Disturbances Of Carbohydrate Metabolism Research Articles

An Epidemiological Study to Assess the Risk Factors and Symptoms of PCOS

The aim to present this study was to assess the most affected age group of girls from PCOD and to make them aware by our questionnaire in this descriptive study, 200 girls were selected randomly from hostels of MMDU, MULLANA. A questionnaire was formulated to obtain information regarding symptoms, changes, dietary patterns, etc. This data was differentiated, tabulated, and tested. The data collected shows that the majority of the respondents who participated in the survey were on the edge of PCOD. Stein and Leventhal are regarded to have been the first investigators of polycystic ovary syndrome however, in 1721 Vallisneri, an Italian scientist; he described a married, infertile woman with shiny ovaries with a white surface, and the size of pigeon eggs. It was not until early 1990 at a national institute of Health (NIH) sponsored conference on PCOD that formal diagnostic criteria were proposed and afterward largely utilized. Many scientists tried to explain the pathophysiology of PCOS and many studies were made. It is now accepted that it is multifactorial, partly genetic, however, a number of candidate genes have been postulated. Insulin resistance has been noted consistently among many women with PCOS, especially in those with Hyperandrogenism, but it is not included in any of the diagnostic criteria. Now there is strong evidence that cardiovascular diseases risk factors and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism are all increased in patients with PCOS compared to healthy populations. The criteria was established by a group of experts during a conference in ROTTERDAM held in 2003 are obligatory. The subsequent ROTTERDAM CRITERIA incorporated the size and morphology as determined by an ultrasound of the ovary into the diagnostic criteria. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, obesity among children in the U.S. has tripled since 1980 due to various factors like bad eating habits, and lack of physical exercise, and many more children are getting more and more obese. Many researchers have found that PCOD findings are increasing with time. Finding insulin resistance in obese adolescents gave a different diagnosis of PCOD. Upon further clinical testing, many other symptoms are found like Hirsutism, acne, and menstrual abnormalities. Emans (2005) described PCOS as a diagnosis related to the diagnosis of insulin resistance, not being overweight. For insulin resistance, females don't need to be overweight, they will have insulin resistance even a normal weight female adolescents also have insulin resistance.

Polystyrene nanoplastics in soil impair drought priming-induced low temperature tolerance in wheat

Drought priming is known to enhance plant low temperature tolerance, whereas polystyrene nanoplastic contamination exerts detrimental effects on plant growth. This study investigates the less-explored influence of nanoplastic contamination on cold stress tolerance in drought-primed plants. We compared the photosynthetic carbon assimilation, carbohydrate metabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and grain yield between the non-primed and drought-primed wheat grown in both nanoplastic-contaminated and healthy soils. Our results reveal that the beneficial effects of drought priming on photosynthetic carbon assimilation and the efficiency of the “water-water” cycle were compromised in the presence of nanoplastics (nPS). Additionally, nPS exposure disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, which impeded source-to-sink transport of sugar and resulted in reduced grain yield in drought-primed plants under low temperature conditions. These findings unveil the suppression of nPS on drought-primed low-temperature tolerance (DPLT) in wheat plants, suggesting an intricate interplay between the induction of stress tolerance and responses to nPS contamination. The study raises awareness about a potential challenge for future crop production.

Effect of microplastics on oxytetracycline trophic transfer: Immune, gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance gene responses

Microplastics and antibiotics are prevalent and emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, but their interactions in aquatic food chains remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) on oxytetracycline (OTC) trophic transfer from the shrimp (Neocaridina denticulate) to crucian carp (Carassius auratus) by metagenomic sequencing. The carrier effects of PP-MPs promoted OTC bioaccumulation and trophic transfer, which exacerbated enterocyte vacuolation and hepatocyte eosinophilic necrosis. PP-MPs enhanced the inhibitory effect of OTC on intestinal lysozyme activities and complement C3 levels in shrimp and fish, and hepatic immunoglobulin M levels in fish (p < 0.05). Co-exposure of MPs and OTC markedly increased the abundance of Actinobacteria in shrimp and Firmicutes in fish, which caused disturbances in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Moreover, OTC exacerbated the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic animals, and PP-MPs significantly increased the diversity and abundance of ARGs and facilitated the trophic transfer of teta and tetm. Our findings disclosed the impacts of PP-MPs on the mechanism of antibiotic toxicity in aquatic food chains and emphasized the importance of gut microbiota for ARGs trophic transfer, which contributed to a deeper understanding of potential risks posed by complex pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.

ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Influence of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin

Background. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a 2-fold higher risk of deve­loping coronary heart disease and mortality than those without carbohydrate metabolism disturbances. The reason for such negative trends is the occurrence of metabolic stress due to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which causes disturbance in energy metabolism and ischemic damage to cardiomyocytes. The purpose of the study is to improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment and assess the dynamics of quality of life in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and T2DM who are at high risk of develo­ping cardiac complications during the inpatient treatment by including the sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin in the comprehensive therapy. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 38 patients with STEMI and T2DM who received dapagliflozin in addition to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The control group included 37 patients with STEMI and T2DM who received only standard protocol treatment after PCI. In addition to general clinical examinations and assessment of quality of life using the EuroQol Group EQ-5D-5L questionnaire (1990), echocardiography was performed to determine general and local myocardial contractility by the Simpson method; plasma levels of glucose, insulin were evaluated, and insulin resistance was determined by the HOMA-IR. Results. Patients with STEMI and T2DM after PCI most often developed reperfusion syndrome with left ventricular failure and rhythm disturbances. Under the influence of standard medical treatment, a significant clinical and functional improvement was observed, but postinfarction remodeling progressed with impaired systolic and diastolic function and the development of heart failure syndrome, as well as treatment-resistant atrial and ventricular fibrillation paroxysms, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles, and bundle branch block. In patients of the study group with STEMI and T2DM on the comprehensive treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, a significant decrease in the frequency of rhythm and conduction disturbances was noted on the se­cond day of observation, as well as a decrease in postinfarction left ventricular remodeling, which ultimately manifested in a statistically significant improvement of myocardial contractility (ejection fraction increased by 6.7 %) and a decrease in diastolic dysfunction. There was also a significant decrease in the frequency and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias, which was achieved due to the cardiometabolic effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. Conclusions. The inclusion of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in the comprehensive treatment led to a significant improvement in central cardiac hemodynamic parameters and a decrease in the frequency and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias and acute left ventricular failure, which contributed to the improvement in quality of life.

Вікові особливості перебігу ротавірусної інфекції в дітей та внесок осмотичного компонента в патогенез діарейного синдрому залежно від віку

Purpose - to identify the age-specific features of the course of rotavirus infection (RVI) in children and to clarify the role of the osmolar component in the pathogenesis of diarrheal syndrome in young children. Materials and methods. 100 young children with RVI were examined. Children were divided into 3 age subgroups: 1-6 months, 6-12 months and 13-24 months. A comparative analysis of the manifestation and features of the clinical course of the disease was carried out in the subgroups. A comparative assessment of the level of undigested sugars in feces and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the dynamics of the disease were carried out. The total level of carbohydrates in feces was determined on the 2nd, 5th, 7th and 10th day of RVI using the Benedict test. Concentrations of SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) were determined on 2nd, 5th and 10th days by liquid chromatography. As physiological indicators of the total amount of carbohydrates in the feces and fecal concentrations of SCFA, the indicators of 30 relatively healthy children were taken. The "STATISTICA for Windows 13" program was used for statistical processing of the obtained data. Since the quantitative values that were analyzed had a distribution that differed from normal, non-parametric statistical methods were applied. Results. Children 1-6 months of age with RVI less often had fever and vomiting (p˂0.05), had longer diarrhea (p˂0.05), which was more often accompanied by flatulence, intestinal colic (p˂0.05), than children 13-24 months of age. Children of this subgroup had the highest levels of carbohydrates in feces in the acute period of RVI (р˂0.05 on the 2nd and 5th day relative to children 6-12 months and 13-24 months of age) and in the period of convalescence (р˂0.05 on 10th day for children 13-24 months of age). In all subgroups of children, reduced concentrations of SCFA were noted in the acute period of RVI (p&gt;0.05 relative to the reference values from the 3rd to the 5th day). The most pronounced decrease in the total concentrations of SCFA (p&lt;0.01 relative to the reference values) during the entire period of RVI were observed in children 1-6 months of aged. Conclusions. RVI is characterized by longer diarrhea which is more often accompanied by flatulence and intestinal colic in children 1-6 months of age, while children 13-24 months of age more often have fever and vomiting. The most pronounced disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in the intestines and changes in the functional activity of the intestinal microflora during RVI occur in children 1-6 months of age. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Interplay of Transcriptional Factors In Beta Cells Development and Maturation

Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time with disturbances of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. It is a global disorder affecting about half a billion or 536.6 million people worldwide, which is said to rise to 783.2 million by 2045. To maintain normoglycemia, pancreatic β-cells release insulin in proportion to the amounts of nutrients in the blood. Through a process of postnatal development, β-cells learn to connect insulin release to food cues. The insulin secretory response in mature β-cells adjusts to alterations in nutritional status. The interaction between transcriptional programs specific to each cell type and external stimuli is necessary for both β-cell maturation and functional adaptation. In this review, we examine the growing data that suggests lineage-determining and signal-dependent transcription factors (LDTFs and SDTFs, respectively) work together to regulate β-cell activity during development and homeostasis. In-depth knowledge of β-cell SDTFs and their corresponding signals would clarify the processes involved in β-cell maturation and functional adaptation, directly affecting diabetes treatments and the production of mature β-cells from stem cells.

Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruits

Diabetes mellitus [antihyperglycemic] is the endocrine metabolic disorder characterized by raised glucose level in the sanguine liquid of body i.e. blood serum due to disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. In Diabetes mellitus extent of glucose is maintained by well know endocrine pancreatic secreted hormone fuel called insulin which help in metabolizing the glucose level by muscular utilization and other organ pathological activity. When the levels of insulin fall below the body desire it can to hyperglycemic condition. Antihyperglycemic therapeutic plant has an ability to restore abnormal pancreatic condition by increase of insulin, enhancement of body carbohydrate utilization. There are more than 400 reported plant species used an antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic. Praecitrullus fistulosus is reported to contain polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phytosterol, diterpines, thiamin, and carotene that possess antidiabetic, antioxidative and anthelmintic activity. On investigation and understanding the cause of diabetes mellitus, had opened the large view for the treatment. Phytomedicine has considerably taken the prominent position for the treatment of many metabolic disorders. Biochemical studies concluded that Praecitrullus fistulosus extract shows alteration in blood glucose level and also Praecitrullus fistulosus improved the lipid profile and showed positive aspect on different parameter in diabetic control rats and it was noted that Praecitrullus fistulosus drug extract was effective and helped in controlling the BG level in Albino Wistar Rat Praecitrullus fistulosus is reported to contain polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, Phytosterol, diterpines, thiamin, and carotene that possess antidiabetic, antioxidative properties. The aim of research is to evaluate and investigate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruit extract on Streptozotocin (STZ)-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rat.&#x0D; Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, Praecitrullus fistulosus, Phytochemicals, Phytomedicine

Correlation Between Thyroid Profile and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem affecting major populations worldwide. It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion with chronic hyperglycaemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Thyroid hormones are secreted from thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone replacement is associated with a decrease in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. The present study was undertaken to study correlation between thyroid profile and glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. A hospital based case control study was carried out in Dept. of Biochemistry, North Bengal Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh from July to December 2022. 100 participants were in the study group and 100 participants in control groups were enrolled by following procedure. Patients aged 30 years or more who came to routine health check-up were taken for the study. Basic information, clinical history was taken from the record files. 50 cases of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy controls were taken. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for thyroid profile, HbA1c, Fasting Blood Sugar and Renal Function Test. We found that there was a positive correlation between TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) and HbA1c levels, and a negative correlation between Thyroid hormones [Triiodothyronine (T3) &amp; Thyroxine (T4)] and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in cases of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. There is a significant decrease in TT3 (Total Triiodothyronine) and TT4 (Total Thyroxine) and significantly increased TSH in cases of Diabetes mellitus as compare to healthy Controls. We found that out of 50 cases of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 31% patients showed thyroid disorders. There is a high prevalence of thyroid disorders in Diabetic patients. If not diagnosed early, it could negatively affect diabetes and its complications. Therefore, routine screening of thyroid profile in diabetic patients is advisable to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity rate.

Intestinal Dysbiosis in Subjects with Obesity from Western Mexico and Its Association with a Proinflammatory Profile and Disturbances of Folate (B9) and Carbohydrate Metabolism.

Obesity is a public health problem with a growing prevalence worldwide. In Mexico, it is estimated that one out of three adults suffer from obesity. In these patients, the intestinal microbiota (IM) undergoes pathological changes that are associated with a dysbiotic state; however, the microbiota profile of adult subjects with obesity from western Mexico has not been described. To assess this, fecal samples were obtained from 65 participants (Obese = 38; Control = 27). The microbial composition was characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The IM of the group with obesity revealed a clear decrease in richness and diversity (p < 0.001), as well as a significant increase in proinflammatory bacterial groups, mainly genera belonging to the Negativicutes class, Escherichia/Shigella, and Prevotella. Likewise, an increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria was found, especially the genus Lachnoclostridium. Additionally, PICRUSt2 analysis showed a depletion of vitamin B9 metabolism and an increase in saccharolytic pathways. The IM of patients with obesity possesses a dysbiotic, proinflammatory environment, possibly contributing to lipogenesis and adiposity. Thus, assessing the IM will allow for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases of high prevalence, such as obesity. These findings are described for the first time in the adult population of western Mexico.

Quality of Life of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Background and Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by multiple hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and disturbances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The objective of this study is to assess the quality of life of women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to identify any factors within the study group that may impact the scores related to quality of life. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out among women diagnosed with PCOS. An original questionnaire, developed through an online Google Forms survey, was utilized as the research instrument and distributed through social networks and support groups to women facing PCOS. This study encompassed a participant pool of 200 women with PCOS, aged 24 years or older. For the analytical component, Pearson's χ2 test was employed-a nonparametric test designed to assess the relationship between two variables measured on a qualitative scale. The chosen level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The analysis revealed that the quality of life of the women under study was not linked to the duration of the disease or comorbidities. However, a significant association was observed with the inconvenience caused by PCOS symptoms. Women experiencing very bothersome symptoms of PCOS reported a lower quality of life compared to those with symptoms rated as not very bothersome. Despite the majority of women with PCOS rating their quality of life as good or very good, they often find the associated symptoms of PCOS bothersome. Women reporting lower quality of life tend to acknowledge the impact of PCOS on their lives, experience a sense of lack of control over the disease, struggle with depression, and do not accept their physical appearance. Conclusions: Hence, the support from specialists like endocrinologists, gynecologists, and nutritionists becomes crucial for many women dealing with PCOS. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, incorporating a balanced diet, and engaging in regular physical activity can assist in managing the troublesome symptoms of PCOS, thereby enhancing overall quality of life. In instances of emotional difficulties, seeking psychological support is equally important, and the significance of support and acceptance from loved ones should not be overlooked.

Characterization of Risk Factors for Modeling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Induced by a High-Fat Diet in C57BL/6 Mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. C57BL/6 mice prone to obesity and leptin resistance were kept on a high-fat diet for 21 weeks. The animals showed a significant increase in fasting and postprandial glucose levels and body weight, the development of insulin resistance, and by week 18, an increase in the serum TNFα level. Metformin therapy at a dose of 250 mg/kg was effective against the background of disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism: animals showed a significant decrease in insulin resistance and TNFα level.

Association of Polymorphic Variants of TCF7L2 and PPARG Genes with Metabolic Markers in Patients with Early Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism.

We performed complex analysis of the association of polymorphic variants rs7903146 of the TCF7L2 gene and rs1801282 of the PPARG gene with metabolic parameters, insulin resistance, and β-cell function in a group of patients with early signs of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances in a sample of Tyumen citizens. The study group consisted of 64 people (39 women, 25 men) aged 40-70 years. The distribution of frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the polymorphic markers rs7903146 and rs1801282 was analyzed and associations of carriage of major homozygous polymorphisms with various phenotypic traits were identified. Genotyping for polymorphic variants of TCF7L2 and PPARG genes was performed using allele-specific PCR with primers provided by Synthol company. Carriers of homozygotes for allele C of the polymorphic marker rs7903146 significantly differed from other respondents by a higher level of C-peptide, as well as by the presence of associations with waist circumference, elevated level of glycated hemoglobin, and arterial hypertension. Carriers of homozygotes for the allele C of the rs1801282 polymorphism of the PPARG gene differed from the group of carriers of homozygotes for the allele G and the group of heterozygote carriers by higher levels of triglycerides, as well as the presence of associations with waist circumference and the level of glycated hemoglobin.

Биохимические и гематологические характеристики крови коров красной степной породы Павлодарской области Казахстана

To predict the breeding and productive characteristics of cattle, along with molecular genetic markers, biochemical and hematological indicators are used. The purpose of the study is to conduct a hemato-biochemical analysis of the blood serum of red steppe cows in the Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan. Deviations of protein level from the norm indicates metabolic disorders in the body, ration of animals. The total protein in the blood serum of cows is in the upper limit of reference values and makes 81,07±4,28 g/L. Determination of bilirubin content in blood allows to find out the ability of the liver to secrete bile. Total bilirubin amounted to 1,58±0,26 umol/L, which does not exceed the specified values. Urea is the end product of protein metabolism. Its content in blood increases with delayed excretion by kidneys. In the blood serum of cows the concentration of urea is 4,91±0,22 mmol/L. In biochemical analysis, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase are an indicator of cell damage in internal organs. Aspartateaminotransferase was 105,9±8,46 U/L, is within the reference values, indicating the absence of disorders in nitrogen metabolism. The concentration of alanine aminotransferase enzyme was 47,3±4,07 U/L, also indicating the absence of damage in the liver. Cholesterol as an important structural element of cell membrane participates in the formation of complexes with proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Total cholesterol content – 4,72±0,32 mmol/L. Decrease in blood sugar level is a symptom of serious disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism and lack of glycogen reserves in liver and muscles. Decrease of sugar content in blood of cows can be considered as a result of mismatch of energy intake with feed and its expenditure on metabolic processes and milk formation. Glucose concentration was 2,00±0,31 mmol/L. Insignificant deviation from the reference values of amylase enzyme, which hydrolyzes starch and glycogen, was detected. The level of these blood proteins is characterized by great stability and is subject to small fluctuations under normal conditions. The concentration of the enzyme totaled 73,7±6,37 U/L.

The glycemic control and side effects of Empagliflozin on patients with type II diabetes mellitus in tertiary care Hospital

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or action. The burden of it is increased globally especially middle- or low-income countries. Different oral anti-diabetic medicines including older regimen to novel medicine like empagliflozin are used for the treatment of different types of diabetes. This study was aimed to study the effects of empagliflozin on patients with type II diabetes mellitus in tertiary care Hospital, Nepal. Methods: A hospital based prospective follow up study with purposive sampling was carried out for a period of six months from July to December 2022. A representative sample of more than 110 from prescriptions of T2DM patients aged between 20 to 60 years were observed for demographic details (age, sex, body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI) etc.), Hb1AC level, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (after 2 hours) (PPG), blood pressure (SBP and DBP), adverse effects and an interview was conducted with Endocrinologist as well as patients who receive empagliflozin for first time and data were analyzed by using applicable statistical tolls. Results: A total of 215 patients were prescribed empagliflozin 10mg tablet out of which only 110 patients came for the follow up at 6 months. Hence, 110 respondents completed the study with in the study period (n=110). Out of 110 patients, 56 (50.9%) were male and 54(49.1%) were female. The majority of patients belonged to the age group 51-60 years 55 (50%) with mean age of 48.89±8.81 years. The mean diabetic duration was 7 years. After 6 months of empagliflozin therapy there was significantly reduction in weight, BMI, blood pressure, anthropometric values (HbA1c, FPG, and PPG) with some suspected side effects were also observed. Conclusion: Thus, the main aim of this research was to study the effects of empagliflozin on patients with type II diabetes mellitus in tertiary care Hospital, Nepal. The outcomes of this research will be used as the reference for the preparation of diabetes treatment guidelines, regimens and related policies in the future.

Co-occurring elevated temperature and drought stress inhibit cotton pollen fertility by disturbing anther carbohydrate and energy metabolism

The effects of individually applied heat or drought stress on cotton’s pollen fertility, and consequently on yield formation, have been extensively studied. In contrast, the effects of their compound stress have received minimal attention. To address this, a pond experiment was conducted using a cotton cultivar, Yuzaomian 9110 and the treatments consisted of control (CK), drought stress (DS), elevated temperature (ET), and the combination of elevated temperature and drought stress (ET+DS). Results revealed that ET+DS resulted in larger decreases in cottonseed number per boll and boll weight than DS or ET, which were attributed to the lower pollen fertility under the combined stress compared to either single stress. The decreases in pollen fertility under all stress conditions were further associated with disturbances in anther carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Pollen viability was negatively correlated with sucrose content, but was positively correlated with starch and ATP contents under different conditions. Specifically, DS increased anther sucrose content by increasing sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) activity to enhance sucrose synthesis, and by decreasing sucrose synthetase (SuSy) and acid/alkaline INV activities to restrict sucrose hydrolysis to fructose and glucose. Similar to DS, ET+DS increased anther sucrose content, which was attributed to the restricted sucrose hydrolysis, due to the reduced activities of SuSy and acid/alkaline INV, and acid INV activity even was lower under ET+DS than DS. However, ET enhanced acid invertase (INV) activity to promote sucrose hydrolysis, and down-regulated the expression of GhSUT3A/D (sucrose transporter gene), GhSUT4 (sucrose transporter gene) and GhSWEET55 (encoding Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported Transporters proteins) to inhibit sucrose transport into anthers, so the anther sucrose content was decreased. Furthermore, ET, DS and ET+DS treatments significantly decreased starch synthesis by down-regulating the expression of GhAGP, GhGBSS and GhSSS; however, the ET+DS treatment had a lower GhSSS expression than any single stress, which further inhibited amylopectin synthesis and resulted in lower anther starch content compared to CK and either of the individual stresses. In addition, significant reductions were observed in anther pyruvate content under all stress conditions, which inhibited the ATP production in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Nevertheless, different pathways were involved in the response of energy metabolism to single and combined stresses. In particular, single ET or DS down-regulated GhHK1 and GhPK to decrease pyruvate formation, while the downregulation of GhHK1 and GhPGK were responsible for the decreased pyruvate content under combined stress. Additionally, either single stress resulted in the upregulation and downregulation of GhATP α subunit and GhATP β subunit of ATP synthase, respectively, the opposite was observed under the condition of combined stress, indicating that differential response mechanisms of ATP synthase are activated between the combined stress and any individual stresses. All these confirmed that elevated temperature combined with drought stress have a unique effect on carbohydrate and energy metabolism of anthers, resulting in larger decreases in pollen fertility, cottonseed number per boll and boll weight than either of the stresses alone.

Relationship between age and self-care level with quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the working area of mojo public health center, Surabaya city

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease or metabolic disorder with multiple etiologies characterized by high blood sugar levels and disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism as a result of insufficient insulin function. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are at risk of experiencing a 6.75-fold decrease in quality of life (ADA, 2014). Quality of life itself is influenced by various factors. The research objective is to determine the relationship between age and self-care level with quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the working area of Mojo Public Health Center, Surabaya City. Data analysis in this study used the SPSS application through univariate analysis to determine the frequency distribution of each variable and bivariate analysis using the chi-square statistical test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). The research results showed that the statistical analysis of age with the quality of life of type 2 DM patients using the chi-square test resulted in a p-value of 0.478, which means p &gt; 0.05. And statistical analysis of the self-care level using the chi-square test resulted in a p-value of 0.024, which means p &lt; 0.05. It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between age and the quality of life and there is a significant relationship between the level of self-care and the quality of life of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the working area of Mojo Public Health Center, Surabaya City.

A clinical case of hypothalamic syndrome combined with Klinefelter syndrome

the article describes a clinical case of a hypothalamic syndrome associated with a congenital disease - Klinefelter syndrome in a 21-year-old patient. Dysmetabolic complications were studied against the background of endocrine and genetic pathologies. Klinefelter syndrome was diagnosed in the patient at the age of 10, mosaic variant of karyotype 47XXY/46XY was detected. Against the background of a rare genetic pathology, signs of a hypothalamic puberty syndrome began to appear at the age of 15: acne, pink stretch marks on the lateral areas of the abdomen and breasts, gynecomastia, and excess weight. General clinical laboratory studies, carbohydrate metabolism indicators, sexual and thyroid hormones did not differ from reference values. The cortisol level in the blood was 23.4 mcg/dL, slightly exceeding the upper limit of the reference values (4.30-22.4 mcg/dL), indicating a state of mild hypercorticism. Manifestations of dysmetabolic cardiomyopathy were noted in the cardiovascular system, complicated by stable stage II arterial hypertension. The peculiarity of the clinical case is the combination of endocrine pathology with genetic pathology, which determines the specific appearance of the patient, and the presence of dysmetabolic complications without disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in stage III obesity. The acceleration of puberty, which often occurs with the hypothalamic syndrome, did not occur due to the concomitant hypoandrogenic effect of Klinefelter syndrome. In the presence of hypothalamic syndrome in the patient, the late development of secondary sexual characteristics was noted, which is more characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome, but normal mental activity was preserved, which is rarely observed with the mosaic form of this genetic pathology. Another clinical feature is the absence of typical manifestations of hypogonadism in the post-pubertal period, which is confirmed by a normal level of male and female sex hormones in the blood, which is atypical. Due to the peculiarity of this clinical case, the patient's fertility can be preserved. In addition to the existing dysmetabolic complications in the patient and metabolic syndrome, there is a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and breast cancer, because Klinefelter syndrome andhypothalamic syndrome complicate each other. Therefore, it is important to study the issue of the combination of these two pathologies, possible consequences, and ways to overcome them to improve thepatient's clinical prognosis and quality of life.

Novel Carriers and Approaches Insight in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is one of the the most common, oldest and non communicable chronic disease in India.Diabetes is a serious, costly and heterogeneous metabolic disorder which ischaracterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels (BGLs) and an inability to maintain BGL homeostasis. According to Indian council of medical research (ICMR, section 1,2005) diabetes is defined as a metabolic cum vascular syndrome of multiple etiologies factorise by hyperglycemia with disturbance of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism resulting from insulin deficiency or resistance to insulin or both.According to American diabetes association (ADA) diabetes is is defined as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.

Effects of two different angiotensin receptor blockers on blood glucose level and HbA1c in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbance of carbohydrate, fats, and protein metabolism. Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production, which results in hyperglycemia. Hypertension further increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, renal failure, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are very effective antihypertensive drugs. This study was done to find the effects of two different angiotensin receptor blockers on various biochemical markers in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.MethodsThis was a prospective interventional study, comparing two ARBs Azilsartan and telmisartan, involving 76 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.ResultsBoth drugs controlled blood pressure equally. The study showed that improvement in fasting plasma glucose was more with Azilsartan as compared to Telmisartan but their mean difference is not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The improvement in post-prandial plasma glucose and HbA1C was more with Telmisartan as compared to Azilsartan but only mean HbA1C was statistically significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTelmisartan has a better impact on HbA1c reduction than Azilsartan, as a part of the pleotropic effect of ARBs.

Functional metagenomic and metabolomics analysis of gut dysbiosis induced by hyperoxia.

Inhaled oxygen is the first-line therapeutic approach for maintaining tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients, but usually exposes patients to damaging hyperoxia. Hyperoxia adversely increases the oxygen tension in the gut lumen which harbors the trillions of microorganisms playing an important role in host metabolism and immunity. Nevertheless, the effects of hyperoxia on gut microbiome and metabolome remain unclear, and metagenomic and metabolomics analysis were performed in this mouse study. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control (CON) group exposed to room air with fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 21% and a hyperoxia (OXY) group exposed to FiO2 of 80% for 7 days, respectively. Fecal pellets were collected on day 7 and subjected to metagenomic sequencing. Another experiment with the same design was performed to explore the impact of hyperoxia on gut and serum metabolome. Fecal pellets and blood were collected and high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric analysis was carried out. At the phylum level, hyperoxia increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (p = 0.049). At the species level, hyperoxia reduced the abundance of Muribaculaceae bacterium Isolate-037 (p = 0.007), Isolate-114 (p = 0.010), and Isolate-043 (p = 0.011) etc. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) revealed that Muribaculaceae and Muribaculaceae bacterium Isolate-037, both belonging to Bacteroidetes, were the marker microbes of the CON group, while Firmicutes was the marker microbes of the OXY group. Metagenomic analysis using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) revealed that hyperoxia provoked disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Fecal metabolomics analysis showed hyperoxia reduced 11-dehydro Thromboxane B2-d4 biosynthesis (p = 1.10 × 10-11). Hyperoxia blunted fecal linoleic acid metabolism (p = 0.008) and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism (p = 0.014). We showed that 1-docosanoyl-glycer-3-phosphate (p = 1.58 × 10-10) was the most significant differential serum metabolite inhibited by hyperoxia. In addition, hyperoxia suppressed serum hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1, p = 0.007) and glucagon signaling pathways (p = 0.007). Hyperoxia leads to gut dysbiosis by eliminating beneficial and oxygen strictly intolerant Muribaculaceae with genomic dysfunction of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In addition, hyperoxia suppresses unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the gut and inhibits the HIF-1 and glucagon signaling pathways in the serum.