Diuretic Activity Research Articles

Virtual Nephron: Evaluation of a Novel Virtual Reality Educational Tool

Recent technological advancements allowed the development of engaging technological tools. Using ASN funding from the ASN, we developed a 3D Virtual Reality (VR) physiology course entitledDiAL-Neph (Diuretic Action and eLectrolyte transport in the Nephron). We hereby present its evaluation. The study consisted of 2 parts: evaluation of knowledge gain, and qualitative evaluation of platform reception. Internal medicine PGY1 residents were randomly assigned into 2 groups: a VR group and a conventional group. Knowledge acquisition was assessed with a post-test administered at the end of the course and repeated within 6 to 12 weeks. Independent t-tests were used to compare the number of correct answers between the groups. A survey and focus groups composed of medicine residents evaluated the platform. Sessions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed through the content analysis approach by two independent reviewers. Of 117 PGY1 resident participants, 64 were randomized to the VR group and 53 were randomized to the traditional group. Initial test results showed higher scores among VR compared to the traditional group (76.5% correct vs. 68.8%). Seventy-eight PGY1s participated in the follow up testing (46 VR group vs. 32 traditional group) and results showed no significant difference in test results. Greater than 90% of the residents rated the platform positively and 77% preferred it as a teaching method. The DiAL-Neph VR platform appeared to improve short-term learning but not long-term retention. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of such teaching platforms on overall interest in nephrology.

Effects of Functional Biomaterials on the Attributes of Orally Disintegrating Tablets Loaded with Furosemide Nanoparticles: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations.

Furosemide (FUR) is a diuretic used to relieve edema, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, end-stage renal disease, and hypertension. FUR is a class IV according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. It is practically insoluble in water. This study aimed to optimize and formulate porous orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) prepared by sublimation and loaded with FUR nanoparticles prepared by using a planetary ball mill. Different functional biomaterials called stabilizers were used to stabilize the nanoparticle formula. Pluronic F-127 was the optimum stabilizer in terms of particle size (354.07 ± 6.44), zeta potential (-25.3 ± 5.65), and dissolution efficiency (56.34%). The impact of the stabilizer concentration was studied as well, and a concentration of 3% showed the smallest particle size (354.07 ± 6.44), best zeta potential value (-25.3 ± 5.65), and percentage of dissolution rate (56.34%). A FUR-loaded nanoparticle formula was successfully prepared. The nanoparticle formula was stabilized by using 3% pluronic F-127, and 3% was chosen for further study of the incorporation into oral disintegration tablets prepared by the sublimation technique. The impact of the matrix sublimating agent and superdisintegrant on the ODTs' attributes (in vitro disintegration, wetting time, and in vitro dissolution efficiency) was studied using 32 full factorial designs. In vivo, the diuretic activity was tested for the optimized FUR ODTs by calculating the Lipschitz value using rats as an animal model. The stability of the ODTs loaded with FUR nanoparticles was assessed under accelerated conditions for 6 months. Finally, the ODT formula loaded with FUR NPs showed a rapid onset of action that was significantly faster than untreated drugs. Nanonization and ODT formulation enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of FUR. Many factors can be controlled to achieve optimization results, including the formulation and process parameters.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Attributes of Nerium oleander: A Review

Background: Nerium Oleander is an Indian folk medicine popularly known as oleander, contains numerous phytoconstituents and nutritional agents for the treatment of multiple ailments. Objective: The prime objective for the current comprehensive review is to focus on the elaboration of phytochemistry along with the Pharmacological significance of N. oleander. Methods: As per literature investigations it was noticed that plant contains various phytochemical constituents, including Oleandric acid, Kaneroside, Cardenolide, Nerizoside, Neritaloside, Odoroside- H,3-Ocaffeoylquinic acid along with structural isomer, 5-Ocaffeoylquinic acid, α-tocopherol, Oleandrin, Digitoxgenin along with nutritional ingredients viz essential fatty acids like omega- 3 fatty acids, and other polyphenols reported in N. oleander. Results: In recent investigations, it was observed that oleander possesses a wide range of medicinal attributes viz. anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, anti-cancer, Antidiabetic, Cellular/humoral immune response, Hepatoprotective, Wound healing, Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Antinociceptive, Locomotor, Diuretic, and Anti leukemic activities. Conclusion: N. oleander could be an excellent candidate for discovering new medications because of its wide range of pharmacological action and the large diversity of active phytochemicals. However, to disclose the favorable therapeutic, safety, and pharmacological virtues of N. oleander and its phytoconstituents, more clinical and experimental investigations are needed.

Evaluation of diuretic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica in rats

In traditional Indian medicine, the whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Asclepiadaceae) is said to have a strong diuretic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (HALPE) in rats. Group I, control (0.5% CMC saline, 10 ml/kg, b.w.), group II, furosemide (10 mg/kg b.w.) as a standard drug, and different concentrations of L.P. (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w.) were administered intraperitoneally (n = 5 per treatment group) to hydrated rats, and their urine output was monitored at 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h after drug administration. The diuretic effect of the extract was highly significant compared to control animals. Halpe at a dose of 400 mg/kg shows a significant increase in urine volume with increased urine output. This study suggests that the active component of L.P. had a diuretic effect similar to that of furosemide. These results confirm the traditional use of Leptadenia pyrotechnica as a diuretic agent. Since ancient times, medicinal plants, sometimes called herbs, have been used in various traditional medical procedures. Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a plant commonly known as the chimp. It is traditionally used in rural areas for the treatment of many diseases, such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, wound healing, anthelmintic, atherosclerosis, hypolipidemia, diuretic, diabetes, and hepatoprotective. In rural areas, this plant is also used as medicine and as a vegetable. First, the plants are dried and turned into powder, which is then used as a paste for ringworm, antifungal, wound treatment, and new plants for many other diseases.

Preparation, Evaluation and Comparison of Marketed Formulation of Bottle Gourd Churna of Plant (Lagenaria siceraria)

Numerous herbal plants play a crucial role in diverse traditional medicinal systems for treating various human diseases. One such plant, Lagenaria siceraria, has a rich history of utilization across different traditional medical systems. This plant contains a wide array of phytochemical constituents including triterpenoids, cucurbitacins, flavones, vitamin B, C-glycosides, beta glycosides, and a notable amount of ascorbic acid in its fruits. Notably, research has indicated that the fruit exhibits cardioprotective properties, while the leaves showcase antioxidant activity. The plant has been extensively studied for its pharmacological effects, encompassing antioxidant, cardioprotective, diuretic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, lipid peroxidation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Although Lagenaria siceraria is cultivated on a limited scale in various regions of India, comprehensive information on its various aspects remains scarce. This review aims to address this gap by providing a consolidated overview of the plant's characteristics and potential medicinal properties.

Diuretic and Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Clerodendrum Chinense (OSBECK) MABB. Aqueous Extract in 8% Salt Diet-Induced Hypertensive Rats

Diuresis refers to an increase in the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion from the system via the urine. It is a necessary excretory process that may prove difficult for some disease systems e.g. enlarged prostates. Hypertension occurs as a result of systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg. It is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting more than a billion people worldwide. A high dietary sodium intake is one of the factors associated with the development of hypertension. Clerodendrum chinensis is used by local communities in West Africa for its diuretic and anti-hypertensive properties. We analyze the phytochemical properties of the mixed leaf, root, and stem aqueous extract of the plant and investigate its anti-hypertensive and diuretic activity in Sodium chloride diet-induced hypertensive rats. The anti-hypertensive effect of extract at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) was studied and compared with a known drug compound; Furosemide. Treated animal urine was analyzed for urinary excretion and diuretic action. The anti-hypertensive effect was statistically significant when compared with the control p < 0.001. The extract at 100mg/kg demonstrated the best systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering potential as compared to other concentrations. The diuretic action of the plant extract at the lowest dose (100 mg/kg) was high and quantitatively similar to the standard drug. The combined powdered leaf, stem and roots aqueous extract of C. chinense possesses anti-hypertensive and diuretic potential in salt-loaded hypertensive rats.

Diuretic effects of Hecogenin and Hecogenin acetate via aldosterone synthase inhibition

Hecogenin (HEC) is a steroidal saponin found in many plant species and serves as a precursor for steroidal drugs. The diuretic effects of HEC and its derivative, hecogenin acetate (HA), remain largely unexplored. The present study aimed to explore the potential diuretic effects of HEC and HA compared to furosemide (FUR) and spironolactone (SPIR). Additionally, the study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism particularly focusing on aldosterone synthase gene expression. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into nine groups (Group 1–9). Group 1 (control) received the vehicle, Groups 2 received FUR 10 mg/kg, Group 3, 4, and 5 were given HEC, while Groups 6, 7 and 8 received HA i.p at doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Group 9 received SPIR i.p at the dose of 25 mg/kg. Urine volume, diuretic index and diuretic activity were monitored at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 h post-administration. Treatment was given daily for seven days. After that, rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for serum electrolytes determination. Adrenal glands were dissected out for gene expression studies. The results revealed that HEC and HA at the administered doses significantly and dose-dependently increased urine and electrolyte excretion. These results were primarily observed at 25 mg/kg of each compound. Gene expression studies demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in aldosterone synthase gene expression, suggesting aldosterone synthesis inhibition as a potential mechanism for their diuretic activity. Notably, HA exhibited more pronounced diuretic effects surpassing those of HEC. This enhanced diuretic activity of HA can be attributed to its stronger impact on aldosterone synthase inhibition. These findings offer valuable insights into the diuretic effects of both HEC and HA along with their underlying molecular mechanisms.

Abutilon indicum: Bioactive Compounds and Diverse Therapeutic Applications

: A large variety of secondary metabolites are found in medicinal plants, and the majority are significant in medicine. One of the well-known plant species used to cure a wide range of human illnesses is Abutilon indicum. The plant Abutilon indicum has a wide range of therapeutic uses, and its varied parts have been employed to cure a wide range of ailments. Numerous bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides are present in the plant. Potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, analgesic, sedative, and diuretic activities have been demonstrated in these compounds. Additionally, the plant has been shown to have cytoprotective properties and to guard against DNA damage brought on by oxidative stress. Future research is required to pinpoint the specific bioactive chemicals responsible for the pharmacological effects of Abutilon indicum and the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's therapeutic uses. Overall, Abutilon indicum has demonstrated great therapeutic potential and deserves further study as a possible source of homeopathic treatments for various illnesses. The present study covers a summary of the phytochemical and ethnomedicinal applications of Abutilon Indicum that would further help in exploring the research in natural medicine.

AN AMELIORATIVE STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (S.O.P) OF DIURETIC AYURVEDIC DRUG TANKANA (BORAX) PURIFICATION

Background- Purified Tankana (Borax) is widely used in daily clinical practice. Tankana (Borax) is also known for its forced diuretic action, antidotal activity against schedule “E” irritant poison and as a chelating agent against heavy metal poisoning. 500 gm unpurified Tankana (Borax) was collected from the West Bengal (India) local market and identified as a raw product. Then Tankana (Borax) authenticated critical macroscopic and or-ganoleptic study and analysis at Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda Pharmacy, Hassan, Karnataka (India). Tankana Sodhan was done in the Department of Rasa Shastra, Sri Dharmasthala Manju-natheshwara College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka (India). Authentication Reference-SDMCAH/MD (Ayu)/SINO-03/2017. Tankana (Borax) purification is done with the help of Standard Operating Procedure. Our study aimed to present a unique and ameliorative approach to the standard purification process of Tankana (Borax). This approach, detailed in our research, offers a new perspective on the purification of Tankana (Borax) and its implications in Ayurvedic medicine. Observation and Result—The purification process significantly impacted the properties of Tankana (Borax). Af-ter the process, Tankana (Borax) lost 50% of its total weight. This study revealed that we obtained 250gm of purified Tankana (Borax) out of the initial 500gm of unpurified Tankana (Borax). This finding underscores the transformative effect of the purification process on the substance. Conclusion—The purification process is genuinely transformative for Tankana (Borax). The crystalline, unpuri-fied raw product changes remarkably into a puffy white powder. This process results in a significant weight loss of the raw unpurified Tankana (Borax), which we attribute to the evaporation of water and the elimination of other unwanted harmful substances. This finding piques our curiosity about the potential implications for clinical practice and pharmaceutical applications.

Ethnomedicinal Study and Evaluation of the Anxiolytic-like and Diuretic Effects of the Orchid Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl-(Orchidaceae).

Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is an orchid endemic to Mexico, known as "Calavera" or "calaverita", in the Huasteca Potosina (central region of Mexico). This plant species is used for the folk treatment of mental disorders and urological kidney disorders, according to the ethnomedicinal information obtained in this study. Ethanolic extracts of leaves (HE) and pseudobulb (PE) were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to carry out the chemical characterization of HE and PE. The pharmacological effects (antioxidant, diuretic, anxiolytic, locomotor, hypnotic, and sedative) of HE and PE were evaluated. The possible mechanism of action of the anxiolytic-like activity induced by HE was assessed using inhibitors of the GABAergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems. The possible mechanism of the diuretic action of HE was assessed using prostaglandin inhibitory antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockers. HE at 50 and 100 mg/kg exerted anxiolytic-like activity without inducing hypnosis or sedation. Flumazenil, prazosin, and ketanserin inhibited the anxiolytic-like activity shown by HE, which suggests the participation of GABA, α1-adrenergic receptors, and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. The diuretic effect was reversed by the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME, which caused the reduction in nitric oxide (NO). These results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of S. tigrina leaves exhibited anxiolytic-like activity and diuretic effects without inducing hypnosis or sedation. This work validates the medicinal uses of this orchid species.

A Review on the Potential Use of Medicinal Plants from the Apiaceae and the Rosaceae Families in Cardiovascular Diseases—Experimental Evidence and Traditional Applications

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization has presented alarming data stating that in 2019, 17.9 million people globally died due to cardiovascular diseases, constituting 32% of all deaths. Despite increasingly advanced pharmacological and procedural treatment methods for these diseases, there is still a quest for new therapeutic possibilities that promise even greater efficacy and safety. The overriding purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the traditional uses of species from the Apiaceae and Rosaceae families as well as to systematize knowledge regarding their scientifically proven cardiovascular activities (animal studies and clinical trials). The review is intended to indicate knowledge gaps for future studies concerning plants used in traditional medicine but without scientific research. As a result, various plant species from both Apiaceae and Rosaceae family have been collected and described based on their study that has proven their effectiveness and uses in cardiovascular diseases. Most of these plants have a hypotensive effect, followed by anti-hyperlipidemic, vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and diuretic activity. These are the mechanisms that contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and stroke.

Ethnobotanical Significance, Phytopharmacology, and Toxicological Profile of Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae): A Review.

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in traditional medicine, where they are extensively employed by traditional physicians for treating a wide array of ailments. Limonia acidissima (Linn), commonly known as the Wood apple and belonging to the Rutaceae family, is widely cultivated in countries, such as Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. The various parts of Limonia acidissima, including its roots, leaves, fruits, stem, and even the whole plant, have been traditionally used in the treatment of numerous conditions, such as constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, asthma, astringent, diabetes, jaundice, and dyspepsia and act as diuretic agents, cardiotonic, cardiac stimulant, and hepato-protectant. Extensive research has revealed that Limonia acidissima possesses a rich chemical composition, including quinones, lignans, flavonoids, sterols, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oils, present in its stem, leaves, fruits, stem bark, and roots. These chemical constituents contribute to its diverse therapeutic properties. In recent years, numerous studies have explored the ethanopharmacological properties of Limonia acidissima extracts, highlighting their anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, antiulcer, wound healing, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, neuroprotective, antispermatogenic, antihistaminic, diuretic, and adsorbent activities. This comprehensive review focuses on the traditional uses, biological activities, and phytoconstituents isolated from different parts of Limonia acidissima Linn. The gathered information provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of this plant, serving as a foundation for further research and the development of novel pharmaceuticals. The integration of traditional knowledge with scientific evidence enhances the understanding of the medicinal properties of Limonia acidissima, fostering its utilization in modern medicine and healthcare systems.

Exploring the efficacy of Ayurvedic interventions in managing Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Chronic Renal Failure (CKD) refers to a continual, irreversible reduction in nephron count. Identifying risk factors for CKD, even in those with normal GFR, is crucial factors include hypertension, diabetes, autoimmune issues, older age, African ancestry, family history of renal disease, previous acute renal failure, and indications like proteinuria or structural urinary tract irregularities. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted at the O.P.D. of Dept. of Kayachikitsa, State Ayurveda College & Hospital Lucknow. A total 34 patients were screened out of which 30 Patients meeting inclusion criteria were registered. The patient was given Gokshuradi Guggulu, Mutraghata Har Yoga (MGH Yoga) & Trina Panchmula Kwatha. Results: Out of 26 participants, 57.7% reported relief, 15.4% noted moderate improvement, and 7.7% reported mild improvement. Additionally, 19.2% stated no change, and none reported worsened health. These percentages indicate the intervention's potential effectiveness, with the majority experiencing relief. Discussion: Ayurvedic formulations, such as Trinpanchmool Kwath, Gokshuradi Guggulu, And MGH Yoga, exhibit promise in CKD management by addressing oxidative stress, diuretic action, and nephroprotective qualities.

Effects of sex and hydration status on kappa opioid receptor-mediated diuresis in rats.

Understanding the function of the kappa opioid receptor (KOP) is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic interventions that target KOP for the treatment of pain, stress-related disorders and other indications. Activation of KOP produces diuretic effects in rodents and man. Sex is a vital factor to consider when assessing drug response in pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this study, the diuretic effect of the KOP agonist, U50488 (1-10 mg/kg), was investigated in both adult female and male Wistar rats that were either normally hydrated or water-loaded. The KOP antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI, 10 mg/kg) was administered 24 h prior to U50488 to confirm the involvement of KOP. U50488 elicited a significant diuretic response at doses ≥ 3 mg/kg in both female and male rats independent of hydration status. U50488 diuretic effects were inhibited by norBNI pre-administration. Water-loading reduced data variability for urine volume in males, but not in females, compared with normally hydrated rats. Sex differences were also evident in U50488 eliciting a significant increase in sodium and potassium ion excretion only in males. This may suggest different mechanisms of U50488 diuretic action in males where renal excretion mechanisms are directly affected more than in females.

A Comprehensive Review on Sophora japonica: Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemistry & Pharmacological Aspects

Abstract: Sophora japonica, a species of Sophora, one of the prominent genera, belongs to the family Fabaceae, native to China, which is commonly known as a pagoda tree. Sophora, includes nearly 52 species, nineteen varieties and many of these species have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to cure various ailments. This review compiles its ethnomedical uses, diverse phytochemicals reported from the various parts of S. japonica, and their pharmacological effects to elucidate its therapeutic potential against a wide range of diseases. Traditionally it is used to treat various hematic disorders such as hypertension, hemorrhoids, hemorrhage, hematuria, hematochezia, dysentery, arteriosclerosis, etc. Moreover, each and every part of this plant, including the flowers, buds, leaves, bark, fruits, seeds, pericarp, stems, and roots are used as medicine, particularly in China, Japan, Korea, and Asia. Chinese Pharmacopoeia and European Pharmacopoeia describe the utility of this plant since ancient times. The enhanced use of S. japonica in Chinese medicine resulted in the exploration of various phytochemicals and their pharmacological properties includes in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. It is enchanted with steroids, phospholipids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, and other phenolic compounds that are characterized by therapeutic activities such as anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-asthmatic, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidote, anti-pyretic, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti-platelet, anti-hyperglycemic, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, estrogenic and anti-osteoporotic activity in post-menopausal women etc. and this is also used as a remedy for skin diseases like eczema, colpitis and psoriasis. Despite its health benefits, supplementary data is still required in order to bridge the gaps and ensure the possible safety profile by conducting clinical studies for its therapeutic applications as a natural and eminent safe drug.

New Light on Plants and Their Chemical Compounds Used in Polish Folk Medicine to Treat Urinary Diseases.

This review contains the results of Polish (Central Europe) ethnomedical studies that describe the treatment of urinary tract diseases with wild and cultivated plants. The study includes only the plants that are used to treat the urinary tract, excluding prostate diseases. A review of the literature was carried out to verify the pharmacological use of the plants mentioned in the interviews. Based on this, the study reviews the pharmacological activities of all the recorded species and indicates their most important chemical compounds. Fifty-three species (belonging to 30 families) were selected for the study. The Compositae (eight species), Rosaceae (six species), and Apiaceae (six species) are the most common families used in the treatment of urinary diseases in Polish folk medicine. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that many of these plant species have beneficial properties, such as diuretic, antihyperuricemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity, or the prevention of urinary stone formation. These effects are exerted through different mechanisms, for example, through the activation of bradykinin B2 receptors, inhibition of xanthine oxidase, or inhibition of Na+-K+ pump. Many plants used in folk medicine are rich in phytochemicals with proven effectiveness against urinary tract diseases, such as rutin, arbutin, or triterpene saponins.

The study of the diuretic activity and pharmacotechnological properties of a dry extract of Salvia sclarea L. growing in Tajikistan

Aim. To study the pharmacological activity of a dry extract of clary sage (DECS) growing in Tajikistan and its pharmacotechnological properties as basic stages in the development of the composition and technology of hard gelatin capsules with its content. Materials and methods. For the studies, we used DECS standardized by the content of the total amount of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. The quantitative content of the total amount of flavonoids was not less than 13.0 % calculated with reference to apigenin, and the quantitative content of the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was not less than 1.2 % calculated with reference to rosmarinic acid. The pharmacotechnological properties of DECS were studied according to methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU). Results and discussion. During screening, all doses of DECS studied showed a moderate diuretic activity. Thus, when using DECS in the dose of 100 mg/kg, the relative volume of the urine excreted by rats for 5 hours increased by 1.9 times, in the dose of 200 mg/kg – by 2.0 times, in the dose of 300 mg/kg – by 1.8 times compared to the same indicator in the negative control group (p˂0.05). When studying the complex of pharmacotechnological properties, it was found that DECS was a finely dispersed amorphous powder with particles of isodiametric form. DECS had an average bulk weight of 0.515 ± 0.002 g/mL, and the fluidity assessment showed that DECS had a very poor flowability, which value in the vibration mode of the device was 2.8 ± 0.1 g/s. According to the study of the fractional composition, DECS had a clearly expressed fine fraction with a particle size of less than 0.25-0.09 mm 84.68 %. Conclusions. Taking into account the results of the study of the diuretic activity and scientific literature data on the spectrum of the pharmacological activity of Salvia sclarea L, it is rational to consider DECS as a potential combined agent for enhancing the diuretic effect or in diseases of the urinary system accompanied by edema and inflammatory processes. The study of the pharmacotechnological indicators of DECS allows predicting the need to use certain groups of excipients to develop the composition and technology of capsules with its content, namely antifriction substances to improve fluidity and disintegrants to improve capsule disintegration, as well as substances that contribute to the compaction of bulk mass and moisture-regulating agents.

Temporal effects of caffeine on intrapulmonary shunt in preterm ventilated infants.

We hypothesized that caffeine would be associated with a transient reduction in the right-to-left shunt and VA/Q. We aimed to explore the temporal effects of caffeine on right-to-left shunt, ventilation perfusion ratio (VA/Q) and shift of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) in premature ventilated infants. Retrospective cohort study at a tertiary neonatal unit of infants born at less than 31weeks of gestation that were mechanically ventilated on day three of life. The non-invasive method of the ODC was used to determine the right-to-left shunt, VA/Q and shift before and at 1, 4 and 20 h after a maintenance dose of caffeine citrate. A total of 21 infants were included with a median (range) gestational age of 27 (23.7-30.7) weeks. The median shunt percentage was significantly reduced, compared to baseline at 1 h (8 (range: 7-9) % vs. 4 (range: 0-6) %, p=0.042) and 4 h post caffeine administration (8 (range: 7-9) % vs. 0 (range: 0-3) %, p=0.042), but the VA/Q and the right shift of the ODC did not differ significantly between these time points. At 20 h, there were no significant differences between these indices compared to baseline values. Caffeine led to a transient decrease in intrapulmonary shunt from one to 4 h after administration and this may be due to its diuretic action.

Identification and quantification of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in yellow wood anemone (<i>Anemone ranunculoides</i> L.) by UHPLC-DAD-HESI/MS analysis

Introduction. Yellow wood anemone (Anemone ranunculoides L.) is a herbaceous perennial. This plant grows in the European parts of Russia, Ciscaucasia, Siberia, Central Europe and other regions. It has many different pharmacological activities: immunomodulatory, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, diuretic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor and antirheumatic activity. These various effects are due to their biologically active compounds, which include ephemeroids, protoanemonin, saponins, tannins, resins, ascorbic acid, ranunculin, oils lipids and triterpene glycosides. As to phenolic compounds, currently there is no sufficient information on flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) profiles in different species of genus Anemone. Because these groups of compounds are quite specific for yellow wood anemone, their detailed study seems to be relevant.Aim. The objective of this research is to identify and quantify flavonoids, HCAs, and their conjugates in Yellow wood anemone leaves, flowers and rhizomes with roots.Materials and methods. The identification was carried out by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC–DAD–ESI-MS) with quantification of individual compounds by external calibration method.Results and discussion. Among the 47 compounds, 30 flavonoids and 17 derivatives of HCAs were detected. Quercetin glycosides were found to be the major flavonoids in aerial parts whereas chalcone glycosides – in underground parts. The major HCA in rhizomes with roots was feruloyltartaric acid (1.18 mg/g) whereas chlorogenic acid was predominant in leaves and flowers (8.68 mg/g and 2.62 mg/g accordingly). The total content of phenolic compounds was estimated at 60 mg/g on a dry weight basis.Conclusion. As a result of the research a detailed profile of flavonoids and HCAs acids of anemon was described. The data obtained can serve to identify this species in the standardization of medicinal plant materials and taxonomic studies.

The Changing Role of Loop Diuretics in Heart Failure Management across the Last Century.

Congestion is the main therapeutic target of acute heart failure (HF) treatment, and loop diuretics (LDs) are widely used drugs for this purpose. Despite their extensive use, these agents remain largely understudied in terms of modality administration, treatment duration, and escalation dose for subjects responding poorly to therapy. LDs were initially investigated in several edematous statuses such as cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and congestive HF and initially approved for the treatment of cardiogenic congestion in 1966. Despite the long history and the undoubted role in congestion management, the use of LDs in the acute phase is mostly based on the physician's experience, the oral amount chronically administered, and clinical decongestion response. Recent literature suggests monitoring diuretic activity by the evaluation of daily diuresis, weight loss, and sample urinary sodium assessment after early intravenous LD administration. More recently, the measurement of urinary sodium integrated with urinary and blood creatinine values and fluid status has been suggested as optimal marker to predict whole diuretic efficiency and to target the optimal dose. However, this method is not easily available in the chronic setting or in patients with recurrent hospitalization taking a high loop diuretic amount. Since high loop diuretic dose is related to diuretic resistance (DR) and poorer outcome, additional diuretics acting in different nephron sites are often required. Current sequential nephron blockade can stimulate diuresis by synergic mechanisms. This strategy is attempted in patients with poor response, revealing good results in the early period, but the effects of neuro-endocrine stimulation and electrolyte balance across long-term follow-up are still questioned. This paper reviews the historical course of loop diuretics and highlights the need for a universal approach based on clinical conditions, cardio-renal interactions, and HF phenotypes.