Districts Of Gujarat Research Articles

Enormity of iron deficiency anaemia and haematological indices in Primary and secondary school going children in central rural Gujarat, India

Anemia is one of the associated and underlying health conditions observed in large number of school going children of rural India. National Family Health Survey (NHFS) data published by Government of Indiaindicates increased prevalence ofanaemia in children of rural India. In the present study, children of government school of the Waghodia tehsil, Vadodara district Gujarat were surveyed. A cross sectional study was conducted to survey 500 children of either genderaccording to WHO gradation as normal range (12.6 ± 0.54 gm/dl); mild anemia (11.01 ± 0.58gm/dl) and moderate anemia(9.11 ± 0.3gm/dl).Observations indicated that, 20.6%, 74.8% and 4.6%children were in normal or above normal range, mild anemia and moderate anemia respectively. Overall79.4% of children have anemia. It reveals the escalating magnitude of prevalence of IDA in rural Gujarat. Prevalence is more in 9-11 age group (56%). Gender wise distribution shows mild and moderate anemia in 305 (80.9%) and 14 (3.7%) respectively amongst 377 male children; whereas mild anemia and moderate anemia in 305 (80.9%) and 14 (3.7%) respectively amongst 123 female children. In nutshell, prevalence of anemia is prominent in children of age group in different rural parts of Gujarat.

Improving menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in tribal areas of Gujarat: an evaluation of an implementation model integrating the government service delivery system

The majority of adolescent girls in rural India lack awareness regarding menstrual hygiene management (MHM), access to sanitary absorbents and necessary facilities in schools, homes, and workplaces. This study evaluated an intervention to strengthen a public health programme aimed to increase the use of safe, sanitary absorbents and knowledge of MHM among tribal adolescent girls. This project was implemented in 202 villages of two sub-districts of Narmada district in Gujarat, India, for one year (2018–2019). The intervention consisted of capacity building of 892 government frontline health workers and teachers, followed by supportive supervision. Convergence with concerned departments was achieved through meetings with stakeholders. “MHM-corners” and “MHM-Committees” were created at schools and Anganwadi-centres to improve access to menstrual absorbents and information. Household surveys of adolescent girls were conducted at baseline (n = 507) and end-line (n = 550) in 27 randomly selected villages to evaluate outcomes. Of 550 girls at the end-line, mean age 16.3 years, 487 (88.5%) were tribal, and 243 (44%) were out-of-school. The primary outcome of interest, the proportion of adolescent girls using safe, sanitary absorbents, increased from 69% to 90.5% (OR: 5.19, CI: 3.61–7.47). Their knowledge of the uterus as the origin of menstrual blood and hormonal changes as the cause for menstruation improved from 6.3% to 66% (p-value < 0.001) and 7.5% to 73% (p-value < 0.001), respectively. School absenteeism during menstruation reduced from 24% to 14% (p-value < 0.001). It is possible to improve MHM knowledge and practices among adolescent girls from tribal communities by utilising existing government systems. Awareness and access to safe absorbents can lead to safe and hygienic MHM practices.

Impact of Structured Teaching Programme to Enhance the Knowledge Regarding Menstruation and Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls

The researcher conducted a quasi-experimental study on menstruation and menstrual hygiene among the adolescent girls at primary girls’ school (ajarpura kanyasala) under Anand district Gujarat. The study was intended to see the impact of a structured teaching programme in improving the knowledge of adolescent girls specific to rural areas. The objectives of the study were to assess the existing knowledge, to develop a structured teaching program on menstruation and menstrual hygiene, to assess the knowledge after implementation of structured teaching programmes and to find out the association between the knowledge score of the respondent with the selected demographic variables. The quantitative research approach was used with one group pre-test post-test- quasi experimental research design. The sample of 50 was drawn using probability sampling technique. The tool used was structured knowledge questionnaire. The result shows that majority of the respondents were (92%) in the age group of 12-13 years, most of the respondents (90%) were Hindu religion, the family income for most of the respondent (64%) falls in between Rs. 2000-3000, almost half of the respondents were having an elder female sibling (52%), and initial assessment reveals most of the respondents were (82%) having some knowledge about menstruation and menstrual hygiene. The finding shows significant difference between mean pre-test score (15.56) and post test score (27.80) which also reveals the importance of right information is needed to this group to discard any irrelevant practices. The association with certain demographic variables (age, family income, elder female sibling, information about menstruation) also established at 0.05 level of significance.

Understanding Patients Experiences Living with Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study, Gujarat, India.

Diabetes mellitus is leading health problem in India. India is experiencing the burden of communicable disease as well as non-communicable disease. It is believed due to unhealthy life style and faulty food habits. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 72.9 million adults in India were living with diabetes in last four years. The study overviews the different factors like personal, familial, social, and financial affecting the life style and management of the disease. Thus, diabetes mellitus affects all the dimensions of health of an individual. The aims of the study to assess quality of life and experiences faced by the patients who are suffering from diabetes mellitus and how the progressive stage of the diseases altered the all the dimensions. To explore the lived in experiences of diabetes mellitus patients.To explore the various dimensions of the lived in experiences of diabetes mellitus patients. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design was used to explore and describe the experiences lived by participants suffering from diabetes in the selected areas of Kheda district Gujarat. The investigator used the phenomenological approach of the qualitative paradigm. The study conducted among 10 samples who are suffering from Diabetes Mellitus more than 07 years, sampling technique used was non-probability. Semi structured interview questions were used to conduct the detail history from the participants, where investigator has attain at least 6 to 8 sitting, (duration 30-45 Min.) with each participants. The investigator used local language for the interview and recorded in mobile, later all the recorded session has been verbatim according to the themes and sub-themes. The study resulted in the extraction of six themes, which reflect the experiences of the study participants. The themes are: 1) lived time; 2) lived body; 3) lived relationship; 4) lived economical; 5) lived vocational and 6) lived spiritual. It was found that diabetes still causes participants to suffer from fear, depression and anxiety along with they hate to have modification in dietary pattern in which they cannot have sweets and sweet products. Although emotional support was provided by the family members and friends. Participant's absence from work in their early diagnosis was due to both their health conditions and emotional embarrassment. There are evidences that diabetes has psychological damage to patient's life and so they feel more anxious and fatigue. The study attempted to explore the lived in experiences of Diabetes Mellitus Patients and it was found that DM has affected all the dimensions of health especially in physical, psychological and economical dimensions. 1) In Physical dimension the patients were having common complaints of giddiness, weakness and headache which was leading them to certain problems. 2) In psychological dimension the patients were having more anxiety, fear regarding the disease and long term treatment along with depression. 3) In economical dimension some patients were having good family income so there were no issues related to expenses on diet and medication 4) In social dimension all the participants were having good relation with their everyone. 5) In vocational dimension all were having difficulty at work place to concentrate in their work but after starting the treatment their health was improved so later they continued their work properly. 6) In spiritual dimension only two participants were not having belief in God rest all were having faith in God and prayed daily.

Four decades of epidemiological data reveal trajectories towards malaria elimination in Kheda district (Gujarat), western part of India

BackgroundMalaria is a main public health problem in India and was so particularly in the state of Gujarat in the western part of the country. This study assesses the effects...

The dynamics of meteorological droughts over a semi-arid terrain in western India: A last five decadal hydro-climatic evaluation

Western Gujarat is one of the regions of India which has suffered from frequent drought events once every three years. High monsoonal variability on account of erratic rainfall, over-exploited aquifers, and poor groundwater recharge conditions in basaltic terrain are few reasons for drought spells over the study area. The study focuses on understanding more on drought regime and its patterns in the seven districts of Gujarat and its close linkages with the partial arid state therein using selected indicators of SPI, SPEI, rainy days, and daily rainfall intensity. However, if there persist events like drought or famine due to scanty or irregular rainfall, a study is deemed necessary to identify, confirm and characterize drought. The present study is largely focusing on such a scene where drought impacts over the Saurashtra region are assessed by evaluating climatic data of rainfall and temperature for each year of study. The deficit rainfall regime is explored for occurrences of a drought of varying severity between 1969 and 2018. The positive and negative patterns of the water regime are explored, and the anomalies are detected, signifying relationships among rainy days and drought-affected areas. Drought dynamics is detected for 17 years of drought occurrences with three years- 1972, 1987, and 2012 as major drought years and extreme drought was found to be widespread during post-monsoon months. The current work focuses on identifying and classifying drought spells with their severity extent for studying impacts of drought on the hydrological regimes in a longer perspective with SPI values below −1.5 in western India.

Pre-harvest forecast of kharif rice yield using PCA and MLR technique in Navsari district of Gujarat

In this paper Principal Components (PC) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Technique were used for development of pre-harvest model for rice yield in the Navsari district of south Gujarat. The weather indices were developed and utilized for development of pre-harvest forecast models. The data of rice yield and weather parameters from 1990 to 2012 were utilized. The cross validation of the developed forecast model were confirmed using data of the years 2013 to 2016. It was observed that value of Adj. R2 varied from 89 to 96. The appropriate forecast model was selected based on high value of Adj. R2. Based on the outcomes in Navsari district, MLR techniques found to be better than PCA for pre harvest forecasting of rice crop yield. The Model-2 found competent to forecast rice yield in Navsari district before eight weeks of actual harvest of crop (37th SMW) i.e during reproductive stage of the crop growth period.

Experiences of Anti-Human Trafficking Unit Functionaries in Gujarat (India): A Critical Analysis

AbstractIn 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in South Asia, in partnership with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, initiated Project IND/S16. In the beginning, five states were selected to train police officials under the “Strengthening the Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking” project. The training program resulted from a study done by two researchers, Dr. P. M. Nair and Shanker Seen. Their study recommended training programs to strengthen the law enforcement response to human trafficking and establish anti-human trafficking units (AHTUs) in India. However, no evaluation of the work of functionaries of AHTUs was done until the authors of this article took the initiative with the support of the Additional Director General of Police of Gujarat to identify the major problems in AHTUs at the grassroots level. Their exploratory research covered the 40 AHTUs from all 33 districts of Gujarat, focusing on the experiences and opinions of 214 police authorities (i.e. police inspectors, police sub-inspectors, assistant sub-inspectors, constables, and Lok Rakshak (public guards)) officially assigned to the AHTUs of Gujarat. This article summarizes the research and is based on experiences documented while collecting information in the field.

Does the social status of the elderly impact morbidities among them? – A cross sectional Study in a district of Gujarat

Background: The aging population is both medical &amp; sociological problem for the country and they suffer with high rates of morbidity and mortality. So Social factors lay a significant impact on the health practices and this study will help us to understand and evaluate their health problems of elderly. Aims and Objective: 1. To assess the social status of elderly population. 2. To associate the findings with morbidities of elderly Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in urban and rural area of Surendranagar district among 611 elderly, using a predesigned and pre tested questionnaire by directly questioning the subjects with oral and written consent. For selection of the area, in both areas, the sampling units were enumerated and samples were collected by using simple random sampling, data was entered and analyzed using MS excel 2007. Result: Nearly 60 % of the subjects were currently unemployed and the predominant family system was 3 generation family. Majority of the families in the urban areas were from social class 4, whereas in the rural areas were from social class 5. Having poor social score had a statistically significant association with presence of morbidity in elderly both areas. Conclusions: Majority of elderly in both urban and rural areas had a poor social status. Role of the family and social structure on the health of the elderly can be clearly established. However, support structure must be developed in our social system in a way that the destitute and dependent elderly are taken care of by either government system or social organizations like NGOs and old age home.

Characterization of lemma and palea in nine different species of Eragrostis (Poaceae)

Eragrostis, the largest genus in tribe Eragrostideae has 36 species in India and with 406 species in the world. The present study investigates the morphological and micromorphological variations of lemma and palea in nine species of the Eragrostis, collected from Panchmahal and Dahod districts of Gujarat. Qualitative and quantitative features of microharis, and epidermal cells in the different regions, apex middle and base of lemma and palae has been observed. Apart from this, undulation patterns also play a key role in species identification. Two major types of undulation pattern ∩ and Ω have been observed in the studied species. The present study concludes that, different types of microhairs, size and shape of epidermal cells and its undulating pattern can be significantly used in delimitation of Eragrostis with the help of all the qualitative and qualitative characteristic features it was possible to prepare a dichotomous key to identify the nine different species of Eragrostis.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among residents of Gujarat, India

Background: India, having diverse demographic profile, any single measure to curtain COVID-19 spread will become ineffective by default. Hence, determining knowledge and behaviours of population regarding COVID-19 is must to extract and decide on an effective approach to reduce the spread of COVID-19. For the same, we conducted KAP study.Methods: It was a KAP study of adult residents of various districts of Gujarat, India; consisting questions with multiple responses pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practices towards COVID-19. Responses were analysed and represented by their percentage. Knowledge related questions’ responses were statistically analysed based upon responder’s age, gender, education level.Results: Knowledge scores of male and female participants were 7.03 and 6.96. Mean knowledge score of age group of 18-30 years, differed significantly to that of age group of &gt;60 years. Study participants’ scores didn’t differ statistically according their education levels. 91.3% participants felt that COVID-19 can be more effectively managed if person has been diagnosed or tested earlier in the disease. 69.8% participants felt that patients of COVID-19 infection can be safely treated at home. 74.4% of participant were in favour of lockdown if need arises. 77% participants were willing to take COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: Knowledge level didn’t differ for any gender or education level. Knowledge scores of populations above age of 60 years were statistically less as compared to the scores of participants aged between 18 to 30 years. TV news channels and newspapers were most sought way of getting information for current study population.

Comparative Study on Yields, Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Seed Essential Oils from Different Geographic Origins

The current study aimed to investigate the essential oil yields, chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds collected from India (Mehsana province and Banaskantha district of Gujarat), Morocco (Tinghir province), Iran (Khorasan province), Syria (Homs province), Turkey (Ankara province), Pakistan (Kalat province), Iraq (Basra province) and Afghanistan (Helmand and Balkh provinces). No previous studies were found for cumin seed essential oils from Afghanistan and Iraq so this could be considered as the first report. The essential oil yields were ranging between 1.16 % and 1.98 %. According to the chemical compositions, two chemotypes were identified as p-mentha-1,4,-dien- 7-al, and cumin aldehyde. Cumin aldehyde was dominant in Indian-originated seeds (39.3-46.5 %) and p-mentha-1,4,-dien-7-al was the major component (42.1-58.8 %) of the rest. All essential oils performed moderate antioxidant properties (IC50 values of 23.3-32.4 μg/mL for DPPH and 65-73 % inhibition for β-carotene/ linoleic acid tests) and high antimicrobial activities. Correlation analysis demonstrated that amount of cumin aldehyde had a strong negative relation with DPPH activity and had a positive relationship with β-carotene/linoleic acid assay inhibitions. The amount of cumin aldehyde also correlated positively with disk diffusion- based antimicrobial susceptibilities and had variable correlations with broth microdilution tests. The sum of two other major aldehydes (p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-al and p-mentha-1,3-dien-7-al) were found to have no statistically significant correlation with biological activities.

Ground Water Management in Gujarat: An Empirical Study

With the emergence of industries, advent of new agriculture technologies and increase in water consumption of domestic households, there has been an escalation in the consumption of the underground water in the state of Gujarat. In this research paper, the authors have analysed the legal policies to regularize the availability of underground water in Gujarat. The authors have conducted an empirical study based on three districts of Gujarat i.e., Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad and Baroda to find out the usage of underground water for domestic purposes and also to explore what alternative methods are adopted by these households to replenish the underground water used by the residents of these districts. The authors have concluded that majority of people are relying on underground water along with the water supplied by the city corporation and scarcely any household from the above-mentioned districts have a system to replenish the underground water through mode like rainwater harvesting. Further, the authors have summarized and recommended a few strategic steps that can be sorted for underground water problem in Gujarat.

Knowledge of Breastfeeding and Kangaroo Mother Care Practices Among General Practitioners in Rural Western India.

Breastfeeding and Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) are interventions to reduce neonatal mortality and undernutrition. We investigated the knowledge of allopathic and Ayurvedic, Yoga-naturopathy, Siddha, and Homeopathic (AYUSH) general practitioners in rural western India and identified attributes associated with awareness and knowledge on these topics. This cross-sectional study of general practitioners in the Anand district of Gujarat, India, used an anonymous self-reported survey. Multivariable regression models were used to identify practitioner attributes associated with awareness and knowledge. Among the 158 respondents, a quarter (26.0%) were trained in allopathic medicine and 63.0% had practiced for 5 years or more. The average score of breastfeeding knowledge was 8.0 of 13. Most (79.1%) did not have any awareness of KMC. After adjusting for potential confounders, knowledge of breastfeeding practices among AYUSH practitioners was 4-fold greater than that of allopathic practitioners (incidence rate ratio: 3.9; 95% CI: 3.2-4.6). By contrast, AYUSH practitioners had 80% decreased odds of awareness about KMC compared with allopathic practitioners (odds ratio: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.3). This study demonstrates distinct knowledge gaps among allopathic and AYUSH general practitioners regarding breastfeeding and KMC. There is a need for tailored continuing medical education among general practitioners to enhance their clinical knowledge of newborn care practices to achieve improvements in neonatal health.

Epidemiology of Parkinson’s Disease in Rural Gujarat, India

Introduction: In India, there have been only few published studies of Parkinson’s disease (PD) showing a wide range of prevalence. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of PD in the rural population of Gujarat, in the western region of India. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the villages of Anand, a district of Gujarat, India, between September 2019 and February 2020. This study used a multistep approach including a screening questionnaire and video recording followed by clinical examination by a neurologist, laboratory evaluation, and brain imaging to evaluate patients with PD. Results: A total population of 18,896 was screened. The overall crude prevalence of PD was 42.3 per 100,000, and the prevalence over the age of 60 was 308.9 per 100,000 which showed the trend of increasing disease prevalence with age. Their mean duration of illness was 39.3 ± 27.3 months, and more than half of patients with PD had multiple associated nonmotor symptoms and nearly one-third had comorbid anxiety or depression. Environmental factors are important in the pathogenesis of PD, but there was no clear association between patients with PD and certain variables including consumption of well water, exposure to pesticides or other toxins, smoking cigarettes, and drinking alcohol or coffee in our study. Conclusions: The present study showed the current epidemiological data of PD from Gujarat, in western India. Further studies across different regions in India need to be encouraged for better understanding of PD prevalence in the Indian population.

Hepatitis B and C Infection in Gujrat, Pakistan: A Cross Sectional Study

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of Hep B and C, gender distribution, route of transmission, family history of Hepatitis and treatment options. Study Design and Setting: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Dr Mujahid's Lab Bhimber road Gujrat, Pakistan. Methodology: A total of 1181 individuals were included in this study. Among these 1181 individuals, 528 individuals were screened for hepatitis B and C by immuno chromatographic test (ICT) at Dr. Mujahid’s Lab, Bhimber road, Gujrat while rest of the 653 individuals were asked about the hepatitis status by using a well-structured questionnaire. Other related questions were also included like age, sex, marital status, mode of transmission, and about treatment to evaluate the risk factors associated with disease. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 17. Results: Prevalence of hepatitis B and C was 1.37% and 8.26% in surveyed while 1.5% and 9.1% in screened population of district Gujrat respectively. In surveyed hepatitis C patients, 72% were females and 28% were males. Among these, 91% patients were married and only 9% were unmarried. In case of hepatitis C, 9% stated polluted water, 9% medicines, 5.5% family history, 3.7% barber, 2% endemic, 2% dental surgery, 2% unhygienic food and 2% typhoid fever as a cause of infection while for hepatitis B, 33% individual’s stated low standard hoteling as a cause of infection. Overall, incidence of hepatitis was higher in screened individuals as compared to surveyed. Conclusion: This study concluded that hepatitis prevalence is high in district Gujarat. Moreover, Hepatitis C is more frequent than hepatitis B in this area

Socio-economic inequalities of child undernutrition in Gujarat: over-time change and inter-district disparities

In the discourse of the lopsided development trajectory of Gujarat in which social development could not keep pace with economic development, poor child nutritional status shares a significant space. The level of child undernutrition remains higher, and its over-time decline has been slower as compared to the economically similar ranked states. Following this on, this study aims to unravel the underlying causes of poor nutritional status by examining its socio-economic, inter-district and regional disparities using data from the NFHS-1 (1992–93) and NFHS-4 (2015–2016). As analysis suggests, the underlying causes appear to be wide and persistent socio-economic and inter-district inequalities in the level of child undernutrition and inter-district variation in the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities of child undernutrition resulting from possible differentials in resource endowment across the districts of Gujarat. The paper concludes by suggesting a need of programme and policy assessment to check its effectiveness, formulate an equity-based fund devaluation system and initiate an intervention programme for children those who are socio-economically deprived.

Biochemical Alterations and Fertility Response to Ovsynch Protocol in Repeat Breeding Crossbred Cows with Prolonged Estrus

The present study was conducted to determine the biochemical profile and fertility response in repeat breeder crossbred cows having normal and prolonged estrus by using ovsynch protocol. Total 20 crossbred cows, not conceiving even after more than four services were selected from the semi-arid area of Banaskantha district in Gujarat. They were divided into two equal groups: Group-I (n=10) - cows with prolonged estrus period (&gt;28 hrs) and Group-II (n = 10) - cows with normal estrus period (18 to 28 hrs). The animals of both groups were treated with ovsynch protocol starting from 5th day of estrous cycle using GnRH-PG-GnRH (20, 500 and 20 ?g) on day 0, 7 and 9 with FTAI on day 10. The blood was collected on day 0, 7th, 9th, and 25th (15th day post-FTAI) of the treatment to determine plasma glucose, total protein and total cholesterol. Pre-treatment mean duration of estrus in Group-I and Group-II cows was 84.60 ± 5.35 and 25.60 ± 2.79 hrs, respectively, and it declined significantly (p less than 0.05) following ovsynch treatment (39.80 ± 5.56 hrs) in Group-I, although estrous cycle lengths were identical in both the groups. The conception rates in group I and II were 60 and 70%, respectively. The cows with prolonged estrus had significantly lower mean blood glucose concentration than those with normal estrus, and the level was also significantly lower on day 9th (induced estrus) in both the groups. The plasma total protein concentration was significantly lower on 0, 9th, and 25th day in Group-I than in Group-II. A non-significant difference existed for protein levels within the conceived crossbred cows, whereas the difference was significant within non-conceived crossbred cows. The overall plasma cholesterol concentration was non-significantly higher in Group-I than the Group-II. Blood glucose, plasma protein and plasma total cholesterol concentrations differed non-significantly between the conceived and non-conceived crossbred cows at all periods in both the groups.

Respectful maternity care in public health care facilities in Gujarat: A direct observation study.

Introduction:Respectful maternity care (RMC) is not only the marker of quality maternity care but also ensures the protection of basic human rights of every child-bearing woman. This paper discusses the assessment of RMC services during the intrapartum period at public health care facilities in Gujarat state.Material and Methods:A cross-sectional research design was used for the study. The data were collected from three different levels of public health facilities such as primary health center (PHC), community health center (CHC), and district hospital (DH) in one of the districts in Gujarat. A standardized tool developed by the United States Agency for International Development based on the RMC charter was used for data collection. A total of 41 pregnant women across three public health facilities were observed during intrapartum care.Findings:Most women experienced disrespectful intrapartum care provided at the public health care facilities; however, at-least two performance standards of the RMC charter were met during intrapartum care at each public health care facility. Comparatively, the PHC demonstrated higher RMC performance compliance than DH and the CHC. Most often violations of RMC standards included beneficiaries were not greeted, privacy not maintained, they were not encouraged to ask questions, and support not provided during labor.Conclusion:Respectful maternity care is evidently not practiced in public health care facilities. Designing comprehensive behavioral training on RMC, especially for primary, secondary, and tertiary care physicians and nursing staff can improve the adaption of RMC standards in respective public health care facilities. Positive experiences of intrapartum care can potentially improve the uptake of maternal care facilities. Further research is needed to understand local contextual factors, social norms, and patient-provider interactions.

A Study on Individual Investor’s Investment Behavior: A Study in a Selected District of Gujarat

A Study on Individual Investor’s Investment Behavior: A Study in a Selected District of Gujarat