Diuretic Activity Research Articles

Exotic Medicinal Plants Used in Brazil with Diuretic Properties: A Review.

Several exotic plants (non-native) are used in Brazilian traditional medicine and are known worldwide for their possible diuretic actions. Among the wide variety of plants, standing out Achillea millefolium L., Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze, Crocus sativus L., Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill, Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber, and Urtica dioica L., whose effects have already been the subject of some scientific study. In addition, we also discussed other exotic species in Brazil used popularly, but that still lack scientific studies, like the species Arctium lappa L., Carica papaya L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Citrus aurantium L., and Persea americana Mill. However, generally, clinical studies on these plants are scarce. In this context, different plant species can be designated for further comprehensive studies, therefore, promoting support for developing an effective medicine to induce diuresis.

A current study on pharmacology and phytochemistry of biophytum sensitivum

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC, a highly valuable medicinal herb from the Daspushpam category of Ayurvedic essential plants in the Oxalidaceae family. It is also called as, little tree plant, life plant and sensitive plant growing in Africa, South Asia and Madagascar's tropical region. It has an intriguing characteristic that is similar to that of the touch-me-not plant. This article describes the synonyms, biological source, phytoconstituents and various pharmacological activities of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC, which include Anti-inflammatory, Anti diabetic, Anti urolithiatic, Antibacterial, Immunomodulatory and anti tumor activity, Nephroprotective activity, Antifertility, Radioprotective, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Wound healing, Anti-fungal activity, Antihypertensive, Analgesic activity, Antipyretic activity, Chemoprotective activity, Anti-fungal activity ,Anti angiogenic activity, Anti-metastatic activity, Larvicidal activity and Diuretic activity.

Diuretic Activities of Root Bark Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parquetina nigrescens: I-Effects on Urinary Excretion in Wistar Rat

Background and objective: The root bark of Parquetina nigrescens is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of hypertension and edema for its diuretic properties. This study was conducted to examine the effects of this medicinal plant on the excreted urinary volume and contribute to scientific knowledge on its diuretic action. Methods: Water-overloaded rats were treated separately with increasing doses (5-70 mg/kg) of Parquetina nigrescens root bark aqueous and ethanolic 70 % extracts of and furosemide (FURO) at 5 mg/kg. Excreted urine was collected and measured. Results: Plant extracts caused increased urine excretion in rats. PNea 15 mg/kg and PNee 25 mg/kg were the most active doses. They caused an increase of volume of urine comparable to that induced by FURO 5 mg/kg. A very significant elimination of water overload at p < 0.001 was observed. And the recorded values were 42.73 ± 0.26% (PNea 15 mg/kg), 45.39 ± 0.190% (PNee 25 mg/kg) and 73.6 ± 0.24% (FURO 5 mg/kg) against 29.73 ± 0.24% (Saline solution NaCl 0.9%). Conclusion and perspectives: Increase of urine volume excreted induced by the extracts partly confirms the diuretic virtue of Parquetina nigrescens justifying its empirical use to treat hypertension and edema. However, these results, on their own, do not make it possible to elucidate the mechanism underlying diuretic activity of this plant. Additional studies should be carried out for this purpose.
 Keywords: Diuretic activity, urinary excretion volume, Parquetina nigrescens, Furosemide

Vanillin: A food additive with multiple biological activities

Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a known natural aromatic flavouring agent and the major component of vanilla extracted from cured vanilla pods. Vanillin has several applications in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and cosmetics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) have recommended vanillin as safe and pose minimum detrimental consequences. Additionally, several studies have reported the pharmacological activities of vanillin including anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antisickling, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, cardio-protective, diuretic actions, amongst others. In spite of these interesting reports, the general perception of vanillin has been restricted to its role as a food additive. Therefore, we reviewed the pharmacological activities of vanillin to demonstrate its therapeutic potentials, especially as a component of functional foods. We further highlighted the biosynthesis, toxicity, bioavailability and other applications of the compound. Our review revealed that vanillin holds promising potentials in the prevention and cure of diverse human (metabolic and non-metabolic) diseases and is relatively bioavailable in the systemic circulation that could warrant a clinical trial.

Glucose homeostasis is impaired in Guanylyl Cyclase/Natriuretic Peptide Receptor‐A Gene‐Knockout and Gene‐Duplication Mutant Mice

Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) are produced in the heart, regulate blood pressure (BP) and fluid homeostasis through vasodilatory and diuretic actions. Both ANP and BNP act by binding to guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor‐A (GC‐A/NPR‐A). Systemic disruption of Npr1(encoding GC‐A/NPRA) leads to volume overload, high BP, and congestive heart failure. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet precisely determined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Npr1plays a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis in Npr1 gene‐disrupted mice. The adult male and female (16‐18 wk) Npr1 gene‐knockout haplotype (Npr1+/‐, 1‐copy), wild‐type (Npr1+/+, 2‐copy), and gene‐duplicated (Npr1+ +/+ +, 4‐copy) mice were fasted for 16 h and given free access to water. The glucose administration was done both orally and intraperitoneally (IP: 2 g/kg body weight) in mice to determine oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and IP glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). The glucose levels in blood were determined by performing tail bleeds at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min using the AlphaTRAK blood glucose monitoring system (Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, MI). Systolic BP (SBP) was determined by non‐invasive computerized tail‐cuff method (Visitech 2000). The results showed that the blood glucose level was elevated to the maximum value at 15 min after glucose administration. Glucose levels were declined to near base line at 120 min in 2 copy mice (OGTT: 102 ± 3 mg/dL in male and 97 ± 4 mg/dL in female, IPGT: 101 ± 4 mg/dL in male and 96 ± 3 mg/dL in female). However, in 1‐copy mice, the blood glucose levels remained elevated even after 120 min (OGTT: 248 ± 5 mg/dL in male and 226 ± 3 mg/dL in female, IPGT: 254 ± 4 mg/dL in male and 229 ± 5 mg/dL in female) compared with 2‐copy mice. The blood glucose levels were also significantly lower at 120 min in 4‐copy mice (OGTT: 77 ± 4 mg/dL in male and 74 ± 3 mg/dL in female, IPGT: 75 ± 3 mg/dL in male and 71 ± 2 mg/dL in female) compared with 2‐copy mice. SBP was significantly greater in 1‐copy mice (137 + 4 mmHg in male and 126 + 3 mmHg in female) than 2‐copy mice (100 + 2 mmHg in male and 91 + 2 mmHg in female). SBP was significantly lower in 4‐copy mice (83 + 2 mmHg in male and 77 + 2 mmHg in female) than 2‐copy mice. OGTT showed a significantly lower level of maximal blood glucose compared with IPGTT. The findings of the present study suggest that Npr1 plays a critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and the loss of Npr1 significantly increases the glucose levels in mutant animals.

Diuresis Activity of A Combination of Alang-Alang Rhyme Extract (Imperata cylindrical L.) and Cat's Whistle Leaves (Orthosiphon stamineus L.) in Male Mice (Mus musculus).

Diuretics are substances that can increase the rate of excretion of urine volume and indicate the amount of expenditure (loss) of solutes and water. The Alang-Alang rhizome and the Cat's Whiskers plant are one of the many plants that have many advantages and have been used for a long time in an effort to maintain health. This study aims to determine the combined activity of Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrical L.) Rhizome Extract and Kumis Leaf Extract. Cat (Orthosiphon stamineus L.) as a diuretic in mice (Mus musculus). The test animals were divided into 5 groups, each group consisted of 3 test animals. Group I was given a 1% w/v Na-CMC colloidal solution as a control. Groups II, III and IV were given a suspension of a combination of Alang-Alang rhizome extract and Kumis Kucing Leaf extract with each dose of 100 mg/Kg BW ratio (1 : 1), (1 : 2) and (2 : 1) as the treatment group. The highest to lowest diuretic activity sequentially with the average value being furosemide (3.67), combination (Alang-Alang rhizome: Daun Kumis Kucing) 2 : 1 (2.67), combination (Rimpang Alang-Alang: Daun Kumis Kucing) ) 1 : 2 (1,33), and a combination (Alang-Alang Rhizome: Cat's Whisker Leaf) 1 : 1 (1,33). The largest combination dose that gave an increase in urinary frequency was at a combination dose of 2: 1 (Rhimpang Alang-Alang: Daun Kumis Kucing) with an average value of 2.67.

Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Studies of a Novel Diuretic Inhibiting Urea Transporters.

Urea transporter (UT) inhibitors are a class of promising novel diuretics that do not cause the imbalance of Na+, K+, Cl−, and other electrolytes. In our previous studies, 25a, a promising diuretic candidate inhibiting UT, was discovered and showed potent diuretic activities in rodents. Here, a sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of 25a in rat plasma, urine, feces, bile, and tissue homogenates was developed and validated to support the preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The tissue distribution, excretion, and plasma protein binding were investigated in rats. After a single oral dose of 25a at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, the drug exposure increased linearly with the dose. The drug accumulation was observed after multiple oral doses compared to a single dose. In the distribution study, 25a exhibited a wide distribution to tissues with high blood perfusion, such as kidney, heart, lung, and spleen, and the lowest distribution in the brain and testis. The accumulative excretion rate of 25a was 0.14%, 3.16%, and 0.018% in urine, feces, and bile, respectively. The plasma protein binding of 25a was approximately 60% in rats and 40% in humans. This is the first study on the preclinical pharmacokinetic profiles of 25a.

Synthesis and Diuretic Activity of Substituted 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles.

1,3,4-Thiadiazole nuclease, a 5-membered heterocyclic ring system containing two nitrogen and one sulfur atoms in addition to carbon atoms, is compound that showed promising results in the process of searching new diuretic agents. In this study, seven 5- and 2-thioate derivatives of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles were synthesized by substitution reaction using acetone as solvent and K2CO3 as a base. The compounds ware then characterized by using IR and NMR spectroscopy. The diuretic activity of the compounds was evaluated on Swiss albino mice by measuring urine volume, urinary pH, and urinary Na+, K+, and Cl−. The result showed increase in urinary excretion of both water and electrolytes. 5-Methyl-substituted derivatives of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles showed significant increase in excretion of both water and electrolytes when they are compared to both negative control and 5-amino-substituted derivatives. The highest diuretic activity (0.82) was recorded for para-nitro-substituted benzene ring at 2-thioate group of 5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, while the least (0.56) was recorded for propanethioate group at 2nd position and amine group at 5th position of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole. The finding of the present study showed that all the compounds have diuretic activity and 5-methyl derivatives of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles exhibited significant diuretic activity.

EFEKTIVITAS ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIK PADA KELINCI JANTAN DARI EKSTRA ETANOL BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria Ternatea)

Telang flower plant (Clitoria ternatea) is a leguminous plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, containing bioactive compounds that are useful for treatment. Its ability as a biologically active compound gives a great role to human interests. Phenolic compounds have a positive correlation with antioxidant activity, so that polyphenols are probably the compounds that have the most potential to contribute anti-radical activity in telang flower. Telang flower extract has many properties so it is used as a traditional medicine for several diseases. A number of studies have shown that flavonoids have antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical content of telang flower which is efficacious as antidiabetic / antihyperglycemic is saponins and flavonoids. Based on this, a preliminary study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) against antihyperglycemic in male rabbits. This type of research is a laboratory experiment. Telang flower powder simplicia (Clitoria ternatea) was extracted using the maceration method. Telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) ethanol extract was made in 3 concentrations, namely 2%, 3% and 4%. Antohyperglycemic effectiveness test used 3 groups, namely negative control (without treatment), positive control (Glibenclamide), ethanol extract of telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) 2%, 3% and 4%, against 4 white rabbits weighing 3-3.5 kg and given sucrose, carried out until the 8th day. The data were statistically processed using One Way ANOVA (Analysis Of Variant). In conclusion, giving ethanol extract of telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) with concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4% at 60 minutes gave an effective and significant reduction in blood glucose levels compared to negative control and positive control.

INVESTIGATION OF THE IMMUNOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF STRAWBERRY GARDEN LEAF EXTRACT DRY

Abstract: The main task of the preclinical study of the effect of potential drugs on the immune system is to prove or exclude the possibility of developing an immunotoxic effect caused by a pharmacological agent or its metabolites in an animal experiment. The proposed approach to assessing the immunotoxic effect of pharmacological agents consists in the study of a number of integral immunological functions that allow, taking into account the results of hematological and morphological studies of lymphoid organs, to assess the possible risk when using a new pharmacological agent. Mandatory testing for immunotoxicity should be subject to new, original pharmacological agents, as well as well-known drugs for which there is no data on the study of immunotoxicity, recommended for use in long repeated courses; use in pediatric practice, as well as for the treatment of pregnant women and when prescribed during lactation; as prophylactic agents and contraceptives; for use without a doctor's appointment among the general population [2,3]. Strawberry garden leaf extract dry (strawberry garden extract) is one of the potential substances for obtaining safe medicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract, as it has diuretic and anti-inflammatory activity [4]. The study of the immunotoxic properties of strawberry garden extract is an obligatory part of the preclinical safety assessment of a new pharmacological substance for obtaining safe medicines with it. In this regard, studies on the study of the immunotoxic properties of strawberry leaves of dry extract in the framework of preclinical studies and substantiation of the use of the substance for the further development of medicines based on it are relevant.

Gentians, natural remedies for future of visceral pain control; an ethnopharmacological review with an in silico approach.

Different gentian preparations are used as traditional remedies for internal pain control in: Persian traditional medicine (PTM), Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) and Ancient Greek medicine (AGM) from the time of the Roman Empire. Objective: To present a survey of the ethnopharmacological applications of gentians recorded as being used in Eastern and Western traditional medical systems (PTM, CTM and AGM) and their pharmacological effects, chemical composition as well as an in silico investigation of the possible active component/s for the alleviation of internal pain via molecular docking studies. Major traditional medicine literature (PTM, CTM and AGM, 50 AD- 1770) and ethnobotanical studies for the application of gentians were reviewed. Nine European species representing 5 of the 13 sections currently attributed to Gentiana were selected. Chemical compounds and pharmacological activity data of these species were gathered from different databases including Google Scholar, PubChem, PubMed and Web of Science (between 1972 and 2020). The possible active constituents of gentians on visceral pain receptors were investigated, in silico. In all investigated literature, traditional uses of gentian were indicated to have anti-nociceptive effects on visceral pain and possess diuretic action. According to our computational study, acylated flavonoid glycosides, viz. trans-feruloyl-2"-isovitexin (33), trans-feruloyl-2"-isovitexin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (34), iso-orientin-4'-O-glucoside (38), trans-caffeoyl-2"-iso-orientin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (39), iso-orientin-2"-O-β-D-glucoside (40) and isoscoparin (41), might be responsible for visceral pain reduction by interacting with the purinergic receptor (P2X3) and vanilloid receptor 1 (TrpV1). This finding shows a good correlation with different traditional gentian uses in Persian, Chinese and European ethnomedicine for visceral pain control.

Plants Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine for the Management of Urolithiasis: A Review of Preclinical Evidence, Bioactive Compounds, and Molecular Mechanisms.

Urolithiasis (UL) involves the formation of stones in different parts of the urinary tract. UL is a health problem, and its prevalence has increased considerably in developing countries. Several regions use plants in traditional medicine as an alternative in the treatment or prevention of UL. Mexico has known about the role of traditional medicine in the management of urinary stones. Mexican traditional medicine uses plants such as Argemone mexicana L., Berberis trifoliata Hartw. ex Lindl., Costus mexicanus Liebm, Chenopodium album L., Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg., Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, and Taraxacum officinale L. These plants contain different bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, furanochromones, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which could be effective in preventing the process of stone formation. Evidence suggests that their beneficial effects might be associated with litholytic, antispasmodic, and diuretic activities, as well as an inhibitory effect on crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of crystals. The molecular mechanisms involving these effects could be related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the review aims to summarize the preclinical evidence, bioactive compounds, and molecular mechanisms of the plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the management of UL.

The NO-cGMP-K+ Channel Pathway Participates in Diuretic and Cardioprotective Effects of Blutaparon portulacoides in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

Blutaparon portulacoides is a Brazilian plant species that is widely used in folk medicine. The present study investigated the role of an aqueous extract of B. portulacoides against hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The aqueous extract of B. portulacoides was obtained from the whole plant. Its chemical profile was analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides was evaluated in female Wistar rats. Male 6-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats then received the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/kg), or vehicle once daily for 28 days. On days 1, 14, and 28, the diuretic effects of the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides were evaluated. The role of prostaglandins and the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-potassium channel pathway in the diuretic activity of the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides was also investigated. At the end of the treatment, hepatic and renal biochemical markers, serum nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, nitrite, and aldosterone levels, and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity were measured. The electrocardiographic profile, blood pressure, and renal vascular reactivity were also assessed. The heart, kidneys, and liver were collected to determine relative organ weight, histopathology, and cardiac morphometry. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and several flavonoids were identified in the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides. No signs of toxicity were observed. Prolonged treatment with the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides (300 mg/kg) induced significant diuretic activity by activating the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-potassium channel pathway. These effects reduced blood pressure and oxidative stress and prevented renal vascular dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy that was induced by hypertension. Overall, the present data suggest that the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides has important diuretic and cardioprotective effects by activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-potassium channel pathway.

Ethnobotanical and phytochemical aspects of the edible herb Coriandrum sativum L.

Coriandrum sativum (coriander) is an edible herb in the family Apiaceae. The leaves, fruits, and stems of C. sativum have long been used as culinary spice due to their favorable odor. Traditional practitioners used this plant for treating different diseases like blepharitis, scabies, aphthous stomatitis, laryngitis, headache, and palpitation. In modern researches, coriander has demonstrated anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antimigraine, neuroprotective, analgesic, diuretic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Coriander contains a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals among which phenylpropenes, terpenoids, isocoumarins, phytosterols, and fatty acids are the most important. This review provides information about the botanical and ethnobotanical aspects, chemical profile, therapeutic uses in Islamic traditional medicine (ITM), and recent pharmacological studies of coriander effects. The results have shown that coriander and its monoterpenoid compound, linalool, can be considered as potential drug candidates for treating metabolic syndrome and different inflammatory conditions especially neural and CNS diseases.

Chemical, Biological & Pharmacological Investigations of Different Fractional Extracts of Passiflora edulis Sims. (Family: Passifloraceae)

In the evaluation of antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against 10 bacteria at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antibiotic disc of Azithromycin (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. The extracts showed no activity against gm (+ve) & gm (-ve) bacteria at a concentration of 500 µg/disc. Antifungal activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against 7 fungi at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antifungal disc of Fluconazole (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. In antifungal screening the chloroform extract showed activity against A. fumigatus (15nm). In DPPH scavenging assay the ethanol extract of leaves showed maximum % inhibition of 73.41% at 100μg/ml while the standard ascorbic acid showed % inhibition of 82.14% at the same concentration. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased by increasing the concentration of the sample extract. The extract exhibited considerable DPPH free radical scavenging activity as indicated by their IC50 values which indicate the potency of scavenging activity. Standard ascorbic acid was found to have an IC50 of 1.66μg/ml. In comparison to standard ascorbic acid, ethanol extract of P. edulis showed of an IC50 of 2.57μg/ml. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by albumin denaturation assay method, the percent inhibition of protein denaturation in the experiment of ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was found to be 55.454% at 500μg/ml, 49.818% at 250μg/ml and 41.818% at 125μg/ml. The extract possesses significant activity comparable with that of the standard acetyl salicylic acid which showed percent inhibition of protein denaturation of 91.945%, 88.181% and 45.454% in the same concentration range. In this analgesic activity study using Eddy’s hot plate method in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis showed mild analgesic activity. After 30 minutes of administration of standard drug (Diclofenac 9 mg/kg), mean latency was found to be 17.34sec. While the extract at concentration of 400 mg/kg exposed mean latency of 6.67sec. Respectively. During antipyretic activity by Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method in mice, the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis produced moderate antipyretic activity. In this test, the extract reduced temperature from 102.4°F to 99.84°F (p=0.151188), 98.74°F (p=0.070485), 98.6℉ (p=0.056108), 98.37℉ (p=0.039072) and 98.27°F (p=0.110528) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hour respectively and caused maximum reduction of temperature in 1st hour. During antidiarrhoeal activity by castor oil induced test in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis produced moderate antidiarrheal episode. The latent period and the total diarrheic faces were found to be 0.978 hr & 8.34 at 500 mg/kg for P. edulis as compared to standard (Loperamide 3mg/kg) 2.845 hr & 5.34. In the sedative and hypnotic activity by using open field box, hole cross box and swing Test method on swiss albino mice ethanol extract of P. edulis showed moderate sedative and hypnotic activity. During the open field test, squares crossed by the group receiving standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 63 and 84.34 respectively. During the swing test, number of swings observed after administration of standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 3.67 and 8.67 respectively. During diuretic activity by using the Lipschitz test in mice, ethanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of P. edulis (500mg/kg body wt.) showed no activity compared to standard drug Furosemide (20mg/kg body wt.)

Papel de Passiflora edulis (maracuyá) en el control de la presión arterial: posibles mecanismos moleculares

Passiflora edulis (passion fruit) is a plant whose fruit has a high biological value as it contains a large amount of polyphenols, the most important of which are flavonoids that act as powerful antioxidants against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have highlighted its antihypertensive role, even comparing it to hypotensive drugs. Arterial hypertension is one of the diseases that causes the greatest mortality and the most widespread worldwide. It is caused by endothelial dysfunction between vascular constrictor and relaxant factors, as a result of oxidative stress caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Flavonoids reduce the formation of free radicals by inhibiting NADPH oxidase; they also increase the activity of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing the vasodilation promoted by nitric oxide and providing a response capacity to endothelial damage by increasing intracellular calcium, which further stimulates vasodilation. They also exert a diuretic action and significantly increase urine flow, glomerular filtration and Na+ and K+ excretion. This diuretic effect, added to the antioxidant effect, would explain the plant's antihypertensive activity.

Diuretic activity of the aqueous roots extract of Leptadenia hastata (Asclepiadaceae) in rats

Leptadenia hastata is a plant used in African traditional medicine to treat arterial hypertension. We assessed the acute and subacute diuretic activities of aqueous extract of L. hastata roots in rats. Male Adult rats were administered with L. hastata roots extract acutely (24 h) and sub-acutely (7 days) at doses 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg (per os). To assess acute diuretic activity, samples of tail vein blood were collected 24h after treatment and urine was collected every 3h. Levels of Na + , K+ , and Cl- , urea, and creatinine were also measured. Natriuretic, saluretic, and diuretic indexes were determined. The urine collected for 7 days was processed similarly to assess sub-acute diuretic activity. The extract induced significant increases in urine volume (54.93%, 64.47%, and 77.69% compared to vehicle group for doses 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg, respectively), and urine Na+ (126.51%, 136.83%, and 133.67%, respectively), Cl- , and in a lesser extent, K+ levels 24h after treatment. Creatinine and urea levels increased in urine whereas Blood creatinine and urea levels were decreased. Diuretic, saluretic, natriuretic and ionic indexes were also significative. These effects were maintained along 7 days of treatment, and were comparable with two references drugs effects (furosemide and amiloride hydrochlorothiazide). Altogether, our results suggest that aqueous extract of L. hastata roots has strong acute and subacute diuretic activities in rats, which warrant further studies considering the potential for unraveling a novel class of diuretic drugs.

A simple validated HPTLC method for the analysis of flavonoids and molecular docking studies of novel tri-terpenoid glycoside isolated from Carya illinoinensis bark with potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities

Carya illinoinensis (Family Juglandaceae) is frequently used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-rheumatic, anti-diabetic, and diuretic activities. Column chromatography was used to separate phytoconstituents from an ethanolic extract of powered bark. The terpenoid glycosidic compound, CI-01, was isolated as light-yellow crystalline powder in 0.33% (w/w) yield having melting point 94–96 °C, RF value 0.57 (in MeOH:CHCl3;20:80), UV absorption maxima 242 nm in methanol and molecular ion [M + H]+ peak at 420.4 m/z. Based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography and spectral data, the isolated compound CI-01, was identified as Farnesoic acid -l-glucoside. The ethanolic extract of Carya illinoinensis (CIE) at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and isolated compound CI-01 at 10 mg/kg dose were used for studying anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. After 5 h of treatment with CI-01, the mean increase in paw volume was 0.459 ± 0.054 ml, which is corresponding to the standard drug indomethacin's 0.443 ± 0.041 ml. However, CIE groups receiving 100 and 200 mg/kg exhibited 0.518 ± 0.068 and 0.486 ± 0.048 ml, respectively. Compared to the control group of mice, animals treated with CIE and CI-01 dramatically reduced the number of writhes caused by acetic acid. AutoDock Vina program was used for molecular docking of the compound CI-01 with various targets, including COX-1, COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and opioid receptors exhibiting mean binding energies of -5.36, -7.37, -7.24, -4.27, and -7.04 kcal/mol, respectively. In conclusion, CI-01, isolated from Carya illinoinensis extract, demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities at a dose of 10 mg/kg and displayed promising interaction with COX-2 in molecular docking study.

Diuretic and antihypertensive activity of the aqueous extract of Haematostaphis barteri stem bark in adrenaline-induced hypertensive Wistar Rats

Decoctions of the stem bark of the medicinal plant Haematostaphis barteri are used in African traditional medicine to treat hypertension. We assessed the diuretic and antihypertensive activities of H. barteri stem bark in Wistar rats. Changes on urine volume and electrolyte elimination induced by acute and subacute treatment of Wistar rats with aqueous extract of the stem bark of H. barteri (150, 200 and 250 mg/kg, per os). Then, the effects of a week of daily treatments with the extract on indicators of disease progression were assessed in adrenaline-induced hypertensive rats. In a dose-dependent fashion, the extract significantly reduced the urination latency (from 60±2.5 sec in vehicle group to 30±3 sec with dose 250 mg/kg), and increased the urine and electrolyte elimination (more than 2-fold, (P<0.01), in both acute and subacute administrations, as furosemide and AHCT. In addition, with stronger activity than propranolol, the extract mitigated the increases in pulse rate (50%), blood urea (90%), LDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol (up to 59%), and decreases in blood triglycerides and HDL (56%). Altogether, our findings suggest that the aqueous extract of H. barteri stem bark has diuretic (acute and subacute) and antihypertensive properties, and support the traditional use for the treatment of hypertension.

INVESTIGATION OF ALLERGENIC PROPERTIES STRAWBERRY GARDEN LEAF EXTRACT DRY

Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in drugs produced on the basis of medicinal plant raw materials, since in modern clinical practice these drugs have a number of advantages over synthetic drugs, such as high efficiency, a wide range of therapeutic effects, a small number of contraindications, low toxicity and a minimum of adverse reactions. The advantages also include a wide range of dosage forms for both internal and external use [1]. At the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, at the Department of Pharmacognosy, dry strawberry extract was developed from raw strawberry leaves [8, 9] and its experimental series was obtained at JSC Biochimmash in Moscow. The pharmacological activity of strawberry extract was also studied and its diuretic and anti-inflammatory effect was established [2]. A study of the acute toxicity of strawberry garden extract showed that it can be classified as a low-toxic substance [2]. Strawberry garden leaf extract dry (strawberry garden extract) is one of the potential substances for obtaining safe medicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract, as it has diuretic and anti-inflammatory activity [2]. The study of the allergenic properties of strawberry garden extract is a mandatory part of the preclinical safety assessment of a new pharmacological substance to obtain safe medicines with it. In this regard, studies on the allergenic properties of strawberry garden leaves of dry extract in the framework of preclinical studies and substantiation of the use of the substance for the further development of medicines based on it are relevant.