Districts In Egypt Research Articles

Seasonal screening of pesticide residues in beehive products collected from different districts in Egypt

Pesticides are of immense importance in agriculture, but they might contaminate bees’ products. In this study, samples of honey, pollen, and beeswax were collected, seasonally, from apiaries in Toshka (Aswan), El-Noubariya (El-Beheira), and Ismailia (Ismailia) cities in Egypt. The pesticide residues were analyzed using the GC-MS after being extracted and cleaned using the QuEChERS method. Results showed that samples from El-Noubariya had great content of residues followed by Ismailia, and finally Toshka. Samples collected during fall and winter had the highest pesticide residue contents. Specifically, the phenylconazole fungicide group was repeatedly detected in all the examined samples along with organophosphate insecticides. Beeswax samples had the greatest amounts of pesticide residues followed by pollen and then honey samples. Chlorpyrifos (0.07–39.16 ng/g) and profenofos (1.94–17.00 ng/g) were detected in honey samples and their products. Pyriproxyfen (57.12 ng/g) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (39.16 ng/g) were detected in great amounts in beeswax samples from Ismailia and El-Noubariya, respectively. Yet, according to health hazard and quotient studies, the amounts of pesticides detected in honey do not pose any health threats to humans.

Potential health risk assessment for heavy metals in Tilapia fish of different spatiotemporal monitoring patterns in Kafr El-Shaikh and El-Faiyum Governorates of Egypt.

Heavy metal (HMs) levels were evaluated in aquacultured tilapia fish collected from two highly producing districts in Egypt (Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Faiyum Governorates) during two seasons (autumn 2021 and spring 2022). As well, health risk assessment of exposure to HMs in tilapia fish was studied. The results revealed that six HMs: As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr and Zn were predominant in fish samples of the first season (autumn 2021), while most of HMs were existed in samples of the second season. All samples of the two seasons were free of Hg. Notably, autumn season's fish samples showed higher concentrations of HMs than those of the spring season. As well, Kafr El-Sheikh farms were highly contaminated with HMs than those of El-Faiyum governorate. Risk assessment results indicated that the THQ values of As substantially exceeded 1 either for Kafr El-Shaikh samples (3.15±0.5) or for El-Faiyum samples (2.39±0.8) of autumn season. Meanwhile, THQ values for all HMs, in spring season 2021, were less than one whole. These results indicated a potential health risk arising from the exposure to HMs, As in particular, in fish samples of autumn season as compared to those of spring season. Therefore, there is a need for remedial applications, in such polluted aquacultures in autumn season, which are currently under investigation as an integral part of the research project that funded the current study.

Pattern of cesarean deliveries among women in an urban and rural district in Egypt.

to compare patterns of delivery at an urban and a rural district in Egypt over 3 years. This retrospective study included 500 women and 50 obstetricians from each district from January, 2013 till December, 2015. Women answered a questionnaire about their deliveries. Obstetricians answered a questionnaire about their practice of CS. CS rate in the rural district was 57.2% compared to 54.8% in the urban district in 2013. In 2014 and 2015, CS rates increased to 65.3% and 69%, respectively in the rural district compared to 56% and 57.7%, respectively in the urban district. 66% of obstetricians in the rural district performed CS for more than 50% of their patients compared to 76% of obstetricians in the urban district. 52% and 4% of obstetricians in the rural and urban districts, respectively, performed CS upon maternal request. 70.3% of women in the rural district who delivered by CS preferred to deliver vaginally. 51.4% of urban women who delivered by CS preferred to deliver vaginally. Level of education was the only factor showing statistical significance. CS rates increased over time with higher rates in the rural area. Level of women's education was the only factor affecting delivery choice.

Patient satisfaction with primary health care services in two districts in Lower and Upper Egypt

This study compares patient satisfaction with primary health care services and identifies factors associated with patient satisfaction in two health districts in Egypt where a project for upgrading primary health care services had been running for three years. An exit interview was conducted for 1108 patients using a structured questionnaire. The results revealed that most clients using primary health care services were females. Patient satisfaction was high for accessibility, waiting area conditions and performance of doctors and nurses. The main complaints centred on the availability of prescribed drugs and laboratory investigations. Additionally, level of privacy in the consultation room was described as unsatisfactory by 33% of patients. There was no association between overall patient satisfaction and age, gender, education level or type of service received.

Whole-Genome Sequencing for Tracing the Genetic Diversity of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis Isolated from Livestock in Egypt.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis that occurs worldwide. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has become a widely accepted molecular typing method for outbreak tracing and genomic epidemiology of brucellosis. Twenty-nine Brucella spp. (eight B. abortus biovar 1 and 21 B. melitensis biovar 3) were isolated from lymph nodes, milk, and fetal abomasal contents of infected cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats originating from nine districts in Egypt. The isolates were identified by microbiological methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Differentiation and genotyping were confirmed using multiplex PCR. Illumina MiSeq® was used to sequence the 29 Brucella isolates. Using MLST typing, ST11 and ST1 were identified among B. melitensis and B. abortus, respectively. Brucella abortus and B. melitensis isolates were divided into two main clusters (clusters 1 and 2) containing two and nine distinct genotypes by core-genome SNP analysis, respectively. The genotypes were irregularly distributed over time and space in the study area. Both Egyptian B. abortus and B. melitensis isolates proved to be genomically unique upon comparison with publicly available sequencing from strains of neighboring Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries. The antimicrobial resistance mechanism caused by mutations in rpoB, gyrA, and gyrB genes associated with rifampicin and ciprofloxacin resistance were identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the epidemiology of Brucella isolates from livestock belonging to different localities in Egypt based on whole genome analysis.

Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Development of Ecotourism and Handicrafts in Red Sea

Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people, its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures. Red Sea area considers one of the richest district in Egypt, contains natural tourist components such and ancient quarries and archaeological mines in Wadi Hammamet and Qusier.As well as Marine Sports, Beach tourism, Medical Tourism, Recreational tourism, Historical Tourism, Religious tourism, Safari tourism and adventures in addition to; nature reserves and beach islands such as; the Jiftun and the Shdawan Islands, area of the Abu Manqar islands rich in mangroves, the area of Dasha al-Dabaa, Safaga Island, Utopia Island, Umm al-Jorasan Island, Al-Zubarjid Island. Red Sea is Known for a very rich tradition of craftsmanship; there are various and different traditional handicrafts such as; leather products, Palm Industries, traditional folklore jewelery industries of silver, Wood Industries, household decorations, Kilim industry, manual industries of plants and natural rocks in the areas of; Halaib and Shalatin, Marsa Alam , Hamada, Abu Ghusoon and Ras Banas, Qusair and Safaga . This paper is discuss the challenges and obstacles facing the exploitation of the natural and human components to develop and develop eco-tourism in the Red Sea region, which helps to increase the national income and support sustainable development in the region. but the development of handicrafts has encountered many problems including the lack of a specific market with adequate stores, lack of managers who deal with message delivery collection of products, and inability to find new markets at home and abroad. Development of handicrafts in the Red Sea area and their reality and perspectives are reflected in the present study. The results revealed that although artisans in the Red Sea area try hard to develop handicrafts but it needs a great support to move forward and compete with other countries..

Determinants of caregiver burden of persons with disabilities in a rural district in Egypt

BackgroundFamily caregivers are critical partners in the plan of care of people with disabilities. The study aims to demonstrate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) among the studied caregivers of disabled persons and to determine the effects of patients’ and caregivers’ characteristics on the burden and its dimensions.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 260 family caregivers of disabled patients was carried out in a randomly chosen rural area, Minia, Egypt, 2019. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to determine the factorial validity of the CBI. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the significant factors affecting the burden.ResultsFactor analysis resulted in a five-factor solution using 20 items (four for each dimension) accounting for 72.7% of the total variance. The CBI and its dimensions showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha value > 0.70). Education of caregiver, family income, mental impairments, and mixed disabilities were significant predictors of total CBI burden.ConclusionsCBI is an effective multidimensional measure of the caregiver burden of disabled subjects. Caregivers experienced a distinct level of burden that is determined by caregiver and care recipient characteristics. Therefore, support and individualized counseling services should be optimized.

Establishment of Z Score Reference of Growth Parameters for Egyptian School Children and Adolescents Aged From 5 to 19 Years: A Cross Sectional Study.

Background: Growth charts are an important method for evaluating a child's health, growth, and nutritional status.Objective: To establish Lambda—Mu- Sigma (LMS) and Z score references for assessment of growth and nutritional status in Egyptian school children and adolescents.Methods: A total of 34,822 Egyptian school children and adolescents from 5 to 19 years were enrolled in a cross sectional randomized study from December 2017 to November 2019 to create LMS and Z score references for weight, height and body mass index (BMI) corresponding to ages. They were selected from different districts in Egypt. Apparent Healthy children with good nutritional history and not suffering from any chronic diseases were included in the study.Results: Egyptian children of both sexes (54.3% boys and 45.7 % girls) from 5 to 19 years old were studied. Then LMS and Z scores for weight for age, height for age, BMI for age of both sexes were represented in detailed tables and graphs. There was no statistically significant difference between the Egyptian Z score charts and the reference values of WHO for weight, height and BMI corresponding to age (P > 0.05).Conclusion: This is the first national reference for growth and nutritional assessment using LMS and Z score charts in Egyptian school children and adolescents, this tool is essential for healthcare and research.

Possibility Of Using Urine Samples For Detection Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus In Egyptian Cattle

This study aims to employ urine as an easily accessible sample for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Thus, a periodic scan can be applied easily to reach an efficient control of the disease. A total of 86 different samples collected from 30 animals (dams n=23 and calves n=7) were raised in a farm with 1,200 cattle in the El-Fayoum district in Egypt with a case history of abortions were used for this study. All samples were subjected to virological investigation using indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and virus neutralization tests (VNT) to detect BVDV. Isolation of the virus was achieved using MDBK cells. The isolates were confirmed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The BVDV was detected in nasal swabs in 63.33% and 70% using IFAT and VNT. In urine samples, the virus was detected with 46.66% and 43.33% by IFAT and VNT, respectively. BVDV was detected in most of the tissues of aborted fetuses in both techniques. Vaginal swabs revealed positive results in 53.85% and 61.54% by IFAT and VNT, respectively. Isolates were confirmed by RT-PCR by successful amplification of 288bp. Statistical analysis revealed good correlation of urine samples and other samples. In conclusion, the BVDV virus can be isolated from urine samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that provides an overview of urine usability as an alternative sample for BVD virus diagnostics in Egypt. The recommendation for further studies should elucidate on a large scale population.

Prevalence of short stature and malnutrition among Egyptian primary school children and their coexistence with Anemia

BackgroundUnder nutrition and overweight typically occur during nutritional transition periods in developing countries including Egypt. Short stature and anemia are public health concern due to its strong link with malnutrition which is a preventable risk factor.Objectivesto estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, underweight and short stature and its concurrence with anemia, also to determine the etiological profile of short stature among primary school children in Egypt.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on 33,150 Egyptian children aged 6–11 years old from January 2018 to January 2020, allocated in 59 primary schools from diverse geographical districts in Egypt. Complete anthropometric measurements were conducted and applied according to WHO growth charts. Hemoglobin level was measured. Systematic approach to detect the etiology of short stature was applied randomly to a sample of 380 stunted children.ResultsThe prevalence of underweight was 8.2%, while obesity and overweight represented 21.8% (9.6 and 12.2% respectively). Overall short stature constituted 17%. The main etiologies of short stature were familial (40.8%) and constitutional (24.2%). Anemia was diagnosed in 26% of children; while concurrent anemia and stunting was reported in 9.9%. Regarding anemia and anemia with stunting were more common among girls (30.0% (OR = 1.50, CI95%: 1.43–1.58) and 11.4% (OR = 1.39, CI95%:1.29–1.49) respectively), who were living in rural areas (33.4% (OR = 1.96, CI 95%:1.87–2.06) &12.7% (OR = 1.72, CI 95%:1.60–1.85)) and those who had low socioeconomic status)34.6% (OR = 2.54, CI 95%:2.29–2.82) & 17.2% (OR = 3.32, CI 95%:2.85–3.88() respectively. Anemia with stunting was significantly higher among children aged ≥9 years old representing 12% (OR = 1.40, CI 95%:1.30–1.51).ConclusionPrevalence of short stature, obesity and anemia was high among primary school children in Egypt with a strong concurrence between anemia and stunting. Intensive parental health education and in-depth nutritional assessment are required.

Molecular Detection, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Genetic Diversity of Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale in Cattle in Three Districts of Egypt

Under the poor hygienic conditions, tick-borne pathogens cause severe economic losses to the cattle industry. The current study investigated the presence of Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, the most relevant tick-borne pathogens in cattle, in 3 provinces of Egypt utilizing species-specific PCR assays. PCR was conducted, on bovine blood specimens, using primers targeting the T. annulata merozoite-piroplasm surface antigen (Tams1, 768bp), A. marginale major surface protein-1b gene (msp1b, 265bp), and B. bigemina small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSrRNA, 543bp). PCR findings revealed overall prevalences of T. annulata, B. bigemina, and A. marginale as 22.0% (33/150), 19.33% (29/150), and 10.6% (16/150), respectively. The co-infection with two or three pathogens was detected in 20.0% (30/150) of examined specimens. Sequence analyses indicated that T. annulata and A. marginale varied from those of corresponding GenBank sequences revealing percent identities ranging from 90.68 to 97.75% and from 94.98 to 98.63%, respectively. On the other hand, the obtained B. bigemina sequences showed a high similarity with those previously reported in GenBank with a percent identity ranging from 98.85 to 100%. T. annulata was the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen in examined bovine specimens. The genetic diversity of markers used for identification of T. annulata and A. marginale should be highly considered.

Identification, Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Brucella spp. Isolated from Livestock in Egypt.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis worldwide with economic and public health impacts. The aim of the present study was to identify Brucella (B.) spp. isolated from animal populations located in different districts of Egypt and to determine their antimicrobial resistance. In total, 34-suspected Brucella isolates were recovered from lymph nodes, milk, and fetal abomasal contents of infected cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats from nine districts in Egypt. The isolates were identified by microbiological methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Differentiation and genotyping were confirmed using multiplex PCR for B. abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis (AMOS) and Bruce-ladder PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against clinically used antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) was performed using E-Test. The antimicrobial resistance-associated genes and mutations in Brucella isolates were confirmed using molecular tools. In total, 29 Brucella isolates (eight B. abortus biovar 1 and 21 B. melitensis biovar 3) were identified and typed. The resistance of B. melitensis to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, rifampicin, and streptomycin were 76.2%, 19.0%, 76.2%, 66.7%, and 4.8%, respectively. Whereas, 25.0%, 87.5%, 25.0%, and 37.5% of B. abortus were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, and rifampicin, respectively. Mutations in the rpoB gene associated with rifampicin resistance were identified in all phenotypically resistant isolates. Mutations in gyrA and gyrB genes associated with ciprofloxacin resistance were identified in four phenotypically resistant isolates of B. melitensis. This is the first study highlighting the antimicrobial resistance in Brucella isolated from different animal species in Egypt. Mutations detected in genes associated with antimicrobial resistance unravel the molecular mechanisms of resistance in Brucella isolates from Egypt. The mutations in the rpoB gene in phenotypically resistant B. abortus isolates in this study were reported for the first time in Egypt.

GENETIC VARIATION AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG AGRONOMIC TRAITS IN EGYPTIAN BREAD WHEAT LANDRACES AND LOCAL CULTIVARS

The aim of this work was to investigate the genotypic variation of thirty five bread wheat genotypes as well as to clarify the association between grain yield and the other important agronomic traits. Two field experiments were carried out in the Experimental Farm of Genetic Resources Department, Bahteem Agricultural Research Station, Egypt during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons. Thirty two wheat landraces collected from eleven Districts in Egypt, in addition to three local cultivars were evaluated for earliness traits, plant height, yield and its components. The results indicated significant differences among the evaluated wheat genotypes for all investigated traits during the two seasons. The highest grain weight/plant and contributing traits were assigned for genotypes; G3, G8, G18, G27, G29, G33 and G35 at two growing seasons. The phenotypic variance (σ2ph) was found slightly higher than the genotypic variance (σ2g) for all studied traits under two seasons, and accordingly, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values were relatively greater than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values for all traits. Heritability in broad sense (h2b) values were high for plant height (90.63 and 97.81 %), number of grains/spike (95.33 and 84.66 %), 1000-grain weight (76.42 and 84.03 %), days to heading (77.4 and 87.06 %) and days to maturity (86.18 and 66.56 %) in 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Besides, it was low in 1st season (43.38 %) and high in 2nd season (71.91 %) for grain weight/plant, whereas it was moderate for number of spikes/plant (52.87 and 58.09 %) in 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Furthermore, positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations were found between studied traits and grain weight/plant during two growing seasons except days to heading. Additionally, path analysis was calculated and it was found that the direct effects on wheat grain yield of all studied traits were positive in both seasons except days to 50% heading at two seasons and days to maturity and plant height at the second season.

The central dome of Abdeen mosque (Al FatehAl-Malaki)

This research explores the importance of Abdeen District in Egypt's modern history, with emphasis on Al-Fateh Al-Malaki Mosque whose architecture is regarded as a unique, comprehensive style of the Islamic Art. Therefore, the study focuses on the following items: The role of domes in Islamic Eras The architectural elements of domes The ornamental elements of domes

An educational intervention to promote appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in a district in Egypt- pilot study

BackgroundAntibiotic overuse is the most important modifiable factor contributing to antibiotic resistance. We conducted an educational campaign in Minya, Egypt targeting prescribers and the public through communications focused on appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARIs).MethodsThe entire population of Minya was targeted by the campaign. Physicians and pharmacists were invited to participate in the pre-intervention assessments. Acute care hospitals and a sample of primary healthcare centers in Minya were randomly selected for a pre-intervention survey and all patients exiting outpatient clinics on the day of the survey were invited to participate. The same survey methodology was conducted for the post-intervention assessments. Descriptive comparisons were made through three assessments conducted pre- and post-intervention. We quantitated antibiotic prescribing through a survey administered to patients with an ARI exiting outpatient clinics. Additionally, physicians, pharmacists, and patients were interviewed regarding their attitudes and beliefs towards antibiotic prescribing. Finally, physicians were tested on three clinical scenarios (cold, bronchitis, and sinusitis) to measure their knowledge on antibiotic use.ResultsPost-intervention patient exit surveys revealed a 23.1% decrease in antibiotic prescribing for ARIs in this population (83.7 to 64.4%) and physicians and pharmacists self-reported less frequently prescribing antibiotics for ARIs on their follow-up surveys. We also found an increase in correct responses to the clinical scenarios and in attitude and belief scores for physicians, pharmacists, and patients regarding antibiotic use in the post-intervention sample.ConclusionsOverall, the samples surveyed after the community-based educational campaign reported a lower frequency of antibiotic prescribing and improved knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic misuse compared to the samples surveyed before the campaign. Ongoing interventions educating providers and patients are needed to decrease antibiotic misuse and reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in Egypt.

Some body measurements as a management tool for Shami goats raised in subtropical areas in Egypt

BackgroundThis filed work was conducted to describe the morphological features of Shami goats in subtropical areas in Egypt. The study covered Southern Sinai and Noubaria districts in Egypt. Data were collected from 30 goats of different age groups. Fifteen were males and 15 were females.ResultsResults show that male was heavier and longer than female. The mean live body weight (LBW) of the male group was 35.40 kg, while that of female group was 33.46 kg. However, these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The body length (BL) of male recorded 77.80 cm, while that of the female was 74.73 cm. Similarly, the heart girth (HG), as well as withers height (WH), was also higher (P < 0.05) in male than those of the female. Both HG (r = 0. 98) and neck circumference (NC) (r = 0.96) presented the highest correlations with LBW of males, while the measurements of BL and head length (HEL) presented the highest correlations (r = 0.95–0.86) with LBW of females. Live body weight of the male was accurately and significantly (P < 0.01) predicted by the measurements of HG and NC with R2 = 0.98. While BL and paunch girth (PG) were significantly (P < 0.01) used to predict LBW of the female with R2 = 0.92. Stepwise regression analysis determined that BL and HG were the major significant contributors to the LBW prediction equation of total (male and female). Body length was the first independent variable to enter the model followed by HG, NC, and PG entered the best-fitted regression models. Thus, they were the variables entered to obtain the optimal regression models. The high correlation values between predicted and actual live body weight measurements give credence to the validity of using these models for predicting live weights of Shami goats.ConclusionsFrom this data, it could be concluded that the live weight can be predicted with high accuracy from some body measurements which can be exploited by goat producers for management, selection, and genetic improvement of Shami goats and could be used successfully in new breeding programs in Egypt.

Trend of Main Psychiatric Health Problems among Children and Adolescent at Different Districts in Egypt

Trend of Main Psychiatric Health Problems among Children and Adolescent at Different Districts in Egypt

Establishment of blood pressure nomograms representative for Egyptian children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo define nomograms for blood pressure in Egyptian children and adolescents.Methods and study designA total of 60 025 Egyptian children from birth to 19 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional...

Anatomical and chemo-taxonomical investigations within some Salsola L. species grown in the western costal region of Egypt

Fourteen stem anatomical characters, beside twelve minerals; Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,K,Ca,Fe,Cu,Zn; and organic matters ;flavonoids,Kaempherol, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside; were identified in six Salsola species; S.inermis, S.kali, S.longifolia,S tetragona.,S. tetrandra and S.volkensii grown in the Mediterranean coastal strip from Alexandria to El-Dabaa district in Egypt, in order to better understanding of the relations between the studied species and elucidate the arguments about their taxonomic position. The work based on light microscope for anatomical investigations, X-ray analyses in the leaves for minerals compositions and paper chromatography in all plant parts for chemical organic constituents. The anatomical results obtained showed that S. kali and S. innermis are closely related and separated from the rest of the studied species, while S.tetrandra and S.volkensii are related as well and meanwhile in relation with the other two species;S.tetragona and S.longifolia .These characters revealed that the genus exhibit abnormal secondary growth with variations within the studied species.. The mineral contents in the leaves of these species differs between the taxa. The maximum records of Mg, Al. Si, P, Ca, and Fe were found in S. kali While the maximum records in Na and K were found in S.inermis. Flavenoids, Kaempherol, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside identified. No flavone aglycons and glycosides or C-glycosides were detected. Hypogallic acid, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, gentisic acid, protocatchuic acid and -(-)epicatchin have been also detected. The biochemical data indicate that Salsola kali is highly different and support its anatomical aspects. Mineral and organic compounds analyses revealed that the studied species are under stress and their variations cannot be used in the taxonomy of the group. All the obtained results indicate that S.kali has its own characters which support its separation in a separate section as indicated by previous authors

Healthcare Sciences Academy 57357 “Learning to Teach”: a real-life model for capacity building of health care professionals in developing countries

In the 10 years since the inauguration of Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE) 57357, >10 000 patients have been enrolled, including patients from every district in Egypt as well as other countries from the Middle East and North Africa region and from greater Africa. ![Figure][1] Our