Variety Of Soil Types Research Articles

Influence of green manure (Leucaena leucocephala) dosages on eggplant (Solanum melongena) growth and yield across diverse soil types

Eggplant cultivation displays versatility across various soil types. However, nutrient depletion, a result of excessive chemical fertilizer utilization, presents a growing concern. The integration of green manure into agricultural practices, catering to diverse soil types, can remediate this nutrient loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate eggplant growth and yield responses to differing green manure quantities across varying soil types. Employing a factorial experimental method, this research was structured in a completely randomized design (CRD). Two independent variables were evaluated: green manure dosage, with three levels (30 g/plant (D1), 60 g/plant (D2), 90 g/plant (D3)), and soil type, also classified into three categories: Latosol (T1), Grumusol (T2), and Regosol (T3). Data interpretation was conducted using analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey test, each executed at α = 5% significance level. Outcomes indicated a notable interaction between green manure dosage and soil type concerning the leaf area and root fresh weight parameters. The optimal combination emerged as a 30 g/plant green manure dosage applied to Regosol soil type. Notably, individual treatments exerted divergent effects on eggplant growth parameters, though no significant impact on eggplant yield parameters was observed. This research underscores the interplay between green manure usage and soil type in cultivating eggplants, adding value to sustainable agricultural practices.

Cellulose‐Based Hydrogel as a Natural Medium for Paddy Seed Germination

AbstractCellulose hydrogel derived from cellulose fibers extracted from printed paper waste is prepared. The hydrogel derived from 3 wt% of the cellulose concentration exhibits a maximum water absorption capacity of 465.5%. The effects of the cellulose hydrogel on the soil moisture are evaluated using four types of soils namely river sand, clayey soil, loamy soil, and gley soil (the wetland soil). The potential application of cellulose‐based hydrogel as an eco‐friendly seed germination media of the paddy seeds under the soil‐less condition is evaluated. This study shows that paddy seeds exhibit a higher seed germination rate of 53% when cellulose hydrogel is used as a seed germination media as compared to seed germination rate ranging from 14% to 35% when various types of soil are used as the germination media. The prepared cellulose hydrogel could be applied as an eco‐friendly and cost‐effective seed germination media to enhance the paddy seeds' germination rate.

Buried Podzols as a pedostratigraphic marker for the Medieval Climatic Optimum: Grębociny soil in the dune deposits of the European Sand Belt

The paleopedological record documented in aeolian dunes of the eastern European Sand Belt comprises predominantly Arenosols and only occasionally well-developed Podzols. There are several Late Pleistocene pedostratigraphic marker horizons of varied soil types designated in the European dune and loess deposits, but none falls within the range of the Holocene. Buried Podzol occurrences found recently in 10 inland dune sites dispersed throughout Central and Eastern Poland share similar pedological properties, geomorphological setting, and age in the 5th–15th century AD range of the historical Middle Ages. Therefore, they meet the criteria for distinction as a pedostratigraphic marker under the name Grębociny soil, after a locality with the most advanced podzolization of the paleosol dated to the High Middle Ages (1000–1300 AD). Preservation of the soils was enabled by burial during anthropogenically induced dune remobilization. At least some of the investigated dunes were used as pasture during soil development, as evidenced by tetrapod hoofprints recorded in and above the buried Podzols. Prevalent podzolization during the Middle Ages, in contrast to preceding and later times, could be facilitated by not only an impact of agriculture and forestry, but also relative warmth and humidity of the Medieval Climatic Optimum (ca. 900–1400 AD).

Diversity of bioprotective microbial organisms in Upper Region of Assam and its efficacy against Meloidogyne graminicola.

Meloidogyne graminicola has a well-established negative impact on rice yield in transplanted and direct-seeded rice, resulting in yield losses of up to 20 to 90 percent. Studies were undertaken to isolate potential native strains of bio-control agents to manage the devastating Rice Root Knot Nematode (M. graminicola). Eighteen bacterial strains and eleven fungal strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of crops like rice, okra, ash gourd, chili, beans and cucumber, enveloping diverse soil types from the Upper Brahmaputra Valley region of Assam. Six bacterial strains were gram-positive according to morphological results, while twelve others stained negatively. Fifteen bacteria were rod-shaped, two were coccus and one was diplococcus, and all the bacterial isolates showed signs of movement. All the bacterial strains exhibited positivity for gelatin hydrolysis and catalase test. Seven bacteria showed positive, while eleven showed negative reactions to possess the ability to deduce carbon and energy from citrate. The study of the in vitro efficacy of the twenty-nine bacterial and fungal isolates tested against second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne graminicola revealed that all the bacterial and fungal isolates potentially inhibited the test organism and caused significant mortality over sterile water treatment. The promising bacterial and fungal isolates that exhibited mortality above 50% were identified as BSH8, BTS4, BTS5, BJA15, FJB 11 and FSH5. The strain BSH8 exhibited the best result of mortality, with 80.79% mortality against J2 of M. graminicola. The strain BTS4 and BTS5 expressed mortality of 71.29% and 68.75% under in-vitro conditions and were significant. The effective and promising bioagents were identified using the 16 S rRNA sequencing as Bacillis subtilis (BSH8), Bacillus velezensis (BTS4), Alcaligenes faecalis (BTS5), Rhizobium pusense (BJA15), Talaromyces allahabadensis (FSH5) and Trichoderma asperellum (FJB11). These results indicated the microorganism's potential against M. graminicola and its potential for successful biological implementation. Further, the native strains could be tested against various nematode pests of rice in field conditions. Its compatibility with various pesticides and the implication of the potential strains in integrated pest management can be assessed.

Phenological stage and vegetation index for predicting corn yield under rainfed environments.

Uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) provide high temporal and spatial resolution information for crop health monitoring and informed management decisions to improve yields. However, traditional in-season yield prediction methodologies are often inconsistent and inaccurate due to variations in soil types and environmental factors. This study aimed to identify the best phenological stage and vegetation index (VI) for estimating corn yield under rainfed conditions. Multispectral images were collected over three years (2020-2022) during the corn growing season and over fifty VIs were analyzed. In the three-year period, thirty-one VIs exhibited significant correlations (r ≥ 0.7) with yield. Sixteen VIs were significantly correlated with the yield at least for two years, and five VIs had a significant correlation with the yield for all three years. A strong correlation with yield was achieved by combining red, red edge, and near infrared-based indices. Further, combined correlation and random forest an alyses between yield and VIs led to the identification of consistent and highest predictive power VIs for corn yield prediction. Among them, leaf chlorophyll index, Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) terrestrial chlorophyll index and modified normalized difference at 705 were the most consistent predictors of corn yield when recorded around the reproductive stage (R1). This study demonstrated the dynamic nature of canopy reflectance and the importance of considering growth stages, and environmental conditions for accurate corn yield prediction.

Micro- and nano- bentonite to improve the strength of clayey sand as a nano soil-improvement technique

Nano-additives results in the formation of nano-cementation (NC). This process is recently used to improve the durability of various building materials. NC used to improve the strength of untreated soil materials, also known as nano soil-improvement (NSI). In few years, the role of nano-additives in various types of soils were developed. In this research, the role of micro- and nano- size of bentonite as soil stabilizer was evaluated as first few research to improve geotechnical properties of soils. Nano-additives prepared by micro- and nano- sizes of bentonite were blend with four formulations. These formulations of micro- and nano- additives at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3%, namely 0% Micro-Bentonite, 1% Micro-Bentonite, 2% Micro-Bentonite, 3% Micro-Bentonite, 0% Nano-Bentonite, 1% Nano-Bentonite, 2% Nano-Bentonite, and 3% Nano-Bentonite, respectively. These formulations of micro- and nano- additives were separately added to soil. Specimens with 3% nano-bentonite showed significant improvement in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil that was more than 2.3-times higher than control specimen in 7-d curing time. Also the performance of micro-bentonite resulted in improvement in UCS of soil that was more than 1.1-times higher than control specimen at 7-d curing time. The secant modulus at 50% of peak stress (E50) of the samples treated with micro- and nano- additives increased in comparison to untreated specimens. Further, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses characterized micro- and nano- structures of soil specimens, and showed the performance of nano-additives in improving strength of soils. Results show that nano-bentonite as a type of nano-additives is an effective means of increasing the strength of soils. This research shows the significant of nano-bentonite in soil improvement, as a NSI technique.

A review on biochar’s effect on soil properties and crop growth

Intensive cultivation of agricultural soils causes soil degradation which emphasizes the need for sustainable soil management. Biochar, a pyrolysed carbon rich material has gained great interests among the researchers because of its eco-friendly benefits in addition to soil quality enhancement. Reviews on biochar, mainly confined to its environmental benefits like carbon sequestration and climate change. In this review, we summarize i) the effect of biochar application on soil properties (physical, chemical, biological), ii) remediation potential of biochar in heavy metal contaminated soils and iii) its impact on crop productivity. The properties of biochar like pH, greater surface area, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient content positively influences the soil properties and ultimately improves the soil fertility. Their effectiveness depends on biochar type, its dosage, soil type, etc. General trends from this review indicated that biochar as an effective amendment in acid soils than the alkaline or calcareous soils. Furthermore, the biochar effects are studied mostly under controlled conditions in laboratory, which needs to be validated under field conditions having varied soil types and agro-climatic zones.

Экологические особенности и биотехнологические возможности почвенных актинобактерий (обзор)

Actinobacteria are gram-positive aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria that tend to form branching hyphae capable of developing into mycelium. Their main role is in the decomposition of complex polymers in the soil: lignin, cellulose, chitin, humus substances; fertility formation; production of antibiotic substances; accumulation of biologically active compounds. Actinobacteria secrete into the environment a complex of secondary exometabolites of various compositions with aliphatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, nitrogenous, oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing compounds. Most of the isolated secondary metabolites have antibiotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, herbicidal, insecticidal properties. Biotechnological capabilities of soil actinobacteria producing biologically active substances with a wide range of environmental effects are used in the development of multifunctional biologics for various industries. Actinobacteria play a crucial role in optimizing the growing conditions of plants, and therefore there is a natural interest in studying the factors that influence the relationship between actinobacteria and various crops in specific soil conditions. The development of this issue is an important link in the ecological characterization of the soil microbial complex and it will help to develop the theoretical foundations for the targeted regulation of the interactions of actinobacteria with phytopathogenic microorganisms and insect pests. The purpose of this work is to analyze the ecological features and biotechnological capabilities of soil actinobacteria. The review describes the distribution of actinobacteria in various types of soils, including those with the presence of pollutant; the composition of the metabolites produced; relationships with other microorganisms, as well as biotechnological properties and the possibility of using actinobacteria for the development of biological products for agroecosystems.

Design Demand of RC Building as per Soil Type

The RC-framed building is one of the most common construction techniques for seismic-resistant structures due to its ductile nature. But the seismic performance of the RC structure is affected by various factors among which site soil condition is vital. The sub-soil condition affects the time period of the structure which eventually impacts the earthquake force in the structure, thus making variations in seismic loadings. Although several studies have been performed and design elastic spectra have been defined as per soil types in the design codes, there are no studies quantifying the effect of design demand in the buildings due to variation of soil type in the context of Nepal and NBC 105:2020. Therefore, this study aims to present the variation in design demand for moderately high-rise RC buildings in different soil types. A representative sample building has been taken and analyzed in the Finite Element platform SAP 2000. Numerical analysis is performed using linear static and response spectrum methods. Based on the study, variation in the base shear, story displacement, inter-story drift, and section size to meet the limit state of strength are compared for soil types A, B, C, and D.

Application of the GC-MS method in combination with preliminary solid phase extraction on a magnetic molecular imprinted polymer for the determination of bisphenol A in soils of various types

A method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with pre-concentration on a sorbent with BPA molecular imprints (dosage of sorbent — 50 mg, sorption time — 10 min, pH — 3, desorption with methanol) is used to determine bisphenol A (BPA). The sorbent extracts about 96% of BPA from aqueous solutions with a single sorption and is characterized by a high imprinting factor reaching 7.1. The samples of soils of urbanized territories, as well as typical chernozems and residual carbonate chernozems outside the large cities of the Voronezh region were studied. The limit of BPA detection was 0.07 μg/kg (in terms of dry soil), the range of the linearity of the calibration graph was 0.3 – 35 μg/kg. Determination of bisphenol is hindered by soil contamination with petroleum products, which can be eliminated by washing with heptane. It has been revealed that pH of soils has a significant effect on the BPA migration of along the soil profile. The concentration curves of the BPA distribution over the soil profile up to a depth of 1 m were plotted. The maximum BPA concentrations in the soils of urbanized territories depend on the contamination of the territory with polymer waste. The maximum BPA concentrations (29.84 μg/kg) were determined at a depth of 20 cm in samples taken near the landfill of municipal solid waste. At other points within the city limits, the maximum concentrations range within 5.38 – 8.77 μg/kg. Outside the city of Voronezh, the mobility of BPA increases in more alkaline typical and residual-calcareous chernozems and significant concentrations of the pollutant were found at a depth of 50 – 80 cm. The developed scheme can be applied to targeted screening and monitoring of the BPA content. The method can be used for BPA determination in soil horizons for various soil types, meteorological conditions (precipitation, annual temperature regime), and contamination of the territory (the presence of unauthorized landfills, MSW landfills, sewage treatment facilities near the sampling point).

Natural variation of GmRj2/Rfg1 determines symbiont differentiation in soybean

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) provides much of the N utilized by leguminous plants throughout growth and development. Legumes may simultaneously establish symbiosis with different taxa of microbial symbionts. Yet, the mechanisms used to steer associations toward symbionts that are most propitious across variations in soil types remain mysterious. Here, we demonstrate that GmRj2/Rfg1 is responsible for regulating symbiosis with multiple taxa of soybean symbionts. In our experiments, the GmRj2/Rfg1SC haplotype favored association with Bradyrhizobia, which is mostly distributed in acid soils, whereas the GmRj2/Rfg1HH haplotype and knockout mutants of GmRj2/Rfg1SC associated equally with Bradyrhizobia and Sinorhizobium. Association between GmRj2/Rfg1 and NopP, furthermore, appeared to be involved in symbiont selection. Furthermore, geographic distribution analysis of 1,821 soybean accessions showed that GmRj2/Rfg1SC haplotypes were enriched in acidic soils where Bradyrhizobia were the dominant symbionts, whereas GmRj2/Rfg1HH haplotypes were most prevalent in alkaline soils dominated by Sinorhizobium, and neutral soils harbored no apparent predilections toward either haplotype. Taken together, our results suggest that GmRj2/Rfg1 regulates symbiosis with different symbionts and is a strong determinant of soybean adaptability across soil regions. As a consequence, the manipulation of the GmRj2/Rfg1 genotype or application of suitable symbionts according to the haplotype at the GmRj2/Rfg1 locus might be suitable strategies to explore for increasing soybean yield through the management of SNF.

PELATIHAN SIAP MENGHADAPI BENCANA DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH 1 DENPASAR BALI

Disasters can be caused by natural events or man-made. Factors causing disasters include natural hazards and man-made hazards, which can be grouped into geological, hydrometeorological, biological, technological, and environmental quality degradation. The territory of Indonesia is located in a tropical climate region with two seasons, hot and rainy, which are characterized by extreme changes in weather, temperature, and wind direction. These climatic conditions, combined with diverse topography and soil types, result in fertile soil conditions. High population growth is not balanced with equitable and adequate economic, social and infrastructure policies and development, gaps in several aspects and sometimes social jealousy arises. This condition has the potential to cause conflicts in society that can develop into national disasters. Facing disasters requires the application of disaster preparedness education in schools with training. Disaster preparedness training is necessary for the school from the principal, teachers and students to understand how to evacuate themselves during a disaster so as to minimize casualties. The results of this community service activity are not in the form of objects but in the form of understanding and response to actions when facing disasters. Disasters cannot be predicted precisely because the nature of the occurrence of disasters is fast and there are slow disasters. There are also disasters that occur due to natural factors and occur due to human intervention

A new domain model for estimating water distribution in soil pores during the drying and wetting processes

It is well known that both the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and hydraulic conductivity function (HCF) of unsaturated soils are hysteretic. Modeling the hysteresis behavior of unsaturated soil is crucial for understanding the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soil and solving geotechnical problems in practice. There have been two types of models, the empirical model and the domain model, proposed to describe SWCC hysteresis. The results from the empirical model are subject to the model parameters, and the domain model has a physical theoretical background. However, the application of the domain model requires calibration using experimental data. In this technical note, a new domain model is proposed for estimating the water distribution in soil during both the drying and wetting processes. Consequently, the main wetting curve and the drying scanning curve can be estimated using the proposed domain model in this study. The estimated results from the proposed model agree well with the experimental data (a total of 16 sets) from different studies. The method proposed in this technical note provides a reliable approach for estimating water distribution in pores with different sizes for various types of soil.

Eco-friendly cellulose-based hydrogels derived from wastepapers as a controlled-release fertilizer

In this study, an eco-friendly controlled release fertilizer cellulose-based hydrogel was prepared from cellulose fibers derived from wastepaper, epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a crosslinker and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as a gelling agent. A maximum swelling capacity of 2000% was achieved for cellulose hydrogel with optimum composition. The soil moisture contents in the presence of optimized cellulose hydrogels were determined using the digital moisture meter. Maximum soil moisture of 36.5% was obtained in topsoil, followed by 30.1% in wet clayey soil and 23.4% in sandy soil after 7 days. Urea as a model fertilizer was loaded onto the cellulose hydrogels to control the release of fertilizer. The maximum loading capacity of urea in cellulose hydrogel is 0.51 g/g. The urea-controlled release profiles of the cellulose hydrogel in distilled water and various types of soils were investigated. The formulation of cellulose hydrogels was observed to facilitate the gradual release of urea, with about 74.71% release in topsoil, 73.37% release in wet clayey soil and 71.84% release in sandy soil within 42 days when compared to the free urea which was about 97.32%, 95.09% and 98.47% release in topsoil, wet clayey soils and sandy soils, respectively within 7 days. The result of this study shows that the urea-loaded cellulose hydrogel could be a promising controlled-release fertilizer.Graphical

A universal soil–water characteristic curve model based on the particle size distribution and fractal theory

A soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a prerequisite relationship to study water transport in unsaturated soils and has significant applications in agriculture and engineering sciences. Therefore, many SWCC models were proposed and improved the understanding of water transport. Many of these models were obtained depending on the particle size distribution (PSD) because the water content is related to the sizes and distributions of particles and pores in soils. However, the continuous PSD was divided into many fractions to calculate the water content in these models. Moreover, the particles and pores were simplified as spheres and cylinders, respectively. These simplifications are idealistic and contrary to actual complex structures in soils. To solve the above limitations of these models, we considered the Weibull distribution and fractal theory and established a universal SWCC model called PF (PSD and fractal theory) based on the continuous PSD and irregularities of the pore structures. The new proposed PF model was verified by measured data in the UNSODA database. Furthermore, its accuracy was proven by comparison with two classical models widely used. The verification and comparison results show that the PF model can well describe the measured data of various types of soils and has fewer errors than the other two models. Meanwhile, the continuous PSD in this study overcomes the limitation of artificial discretization and is convenient for subsequent calculation. In addition, the actual irregular soil geometry is described by the fractal theory, which well matches complex soil structures. Therefore, the PF model based on the PSD and the fractal theory is reasonable and reliable in predicting SWCC. In addition, this study can provide a foundation and reference for subsequent studies on hydraulic behaviors.

Effect of Biochar on Soil-Water Characteristics of Soils: A Pore-Scale Study

The mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils are largely governed by their soil-water characteristics, which are influenced by factors such as pore size distribution (PSD). While biochar is commonly used as an additive to alter soil properties, its effect on PSD and the soil water retention curve (SWRC) at the pore scale remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the impact of biochar on PSD and SWRC in soils of different types. The study utilized nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the filter paper method to obtain the particle size distribution (PSD) curve and soil water retention curve (SWRC) of various types of soils, ranging from fine-grained to coarse-grained, with different amounts of biochar. The results and discussion revealed that the impact of biochar on soil PSD and SWRC varied depending on the soil type and biochar content. In fine-grained soils, the addition of 8% biochar resulted in the greatest decrease in mesopore size and percentage, while in medium-grained soils, 6% biochar had the most significant effect, and in coarse-grained soils, the optimum biochar content was 2%. At low suction states, the addition of 8% and 2% biochar improved the water retention of fine-grained and medium-grained soils, respectively, but had little effect on coarse-grained soils. Overall, the effect of biochar on soil-water characteristics was non-monotonic and depended on the relative sizes of biochar and soil particles. Therefore, selecting the optimum biochar-to-soil ratio requires careful consideration of these factors.

Evaluation of physicochemical properties with the availability of plant nutrients in forests and crop farms in different Fijian provinces

Soils are the foundation of agriculture and forestry and it provides many functions such as the supply of water and nutrients and anchorage for plant growth and more. Forest farming and agriculture farming are 2 entities of the ecosystem and they may lead to changes in soil properties. To cope with the challenges in the soil management system, data on current chemical and physical soil properties are more necessary. Therefore, we present a comparative study on soil properties existing in soil and forest farms of Fiji Island. Soil samples from 24 different locations were collected from 8 sites based on the heterogeneity and land use of soils, keeping in view the variation in soil type and slope to determine physicochemical properties and nutrient status. The physical properties such as bulk density (1.05-1.20 Mg m-3), percent porosity (54.14-56.62), moisture % (16.78-18.53%) and soil permeability (11.79-12.35 cm hour-1 was comparatively higher in forest farms compared to the agricultural farms. The soil pH in forest farms and agriculture farms ranged from 5.42-6.10 and 5.30-5.61 respectively. A higher range of CEC was found in forest farms (17.7-19.2) may be due to the higher amount of soil organic matter in forest farms in comparison to agricultural farms. The results also showed that the nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca and Mg and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) values were low on the agricultural farms. The study suggests the combined use of good agricultural practices, limited use of agrochemicals and minimal soil disturbance at agriculture farms to prevent further degradation, acidification and nutrient stocks.

Crop rotation significantly influences the composition of soil, rhizosphere, and root microbiota in canola (Brassica napus L.)

BackgroundCrop rotation is an agronomic practice that is known to enhance productivity and yield, and decrease pest and disease pressure. Economic and other factors have increased the frequency of certain crops, including canola, with unknown effects on the below ground microbial communities that impact plant health and performance. This study investigated the effect of 12 years of crop rotation including canola-wheat; canola-pea-barley; and unrotated canola across three geographic sites in Western Canada with diverse soil types and environmental conditions. To provide data on mature, established crop rotation strategies, root exudate profiles, soil nutrient fluxes, and bacterial and fungal microbial community profiles were determined at the flowering stage in the final two (canola) years of the 12-year rotations.ResultsAfter 12 years of rotation, nutrient fluxes were affected in the soil in an inconsistent manner, with K, NO3, Mg, Ca, P, and Fe fluxes variably impacted by rotation depending on the year and site of sampling. As expected, rotation positively influenced yield and oil content, and decreased disease pressure from Leptosphaeria and Alternaria. In two of the three sites, root exudate profiles were significantly influenced by crop rotation. Bacterial soil, root, and rhizosphere communities were less impacted by crop rotation than the fungal communities. Fungal sequences that were associated with specific rotation strategies were identified in the bulk soil, and included known fungal pathogens in the canola-only strategy. Two closely related fungal sequences identified as Olpidium brassicae were extremely abundant at all sites in both years. One of these sequences was observed uniquely at a single site and was significantly associated with monocropped canola; moreover, its abundance correlated negatively with yield in both years.ConclusionsLong-term canola monoculture affected root exudate profiles and soil nutrient fluxes differently in the three geographic locations. Bacterial communities were less impacted by rotation compared to the fungal communities, which consistently exhibited changes in composition in all ecological niches at all sites, in both years. Fungal sequences identified as O. brassicae were highly abundant at all sites, one of which was strongly associated with canola monoculture. Soil management decisions should include consideration of the effects on the microbial ecosystems associated with the plants in order to inform best management practices.

Влияние повторного освоения залежей на свойства почв в Красноярской лесостепи

The studies were conducted from 2020 to 2021 on paired objects of pure deposits that are in the weedy stage of succession, as well as arrays of developed deposits in the initial stage of their use in arable land. In the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, an assessment of the indicators of potential and effective fertility of various types of soils of these paired objects was obtained. as well as the results of taking into account the productivity of phytomass and crop yields. The state of the soil-absorbing complex practically does not change during the development and initial use of various types of soil deposits. When deposits are involved in arable land, the nitrate form of nitrogen in the soil somewhat prevails over the ammonium form due to the potentially high fertility of highly humus soils of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The availability of mobile phosphates in soils is low, and the exchange of potassium is increased or high, especially in soils of heavy granulometric composition. . The spatial variation of physical and chemical properties is very low in the soils of all objects, and the nutrition elements are high, especially in developed soils. Keywords: DEPOSIT, DEVELOPMENT, SOIL, AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SOIL-ABSORBING COMPLEX, NUTRITION ELEMENTS, VARIATION

BETWEEN SEDENTISM AND NOMADISM: LIFEWAYS ON THE FOREST-STEPPE FRONTIER OF THE LEFT BANK OF DNIEPER IN SCYTHIAN TIME

The paper is devoted to the issue of reconstruction of the lifeways and economics of the part of tribes in the forest-steppe region of the Left Bank of Dnieper during the Scythian period. The question of the role of nomads and semi nomads in the ethnic and cultural history of the population is one of the most important, since the correct assessment of the interaction between the forest-steppe agricultural population and the different groups of nomads depends on the reconstruction of ethnic processes in the Left-bank forest-steppe du­ring Scythian time. It can be assumed that the Dnieper Left-bank forest-steppe by its environment and convenient ways attracted both farmers and nomads. This led to the use of several ecological niches, which was reflected in the spread of the settlement structure of farmers in the areas that are most suitable for agriculture (chernozem soils of various types) and rich in resources for life, construction, etc. (access to water, forest areas). The nomadic population that has subjugated farmers has repeatedly penetrated the region several times. Nomads mostly used the steppe areas and floodplains of the region, leaving behind the main type of sites — the mounds, burial rites of which are fundamentally different from the settled agricultural population.
 The study proposes the conditional use of the term «nomads» for groups of mobile pastoralists only at the time of their penetration into the region. In the new conditions, their lifeways significantly changed. The term reflects a transition to mobile stockbreeding within a limited territory of movement, permanent winter houses near the settlements and hillforts of the settled population of the region, prevailing transhumance, etc. At the moment, the term «semi nomads» is the most adequate for those groups of mobile pastoralists who remained in the forest-steppe region of the Left Bank of Dnieper during the Scythian time. Judging by the flat necropolis in Barvinkova Gora tract near Bilsk hillfort, a part of the migrants from the south turned to a sedentary way of life in the 4th century BC. In general, it can be assumed that the migration of nomads into the region significantly impacted lifeways of the local sedentary population.