출한 학습요소를 준거로 분석하였다. 교육내용의 전달 방식은 본문과 활동과제를 중립적, 지시적, 설득적, 참여적 정보제공의 네 가지 유형을 준거로 분석하였다. 이 중 설득적, 참여적 정보제공 유형은 구성주의 관점의 내용 전달 방식에 해당한다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 식생활 영역의 교육내용을 분석한 결과, 2015 개정 가정과 교육과정의 반영률은 분석 대상 교과서 평균 92.9%로, 학습요소 14개 중 평균적으로 13개의 학습요소가 분석 대상의 교과서에서 충분하게 다루어지고 있었다. 실천적 문제 중심 교육과정의 반영률은 분석 대상 교과서 평균 72.4%로, 학습요소 26개 중 평균적으로 약 18개가 분석 대상의 교과서에서 비교적 충분하게 다루어지고 있었다. 이를 실천적 문제 해결과정별로 보면, ‘가치 목표 관련 개념’에 해당하는 학습요소를 제외한 ‘실천적 문제(영양과 건강) 관련 개념’, ‘맥락 관련 개념’, ‘행동(대안) 관련 개념’, ‘결과(파급효과) 관련 개념’에 해당하는 학습요소는 불충분하게 다루어지고 있었으며, 특히 ‘맥락 관련 개념’에 해당하는 학습요소는 충분하게 다루어지고 있지 않았다. 또한 분석 대상 모든 교과서에는 학습요소들이 단편적으로만 다루어지고 있어 다양한 측면에서 맥락을 고려하고 있지 않았으며 사회적 관점이 배제되어 있었다. 다음으로, 식생활 영역의 내용 전달 방식을 분석한 결과, 본문에서는 구성주의 관점의 내용 전달 방식이 22.1%(설득적: 21.4%, 참여적: 0.7%)로 낮은 비중을 차지하고 있었고, ‘중립적 정보제공 유형(59.9%)’의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 활동과제에서는 구성주의 관점의 내용 전달 방식이 61.9%(설득적: 1.5%, 참여적; 60.4%)의 비중을 차지하고 있었다. 그러나 ‘참여적 정보제공’ 유형의 경우에도, 자신 및 가족의 삶을 고려한 활동과제는 많았으나, 사회적 관점까지 고려한 활동과제는 전무했다. 결론적으로, 현행 중학교 가정교과서의 식생활 영역은 구성주의 학습을 증진시키기에는 한계가 있었다.The purpose of this study was to examine how the contents and pedagogical styles of Food and Nutrition in the middle school home economics textbooks could promote constructivist learning. For this, Food and Nutrition contents of 12 current textbooks were analyzed, based upon the learning factors derived from both a practical problem-focused curriculum from the constructivist perspective, and the current home economics curriculum from the objectivist perspective. Pedagogical styles of the texts and exercises were classified into four types― neutral informative, injunctive, persuasive, and participative, out of which ‘persuasive’ and ‘participative’, in particular reflect the constructivist perspective. The major findings were as follows: First, the analysis results of Food and Nutrition contents showed that of 14 learning factors, 13 of the textbooks corresponded well to the current curriculum(92.9%). On the other hand, Out of the 26 learning factors, 18 of the textbooks corresponded to the practical problem-focused curriculum(72.4%). Classified into each stage of the practical problem solving processes, only learning factors related with ‘the concepts of the valued ends’ were fully covered. However, the other learning factors related with the concepts of the practical problem , the context , the action and the consequence’, that is the factors particularly related with the concepts of the context , were not properly addressed. Besides, learning factors were not addressed from diverse viewpoints, especially from the social perspective. Second, the analysis of pedagogical style related to Food and Nutrition illustrated that the neutral informative(59.9%) in texts, and the participative in exercises(60.4%), were most common. However, persuasive and participative were insufficient in texts(22.1%). Furthermore even though the exercises, are more likely to be described from the constructivist perspective, nearly none of the exercises was considered from the social perspective. In conclusion, this study showed that Food and Nutrition in Korean home economics textbooks need to reflect constructivist learning better.

The Effects of Self-efficacy and Innovative Behavior on learning outcome in Cosmetology Learners

This study attempted to investigate the effects of self-efficacy and learning outcomes on innovative behavior against cosmetology learners. The purpose is to derive innovative behavior by enhancing their learning outcomes and self-efficacy and suggest a plan to improve teaching methods. In terms of a research method, literature data were reviewed. After examining theoretical backgrounds and discovering relationships with variables, research questions were asked. For data collection, questions were extracted from cosmetology learners in Incheon and Gimpo through previous studies, and a questionnaire categorizing demographic characteristics, self-efficacy, learning outcome and innovative behavior was constructed. After editing and improving questions through a pilot test, a main survey was performed. A total of 328 questionnaires were used for final analysis. For data analysis, SPSS 21.0 was adopted, and the results found the followings: First, cosmetology learners’ accomplishment they feel after solving a difficult problem would enhance self-efficacy. Second, for learning outcomes, diverse practices, learning methods with easy access and instructor’s proper evaluation would be needed.for innovative behavior, teaching/learning strategies might be required for the implementation of innovative behavior by suggesting diverse viewpoints and solutions to problems and permitting autonomy to keep learners motivated. Third, for learning outcomes, diverse practices, learning methods with easy access and instructor’s proper evaluation would be needed. This study was performed against limited learners only. Hence, it is anticipated that study results could be generalized by broadening the scope of sampling in future studies. Furthermore, analysis of causal relationships among dependent variables between cosmetology and common learners might bring meaningful study results.