Jakarta District Research Articles

Study of thermal comfort in the Sentra Primer Barat CBD Area using envi-met simulation

By 2045, it is estimated that almost 70% of Indonesia’s population will live in urban areas. However, the growing population and density of the city of Jakarta has led to a significant increase in temperature, which has a negative impact on the comfort of living in the region. Sentra Primer Barat CBD is one of the strategic central business districts in Jakarta. The purpose of this study is to identify the condition of thermal comfort in the Sentra Primer Barat CBD Area in two conditions, the current conditions and the planned conditions. The planned conditions are adapted into instructions on urban design guideline for Sentra Primer Barat. The study uses ENVI-met software to analyse thermal comfort. Microclimate parameters that are used for the study are air temperature, wind speed, humidity, and Tmrt (Temperature Mean Radiant). The parameters will then be reviewed and utilised to see their implications for thermal comfort index. The results shows a significant difference between the current conditions and the planned conditions. Under planned conditions, there is an increase in average air temperature and Tmrt, while average wind speed and average humidity see a decrease. This indicates higher potential of thermal discomfort in the study area. The thermal comfort index (PET) also deteriorate under the planned conditions. This research highlights the importance of improving thermal comfort in the Sentra Primer Barat CBD Area and provides guidance for better urban planning in the future. It is expected that environmental improvement efforts in this region can improve the residents’ quality of life and promote sustainability of the urban environment.

ANALISIS SWOT DALAM MENENTUKAN STRATEGI PEMASARAN PETAK ENAM SEBAGAI DAYA TARIK WISATA KULINER DI KAWASAN GLODOK JAKARTA

Petak Enam is one of the historical shopping districts in Jakarta, which has now transformed into a renowned Culinary Tourism Attraction (CTA) in Pecinan. To ensure progressive visitor rates, a good marketing strategy is required. This research examines and analyzes both internal and external factors, including strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of Petak Enam as a culinary tourism center in the capital city, with the aim of obtaining the appropriate marketing strategy. A mixed-method approach is employed to gather quantitative and qualitative data, using direct observation, unstructured interviews, and questionnaire distribution as data collection techniques. This study utilizes SWOT analysis techniques such as IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary), EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary), and the conclusion of the SWOT Matrix. The research findings indicate that: (1) The marketing strategy employs a synergistic marketing mix; (2) SWOT analysis reveals an aggressive strategy with active promotion, and; (3) Human resource development and facility enhancement are identified as strategies for the development of Petak Enam.

Safety profile of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in indonesian adults

BackgroundVaccines are urgently needed to handle the morbidity and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The inactivated vaccine is widely used in Indonesia's national immunization program due to its eligibility of stock, easier to transport, and considered to be more established than newer platforms. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety profile of the inactivated vaccine and analyze the safety profile between adults and the elderly. MethodsA prospective analytical study was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine among healthy adults aged ≥ 18 years from September 2nd to December 28th, 2021, at ten primary health centers from 5 districts in Jakarta, Indonesia. The participants were instructed to record the symptoms after inactivated COVID-19 vaccine injection in the diary card for 28 days. Chi-square tests were carried out to analyze the relationship between the adverse event following immunization (AEFI) in adults and elderly groups. ResultsFour of 1113 participants were not included in this study due to the lack of follow-up. Out of 1109 participants, there were 1044 adults (18–59 years) and 65 elderly (>59 years). There were no serious AEFI cases reported. Most AEFI cases were mild to moderate and resolved after several days of injection. Local pain, myalgia and fatigue were the most frequent adverse events reported. We found that there was no correlation between the adults and elderly age group with the incidence of AEFI (p = 0.924) for local reactions (p = 0.181) and most of the systemic reactions (p = 0.629). However, there is an increased risk of fever in the elderly group compared to the adult group (OR 4.046, 95 % CI 1.794–9.124, p = 0.003) following immunization. ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine is safe, considering that all symptoms experienced were mild to moderate and resolved entirely.

Does mobility restriction significantly control infectious disease transmission? Accounting for non-stationarity in the impact of COVID-19 based on Bayesian spatially varying coefficient models.

COVID-19 is the most severe health crisis of the 21st century. COVID-19 presents a threat to almost all countries worldwide. The restriction of human mobility is one of the strategies used to control the transmission of COVID-19. However, it has yet to be determined how effective this restriction is in controlling the rise in COVID-19 cases, particularly in small areas. Using Facebook's mobility data, our study explores the impact of restricting human mobility on COVID-19 cases in several small districts in Jakarta, Indonesia. Our main contribution is showing how the restriction of human mobility data can give important information about how COVID-19 spreads in different small areas. We proposed modifying a global regression model into a local regression model by accounting for the spatial and temporal interdependence of COVID-19 transmission across space and time. We applied Bayesian hierarchical Poisson spatiotemporal models with spatially varying regression coefficients to account for non-stationarity in human mobility. We estimated the regression parameters using an Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation. We found that the local regression model with spatially varying regression coefficients outperforms the global regression model based on DIC, WAIC, MPL, and R2 criteria for model selection. In Jakarta's 44 districts, the impact of human mobility varies significantly. The impacts of human mobility on the log relative risk of COVID-19 range from -4.445 to 2.353. The prevention strategy involving the restriction of human mobility may be beneficial in some districts but ineffective in others. Therefore, a cost-effective strategy had to be adopted.

Nutritional Factors Determining Body Fat Percentage of Adolescent Boys in 5 Districts of Jakarta

Introduction: Adolescence is one of the life stages that play a key role and is also affected by the epidemiology transition as the result of the development of the era. Consuming a lot of fast food and junk food nowadays causes adolescents, both girls and boys, to be subjected to nutritional problems such as the high body fat percentage. Adolescent boys even tend to be unaware of their health. This study aims to analyse nutritional factors which have an effect on body fat percentage in adolescent boys. Methods: This study was performed involving 1046 high school students in 5 Jakarta districts. Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression were used for the data analysis of this study. Results: The result shows that there was a relationship between BMI-for-age, energy and macronutrient intakes, and body fat percentage. Adolescents with excessive intakes got affected by their body fat percentage, although their BMI-for-age is normal. The result of multivariate analysis suggests that BMI-for-age had the most effect on body fat percentage. Conclusion: There needs to be a regular education for adolescent boys to be aware of their body fat percentage and other factors that have an effect on it.

The co-management of tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidities in Indonesia under the National Tuberculosis Control Program: results from a cross-sectional study from 2017 to 2019

BackgroundIndonesia suffers from a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes (DM). The government initiated national TB-DM co-management activities under the National TB Control Program in 2017. This study investigates the detection and treatment outcomes of TB-DM in Jakarta after implementing these activities, and identifies the main factors associated with these outcomes.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using TB registry data in two districts of Jakarta, East Jakarta (low-income) and South Jakarta (high-income). A 5-step cascade analysis was used: diagnosed TB patients; TB patients tested for DM; diagnosed TB-DM patients; and patients received and completed TB treatment/cured. We conducted descriptive analyses to understand the characteristics of TB and TB-DM patients, and used a two-level mixed-effect logistic regression to explore factors associated with having a DM test and completing TB treatment/being cured.ResultsOver the study period (2017–2019) 50.8% of the new pulmonary TB patients aged over 15 were tested for DM. The percentage increased from 41.7% in 2017–2018 to 60.1% in 2019. Of the TB patients tested for DM, 20.8% were diagnosed with DM. Over 90% of the detected TB-DM patients received standard TB treatment, 86.3% of whom completed treatment/were cured. Patients in East Jakarta were more likely to be tested for DM and to complete standard TB treatment/be cured than patients in South Jakarta (P < 0.001). Bacteriologically positive TB patients were more likely to be tested for DM (OR = 1.37, 95% CIs 1.17,1.60). Patients diagnosed in sub-district level healthcare centers had a higher likelihood of being tested for DM than those in government and private hospitals (P < 0.05). Receiving DM treatment was associated with a higher likelihood of completing TB treatment/being cured (OR = 1.82, 95% CIs 1.20, 2.77).ConclusionsTB-DM case detection significantly improved in 2019 after introducing TB-DM co-management activities in Jakarta, while gaps in TB-DM co-management existed between bacteriologically positive and clinically diagnosed TB patients, and across different types of health facilities. Collaboration between TB and DM departments should be strengthened, and more resources need to be mobilized to further improve the co-management of TB-DM in Indonesia.

Autism spectrum disorder screening in children aged 16-30 months using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised (M-CHAT-R)

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a global prevalence of 7.6 in 1,000 children. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers - Revised (M-CHAT-R) is one of many screening tools for ASD. It is fast, easy to use, and has been translated and validated in the Indonesian language.&#x0D; Objective To determine the prevalence of ASD in Indonesia and its risk factors.&#x0D; Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to October 2020. In the first protocol (March to July 2020), 219 children aged 16-30 months from 20 hospital walk-in clinics in five districts of Jakarta were included. Subjects’ parents filled out the M-CHAT-R questionnaire during their visit. A series of questions were asked to provide information about probable risk factors associated with ASD: gender, family history of ASD, preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), and history of seizures. The second protocol (August to October 2020) was completed by parents via an online form, where 746 children aged 16-30 months were enrolled. Therefore, a total of 965 subjects were eligible for statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results Of 965 subjects, 56.58% were males. Subjects’ mean of age was 22.59 (SD 4.15) months. M-CHAT-R screening showed that 34 (3.52%) subjects were at high risk of developing ASD. Only male gender was significantly associated with ASD.&#x0D; Conclusion We screened for ASD in healthy 16-30-month-old Indonesian children. The rate of high-risk M-CHAT-R score was 3.52%. Male gender was a significant risk factor for high-risk M-CHAT-R results.

Learning from panel data of dengue incidence and meteorological factors in Jakarta, Indonesia

Medical statistics collected by WHO indicates that dengue fever is still ravaging developing regions with climates befitting mosquito breeding amidst moderate-to-weak health systems. This work initiates a study over 2009–2017 panel data of dengue incidences and meteorological factors in Jakarta, Indonesia to bear particular understanding. Using a panel random-effect model joined by the pooled estimator, we show positively significant relationships between the incidence level and meteorological factors. We ideate a clustering strategy to decompose the meteorological datasets into several more datasets such that more explanatory variables are present and the zero-inflated problem from the incidence data can be handled properly. The resulting new model gives good agreement with the incidence data accompanied by a high coefficient of determination and normal zero-mean error in the prediction window. A risk measure is characterized from a one-step vector autoregression model relying solely on the incidence data and a threshold incidence level separating the low-risk and high-risk regime. Its magnitude greater than unity and the weak stochastic convergence to the endemic equilibrium mark a persistent cyclicality of the disease in all the five districts in Jakarta. Moreover, all districts are shown to co-vary profoundly positively in terms of epidemics occurrence, both generally and timely. We also show that the peak of incidences propagates almost periodically every year on the districts with the most to the least recurrence: Central, South, West, East, and North Jakarta.

The Comparative Study on Clustering Method Using Hospital Facility Data in Jakarta District and Surrounding Areas

Abstract—This paper is aimed to conduct a comparative study on health facility research (HFR) data, based on clustering method with K-Means and K-Medoids algorithm. K-Means algorithm consist of 4 steps: specify the centroid values, grouping data on the centroid, calculate centroid values, repeat grouping data on the centroid and calculate the values until the cluster is stable (convergence), whereas on K-Medoids algorithm consist of 6 steps: medoids initialization, allocate data to the nearest medoid, determine new medoids, calculate data distance with medoid, calculate deviation, repeat determine new medoid until it counts the deviation to the convergence cluster. The data utilize in this research is health facility research (HFR) data located in Jakarta district and surrounding areas, from year 2013 until 2018. The result of this research is shown that execution time from K-Medoids is outperform the K-Means algorithm. The K- Medoids algorithm speed up execution time and at the same time improve increases the density value between clusters (silhouette). By utilizing the clustering method, can categorize health facilities in hospitals in Jabodetabek based on their resources. Key words: Clustering, K-Means, K-Medoids, Health Facility Research. Abstrak—Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan studi perbandingan pada data riset fasilitas kesehatan (RIFASKES), berdasarkan metode klastering dengan algoritma K-Means dan K-Medoids. Algoritma K-Means terdiri dari 4 langkah: tentukan nilai centroid, mengelompokkan data pada centroid, menghitung nilai centroid, ulangi pengelompokan data pada centroid dan menghitung nilainya sampai cluster stabil (konvergen), sedangkan pada algoritma K-Medoids terdiri dari 6 langkah: inisialisasi medoids, mengalokasikan data ke medoid terdekat, menentukan medoid baru, menghitung jarak data dengan medoid, menghitung deviasi, ulangi menentukan medoid baru sampai menghitung deviasi sampai cluster konvergen. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data riset fasilitas kesehatan (RIFASKES) data yang berlokasi di wilayah Jakarta dan sekitarnya, dari tahun 2013 hingga 2018. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu eksekusi dari KMedoids mengungguli algoritma K-Means. Algoritma K- Medoids mempercepat waktu eksekusi dan pada saat yang sama meningkatkan nilai densitas antar cluster (siluet). Dengan memanfaatkan metode pengelompokan, dapat mengkategorikan fasilitas kesehatan di rumah sakit di Jabodetabek berdasarkan sumber daya yang dimiliki. Kata kunci: Klastering, K-Means, K-Medoids, Riset Fasilitas Kesehatan

Functional abdominal pain disorders in adolescents in Indonesia and their association with family related stress

BackgroundFunctional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) have been widely reported as a major group of gastrointestinal disorders across the world. This study describes the prevalence, related factors, symptomatology and its relationship to emotional stress in Indonesian adolescents.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. Adolescents aged 10 to 17 years from nine randomly selected state schools from five districts of Jakarta, Indonesia, were invited to participate. A translated and validated Rome-III self-administered-questionnaire was used to collect data on gastrointestinal symptoms. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, intestinal as well as extra-intestinal symptoms, and exposure to stressful life events were also collected using a separate validated questionnaire.ResultsA total of 1813 questionnaires were included in the analysis [males 739 (40.8%) mean age of 13.54 years + 0.89]. Of them, 209 children (11.5%) fulfilled Rome III criteria of FAPD. Functional abdominal pain (FAP) was reported as the most prevalent subtype (5.8%), followed by functional dyspepsia (3.3%), irritable bowel syndrome (2%) and abdominal migraine (0.4%). The prevalence was higher in girls (p < 0.05) and those exposed to family-related stressful life events (p < 0.05). They include divorce or separation of parents (adjusted OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.75–3.7, p = < 0.001), death of a close family member (adjusted OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.39–3.59, P = 0.001), and father’s alcoholism (adjusted OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.22–3.1, P = 0.005).ConclusionsFAPD are common paediatric entities among Indonesian adolescents with a prevalence of 11.5%. FAPD were noted to be higher in girls and adolescents exposed to family-related stressful life events.

Leptospira detection in flood-prone environment of Jakarta, Indonesia.

The study about Leptospira, particularly pathogenic strain, was conducted in the flood-prone area in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The aim of this study was to discover and identify the serovars of pathogenic Leptospira in the environment, which might infect human during flooding. Seventy-three samples, consisted of 36 samples of environmental water and 37 samples of soil, were collected from 5 districts of Jakarta. Their pH was measured, and the samples were then cultured in a modified Korthof's medium with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) addition. Polymerase chain reaction, targeted on 23S rDNA (rrl), FlaB and LipL32 genes, was performed to identify Leptospira genus and differentiate the pathogenic. Identification of the pathogenic Leptospira was done utilising DNA sequencing. Seven samples showed amplification of rrl-gene. flaB and lipl32-PCR assay indicated one positive amplification band, each. Confirmation of flaB and lipl32 amplicons by DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis showed flaB amplicon (G1B; GenBank accession number MK006031.1) had 94% similarity with L.licerasiae (LC005426.1), while lipl32 amplicon was not identified as lipl32 of Leptospira. Based on those results, one intermediate pathogenic and six saprophytic Leptospira were obtained from the environment in Jakarta.

Landuse change monitoring and population density analysis of Penjaringan, Cengkareng, and Cakung Urban Area in Jakarta Province

Rapid landuse change in an urban area is inevitable. Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia is experiencing rapid landuse change. Jakarta is the centre of administration, economic activities, and entertainment pull people coming in to Jakarta. The dynamics of demography in Jakarta influences landuse change strongly. This research use three districts in Jakarta to see how landuse change over period of time. They are Penjaringan, Cengkareng, and Cakungsubdistrict. By combining landuse data, demographic features, and spatial data, such as satellite imagery, landuse change can be monitored and explained. The most significant landuse changes are industrial area and settlements. Both landuses are expanding. Meanwhile open spaces are decresing in size. This happens due to high demand of settlements caused by migrants coming in to work in industrial are. The result of this phenomenon is slum area in the city and lack of opened green spaces that can degrade environmental quality.

Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Indonesian Version of the Self-Regulation for Dental Home Care Questionnaire

Few studies have reported the role of motivation in patient adherence to dental-care programmes or dental home care and prevention of oral disease, particularly in Indonesia. Objective: To cross-adapt the Self-Regulation for Dental Home Care Questionnaire (SRDHCQ) to the Indonesian version, and to study self-regulation for dental home care among adolescents. Methods: The SRDHCQ was cross culturally adapted to the Indonesian adolescents aged 12-13 years old to test its reliability and validity. Intraoral examination was conducted by a single examiner to analyse the number of decayed teeth. The SRDHCQ contains 22 questions with a 7-point scale, which comprises of integrated, identified, introjected, external regulation and amotivation domains. Respondents were randomly selected from 11 junior high schools at six districts in Jakarta. Results: Total respondents studied were 317 students, with prevalence of 71% of the students having decayed teeth, and average number decayed teeth was 2.1. The test and test-retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency were 0.838 and 0.929, respectively. No significant difference was observed in total SRDHCQ scores between genders. Construct and discriminant validity analysis showed significant results. Conclusions: Our results support the reliability and validity of the Indonesian SRDHCQ for adolescents in Indonesia.

The Impact of CSR on Employee Performance: With The Mediation of Employee Trust and Employee Behavior (A Case Study of Companies in Bekasi and Jakarta)

The Researches on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) tends to focus on stakeholders and external outcomes. The impact of CSR on employee performance is still rarely discussed in many studies. This study aims to determine how the impact of CSR affects employee performance and the role of employee trust and employee behavior as a mediator at 3 companies in Bekasi and Jakarta. Every company has a responsibility to develop its environment through social programs. The research questions in this study are: (1) The impact of CSR on Employee performance, (2) The impact of CSR on employee trust (3) The impact of employee trust on employee performance (4) The impact of CSR on employee behavior (5) The impact of employee behavior on employee performance. The sample used in this study was 246 employees from companies in Bekasi and Jakarta District. Data collection method used in this study was questionnaire and forum group discussions (FGD), while analytical method used was SEM Warps PLS.The findings of this study indicate that CSR does not impact directly the employee performance. The CSR indicator that needs to be considered is ethical, where the companies are suggested to have a CSR department. Where employees have lack knowledge about environmental work, environmental laws regarding material sources, emissions, and so on. So that employees realize and understand the importance of having attention and responsibility to the environment. CSR has a significant impact on employee trust, employee trust has a significant impact on employee performance, CSR has a significant impact on employee behavior, and employee behavior significantly impact employee performance. Employee trust and employee behavior mediate the impact of CSR on Employee performance.Keywords: CSR, employees trust, employee behavior, employee performance

Epidemiology of Paediatric constipation in Indonesia and its association with exposure to stressful life events

BackgroundWe aimed to study the epidemiology and risk factors, including exposure to emotional stress, for constipation in Indonesian children and adolescents of 10–17 year age group.MethodsA cross-sectional survey using a validated, self-administered questionnaire was conducted in randomly selected children and adolescents in nine state junior high schools from five districts of Jakarta. All of them were from urban areas. Constipation was defined as a diagnosis by using the Rome III criteria.ResultsOf 1796 children included in the analysis, 328 (18.3%; 95% CI 016–0.2) had constipation. Females and those residing in North Jakarta showed risks associated with constipation in school-age children and adolescents. Symptoms independently associated with constipation were abdominal pain (64% vs 43.3% of control) and straining (22.9% vs 6.3%). The prevalence of constipation was significantly higher in those with stressful life events such as father’s alcoholism (adjusted OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.27–2.89, P = 0.002), severe illness of a close family member (adjusted OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.12–2.80, P = 0.014), hospitalization of the child for another illness (adjusted OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.22–2.31, P < 0.001), being bullied at school (adjusted OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.01–2.76, P = 0.047) and loss of a parent’s job (adjusted OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.03–1.88, P = 0.034).ConclusionsConstipation in children and adolescent is a significant health problem, affecting almost 20% of Indonesian school-age children and adolescents. Common school and home related stressful life events appear to have predisposed these children to develop constipation.

A survey on HIV-related health-seeking behaviors among transgender individuals in Jakarta, based on the theory of planned behavior.

BackgroundMale-to-female transgender (waria) individuals are at high risk for HIV. This study aims at mapping the psychological determinants of four HIV-related health-seeking behaviors. This knowledge can be used to develop effective interventions to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.MethodsThe study involved 209 waria from five districts in Jakarta, selected with a cluster sampling procedure. Cross-sectional data were gathered through structured interviews. The four examined behaviors are, visiting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) services regularly, adherence to STI treatment, taking an HIV test and picking up the result of HIV test. For all four behaviors, specific measures of the psychological determinants as defined by the Theory of Planned Behavior were developed: attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Logistic regression analyses were conducted with these three psychological measures as independent variables and the behaviors as dependent variables.ResultsOf the 209 waria, 20.6 % had never visited STI services in the last 6 months, while 56.5 % had visited the services once or twice, and 23 % had visited the service three or more times. A HIV test had been taken by 90.4 % of the waria, and of those, 64.6 % had picked up the results. About 85 % of the waria who did a HIV test had been tested for HIV one or two times in the last 6 months and 10 % had been tested three to four times. The variance in behaviors that was explained by the concepts defined in the Theory of Planned Behavior ranged from 15 to 70 %; PBC was the most powerful predictor. Furthermore, the results showed that in several cases the relationships of attitudes or subjective norms with the dependent variable were mediated by one or both other independent variables.ConclusionsThe results regarding the prominent role of PBC suggest that interventions should increase waria’s control over the behavior: Engaging in specific desired behaviors should be made easier for them. Besides, waria’s attitudes and subjective norms should be addressed, by education, but possibly also by providing waria with a positive experience with the behavior, for example, by designing a professional and friendly health care system.

Irritable bowel syndrome and its associated factors in adolescents

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a commonfunctional gastrointestinal disorder. Increasing prevalences havebeen reported in Asian adolescent populations, however, therehave been few reports on Indonesian adolescents.Objective To investigate the prevalence of IBS and associatedfactors among adolescents in Jakarta.Methods This cross-sectional study included senior high schoolstudents in a district of Jakarta. Students were asked to fillquestionnaires based on the Rome III criteria for IBS. They werethen divided into groups: those with IBS and those without IBS,for the purposes of comparison.Results Out of 232 adolescents (145 females and 87 males) withmean age of 16.06 (SD 0.91) years, 14 (6.0%) had IBS. Elevenout of 14 adolescents with IBS reported upper abdominal painas well as periumbilical/lower abdominal pain. Irritable bowelsyndrome was not associated with socioeconomic status, food anddrink habits, the use of antibiotics, or scolding as a parental formof discipline. However, a significant higher proportion in the useof corporal punishment was found in IBS adolescents comparedto the non-IBS (P=0.034). In addition, stress related to scolding,as a parental form of discipline was more likely to be found in theIBS group than in the non-IBS group (P=0.019).Conclusion The prevalence of IBS among adolescents in Jakartais 6%, which is lower compared to those of other Asian countries.Corporal punishment at home and stress related to scolding athome are found to be associated with IBS.

Irritable bowel syndrome and its associated factors in adolescents

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a commonfunctional gastrointestinal disorder. Increasing prevalences havebeen reported in Asian adolescent populations, however, therehave been few reports on Indonesian adolescents.Objective To investigate the prevalence of IBS and associatedfactors among adolescents in Jakarta.Methods This cross-sectional study included senior high schoolstudents in a district of Jakarta. Students were asked to fillquestionnaires based on the Rome III criteria for IBS. They werethen divided into groups: those with IBS and those without IBS,for the purposes of comparison.Results Out of 232 adolescents (145 females and 87 males) withmean age of 16.06 (SD 0.91) years, 14 (6.0%) had IBS. Elevenout of 14 adolescents with IBS reported upper abdominal painas well as periumbilical/lower abdominal pain. Irritable bowelsyndrome was not associated with socioeconomic status, food anddrink habits, the use of antibiotics, or scolding as a parental formof discipline. However, a significant higher proportion in the useof corporal punishment was found in IBS adolescents comparedto the non-IBS (P=0.034). In addition, stress related to scolding,as a parental form of discipline was more likely to be found in theIBS group than in the non-IBS group (P=0.019).Conclusion The prevalence of IBS among adolescents in Jakartais 6%, which is lower compared to those of other Asian countries.Corporal punishment at home and stress related to scolding athome are found to be associated with IBS.

GAMBARAN KARAKTERISTIK GARAM BERIODIUM, PENYIMPANAN, TEMPAT MEMBELI GARAM DAN JUMLAH KONSUMSI PADA KELUARGA MISKIN DI KECAMATAN KALIDERES, JAKARTA BARAT

Iodine Deficiency Disorder is one of Health problem that influences directly to the life expectancy and the quality of Human being as well as delaying the goal of National Development. The survey of iodized salt consumption reported by BPS (Central Statistics Bureau) in 2003 shows that in West Jakarta the number of households who consumed an adequate iodine salt( = 30 ppm) was 66.32%. This figure is highest compared to the other four Districts in Jakarta and this becomes more important to prevent the deficiency of iodine such as cretinism and the swallowed neck. The aim of the study is gain the information related to the usage of salt, storage, place of buying and the consumption of iodized salt among poor families lived in sub district Kalideres, West Jakarta in 2006. This study is cross sectional. The sampel of the study is poor household lived in subdistrict Kalideres, West Jakarta involving 60 poor households who received JPBSK (social safety net in health) taken from Puskesmas Kalideres. The number of samples was based on random sampling formula. The study site was taken based on Multistage random sampling then sample was chosen through systematic random sampling. The analysis of tables both univariate and bivariate are used to interpret the results. The result shows that most of poor households bought the salt in small shop closed to their houses. The brand names of iodized salt used by almost all poor households are Segitiga Emas, with very fine grade, and generally it was stored in closed container with the average price of Rp.500,- per pack . It was also found that in the households level, the salt was stored in a color-plastic-container and lived it opened in cupboard or on the table, far away from heat. The salt was kept with average storage of 5.6 +0.7 hari. The interesting part of the study is that the salt commonly consumed by most poor households still contained iodine with adequate amount reflected by the existing of purple color using iodine test. The consumption level of the salt was 9.6+0.5 gram per person/d. Key words : Iodized salt, characteristic of iodine salt

Preparatory behaviours and condom use during receptive and insertive anal sex among male-to-female transgenders (waria) in Jakarta, Indonesia.

IntroductionThe male-to-female transgender (waria) is part of a key population at higher risk for HIV. This study aims to test whether psychosocial determinants as defined by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can explain behaviours related to condom use among waria. Three preparatory behaviours (getting, carrying, and offering a condom) and two condom use behaviours (during receptive and insertive anal sex) were assessed.MethodsThe study involved 209 waria, recruited from five districts in Jakarta and interviewed by using structured questionnaires. Specific measures were developed to study attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) in order to predict intentions and behaviours.ResultsThe explained variance between intentions with regard to three preparatory behaviours and two condom uses ranged between 30 and 57%, and the variance between the actual preparatory behaviours of three preparatory and two condom uses ranged between 21 and 42%. In our study, as with several previous studies of the TPB on HIV protection behaviours, the TPB variables differed in their predictive power. With regard to intention, attitude and PBC were consistently significant predictors; attitude was the strongest predictor of intention for all three preparatory behaviours, and PBC was the strongest predictor of intention for condom use, both during receptive and insertive anal sex. TPB variables were also significantly related to the second parameter of future behaviour: actual (past) behaviour. TPB variables were differentially related to the five behaviours. Attitude was predictive in three behaviours, PBC in three behaviours and subjective norms in two behaviours.ConclusionsOur results have implications for the development of interventions to target preparatory behaviours and condom use behaviours. Five behaviours and three psychological factors as defined in the TPB are to be targeted.