Districts Of Istanbul Research Articles

Ransom Intermediaries and the Redemption of Ottoman Captives in the Early Modern Mediterranean: A Sociolegal View from Seventeenth-Century Galata

This article examines the networks formed by ransom intermediaries in Galata and Istanbul during the second half of the seventeenth century. Through a close reading of legal records from the court of Galata, it evaluates the formation, organization, and functioning of these ransoming networks and analyzes the relevance of their local foundations to the redemption of Ottoman captives in the Mediterranean. In the face of increasing piracy and corsair activities, thousands of Ottoman subjects traversing the Mediterranean were captured during this period. Since the direct intervention of the state was usually reserved for elite captives, many Ottoman captives had to be ransomed by other means. As the main commercial and diplomatic district of Istanbul and its doorway to the Mediterranean, Galata became a solution zone for the emancipation of these captives, whose relatives and friends appealed to the ransoming services of intermediaries in the district, most of whom were European. This article suggests that the local organization and functioning of ransoming networks on Ottoman soil were as important for the successful ransoming of captives as the connections maintained by intermediaries throughout the broader Mediterranean. As such, these local networks assisted non-state actors as they negotiated freedom and captivity.

''Compulsory'' Migration Governance at Local Level: The Case of İstanbul

This article focuses on the increasing role of cities and local governments in migration governance through following the increasing “local turn” approach in migration studies in recent years. Turkey, which has a long immigration history and by far the largest immigration population of the country with massive Syrian immigration which started in particular in 2011, cities and local governments have developed different local governance arrangements by which they are trying to produce answers to the diversity brought about by immigration. Local responses differ in terms of scope, actor, approach and method. In this study, how and why the municipalities produce different responses are discussed in the context of the role of the municipalities and the common methods that local responses share despite the same legal framework and being a part of Istanbul metropolitan area. Thus, based on the analysis of the field study conducted in six districts of Istanbul, it has been revealed that the answers given to migration and immigrants are shaped in the context of a high informality and compulsory governance.

LAUGHER THERAPHY DEPRESSION TREATMENTS INSPIRATION OF INCLUSION EFFECTS

Laughter positive emotion, helpful, healthy way to deal with stress. Laughter therapy is a cognitive-behavioral therapy that can make physical, psychological; social relationships healthy improve quality of life. Laughter therapy positive effect on mental health alternative therapy. Laughter therapy does not require special preparations, such as appropriate facilities equipment easily accessible. Laughter reduces stress-producing hormones in the blood, can reduce the effects of stress. Depression is a disorder in which neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin is reduced brain. Problem mood control circuit of the brain. Laughter can alter dopamine serotonin activity. The endorphins released by laughter can be helpful when people are upset or depressed. Laughter therapy alternative treatment for depression that harms mental health. Examined the effect of laughter therapy on depression was in this study. In the research, it was used as "Pretest-Posttest-Semi-Experimental Design with Follow-Up Test Control Group." The study was conducted by obtaining a work permit from the participants who applied to the Psychology, Psychiatry Clinic in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul. It was determined randomly which of the centers would be the experimental group the control group. While the study group consisted of 15 participants, the control group consisted of 15 participants. Participation of individuals included in the study was voluntary basis. While the experimental group received a 4-week "Laughter Therapy Practice," the control group received a placebo-like two-session training. Used personal information form Beck Depression Inventory. As a result, the depression levels of the participants who were treated with laughter therapy decreased.

How do social and spousal support influence postpartum depression?

Objective: Postpartum psychiatric morbidity is one of the most frequent complications of birth, cause of suicides and maternal death.We aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) among mothers who gave birth in the last 6 months and alsoassess the risk factors, particularly poor social and spousal support.Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We included 303 mothers who gave birth in the last 6 months attendingthree family health centers in a district of Istanbul. Stratified sampling method was used. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale,Postpartum Support Scale, The Scale of Perceived Spousal Support Among Women in Early Postpartum Period were administered.Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used.Results: Postpartum depression prevalence was 9.9% among the participants. According to multivariate statistical analysis; while ahigher income (OR : 0.99) and a higher spousal support score (OR: 0.95) were found as protective factors, actively working (OR :8.63),unplanned pregnancy (OR: 3.21), having a first child compared to having two children (OR: 11.20), having low birth weight infant(OR: 8.33) and unmet social support (OR: 1.02) were risk factors for PPD (p<0.05).Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, increasing family income, social and spousal support, prevention of unplannedpregnancies using effective family planning methods and improving the life prosperity of the women are essential to the decrease ofPPD prevalence.

Antenatal care access and concerns of pregnant women during pandemic: a population-based study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to burden the health of vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. It has been estimated that antenatal care coverage has been decreased with workforce, supplies, demand, and access reductions during the outbreak in some countries. The study aimed to investigate the health care access and concerns of pregnant women during the pandemic.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 331 pregnant women in one district of Istanbul (Üsküdar) and a random sampling method was applied. The data was collected between November 22nd and December 18th 2020 by telephone interview after verbal consents were taken from the participants. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. The study was approved by the Bahcesehir University Institutional Ethics Board.ResultsThe median age of the participants was 30 years, the median gestational age was 24 weeks. Among the participants 9.6% were previously diagnosed with COVID-19, 15.8% had a chronic disease, 48.2% were nulliparous and 18.6% had a high-risk pregnancy. The frequency of having concern for their own health was 70.7%, for their children's health was 73,0%, for going to visits in healthcare facilities was 81.0% and for giving birth during the pandemic was 83.0%. Also, 17.1% did not go to antenatal visits because of the COVID-19 concerns. According to the logistic regression analysis, women who had chronic disease had higher concerns about their own health; women who had chosen to go to hospitals for antenatal care visits had higher concerns about children's health and giving birth, and women who had concerns about going to health facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic were less likely to go to family health centers.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the concerns related to the pandemic among pregnant women are at significant levels. Measures should be taken to ensure that antenatal care services are not interrupted throughout the current pandemic.Key messages Significant concern levels were detected among pregnant women in our sample.Measures should be taken to ensure to maintain uninterrupted antenatal care services.

Birinci basamakta 40 yaş ve üzeri yetişkinlerde multimorbidite prevalansı: kesitsel bir çalışma

Objective: Coordination function of primary care (PC) enables continuous, efficient, and cost-effective health care provided to patients with chronic disease and multimorbidity (MM). The aim of this study was to identify the most common chronic diseases and to determine the prevalence of MM in PC registries.
 Methods: Our study is a cross-sectional study. All the individuals aged 40 and over who were registered to the primary care units (PCUs) of the Uskudar district of Istanbul have formed the population of the study. A systematic cluster sampling was used. The patient list of each family physician in Uskudar district was accepted as a cluster and an equal number of patients from each cluster were enrolled. Only the information on the patients’ MM data was requested from the primary care physicians.
 Results: The 108 physicians of the Uskudar district (response rate: 73.4%) gave consent to participate in the study. The 1187 (40.3%) of registered patients of all PCUs were 40 years old and over. The multimorbid patients were found as 330 (27.8%). 
 Conclusion: Approximately, one of four patients have multimorbidity. So, the policy of primary care services should be redesigned for the management of MM patients including the ‘goal-oriented care’ approach.

Accessibility of Vaccination Centers in COVID-19 Outbreak Control: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach

The most important protective measure in the pandemic process is a vaccine. The logistics and administration of the vaccine are as important as its production. The increasing diffusion of electronic devices containing geo-referenced information generates a large production of spatial data that are essential for risk management and impact mitigation, especially in the case of disasters and pandemics. Given that vaccines will be administered to the majority of people, it is inevitable to establish vaccination centres outside hospitals. Site selection of vaccination centres is a major challenge for the health sector in metropolitan cities due to the dense population and high number of daily cases. A poor site selection process can cause many problems for the health sector, workforce, health workers, and patients. To overcome this, a three-step solution approach is proposed: (i) determining eight criteria using from the experience of the advisory committee, (ii) calculating criterion weights using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and performing spatial analysis of criteria using Geographic Information System (GIS), (iii) assigning potential vaccination centres by obtaining a suitability map and determining service areas. A case study is performed for Bağcılar, Istanbul district, using the proposed methodology. The results show that the suitable areas are grouped in three different areas of the district. The proposed methodology provides an opportunity to execute a scientific and strategic vaccination programme and to create a map of suitable vaccination centres for the countries.

Analysis of Fatal and Injury Traffic Accidents in Istanbul Sarıyer District with Spatial Statistics Methods

Traffic accidents, which continue to increase from year to year in Turkey and in the world, have become a huge problem that can result in serious traumas, injuries, and deaths, as well as their material and moral consequences. Many studies have been carried out in the world and in Turkey to reduce the number of traffic accidents, but these studies have not been very effective in reducing accidents. In this study, 3105 fatal or injured traffic accidents between 2010–2017 in Sarıyer district of Istanbul, Turkey’s largest city in terms of population, were discussed. We analyzed the statistical information on the subject in detail within the framework of geographic information systems. It has been tried to determine the sections where traffic accidents are concentrated in this region with studies based on spatial methods. Thematic accident map was created according to the accident types. In this context, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were compared using Point Density, Kernel Density, Getis Ord Gi*, and Anselin Local Moran’s I (LISA) Spatial Autocorrelation. In addition, in order to observe the change in accidents, thematic accident and Kernel Density maps were created separately according to accident occurrence types in the beginning and last year. From this point of view, the changes that occurred in the accidents were interpreted. The current study determined that the most accidents were on some streets and these streets divided into regions in a plan. The cases were examined with statistical analyses according to accident types and using the Kernel Density method. In addition, it has been observed that Kernel Density method gives better visual results than other spatial methods. In this study, spatial analysis and statistical analysis methods were used to evaluate traffic accidents more realistically. The day of the week effect and month of the year effect on traffic accidents was investigated for the first time. In addition, it is proposed to bring a new approach to the prevention of traffic accidents by using hotspot, accident type, and day of the week effect.

Determination of Anxiety Levels of Female and Male Athletes for Catching Corona Virus

Background: The Covid-19 epidemic has greatly changed the lifestyles and habits of millions of people around the world, and it has been observed that these changes have become permanent. Aim: The aim of our research is to examine the anxiety levels of female and male athletes for catching the new type of corona virus (Covid-19). Method: The survey method, one of the quantitative research models, was used in the study. The population of the research consisted of athletes (n=198) who were actively involved in sports in various sports clubs and in various branches in the districts of Istanbul, on the European side (Bakırköy, Güngören, Zeytinburnu). The data were collected online by applying the survey technique. The New Type Coronavirus (Covid-19) Anxiety Scale of the athletes (SYTKYKÖ) was used as a data collection tool. As a statistical procedure, it was determined that the data did not show normal distribution and Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis-H analyzes from non-parametric tests were used. Findings: It is seen that there is a difference between the anxiety levels of catching Covid-19 according to the gender of the athletes, their education level, the status of people around them catching covid-19, the level of chronic disease, and their training status. There was no difference between the anxiety levels of catching Covid-19 according to the age, sports branch and years of doing sports of the participants. Result: As a result, it was concluded that the anxiety levels of the athletes of catching Covid-19 were high. Key words: Pandemic, anxiety level, sports

Selection of suitable parking lot sites in megacities: A case study for four districts of Istanbul

Parking is one of the biggest challenges faced by megacities experiencing rapid growth. With more than 15 million population and approximately 3 million passenger cars, Istanbul is a megacity having a considerable parking problem. Sustainable planning of the parking lots in the city requires smarter spatial decision making approaches to use limited land resources efficiently. In order to determine the optimum locations for parking supply in the case of four districts of Istanbul, a GIS-based fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach is employed. In this context, the relevant criteria are identified and collected under three main categories: (1) land use, (2) finance and (3) transportation. Raster grid layers are created in GIS for those criteria through spatial data processing and analysis techniques. Those layers are then combined after being weighted with the fuzzy AHP approach. Thus, the scores of all grid cells in the study area are obtained and then transferred to the land parcels to rank them by their suitability. Besides, the parcels are also evaluated with respect to shape and area. Finally, those assigned to the highest ranking category as well as having proper shape and area are recognized as the feasible parcels for parking lot generation and prioritized according to those factors. The findings showed that the GIS-based fuzzy AHP approach applied in this study enabled multi-criteria investigation of each location (i.e. grid cell) in the study area based on highly detailed spatial data and could therefore be used to determine the feasible parcels for parking lot generation. Among the main criteria, transportation had the greatest weight while finance had the least weight. According to the case study, the need for parking and the number of feasible parcels are greater in Uskudar than the other three districts.

Rooftop photovoltaic potential in Istanbul: Calculations based on LiDAR data, measurements and verifications

Usage of solar energy is increasing steadily especially in the rooftop installations of buildings in large cities. This study contains calculations of electrical energy produced by photovoltaic panels placed on roofs of buildings for city of Istanbul using building data and verify calculated results by a mobile measurement system. Three dimensional city model utilizes light detection and ranging data that covers an area of 5400 km2 for the whole city. The main object classes such as ground, building, vegetation were derived, buildings are vectorized and a digital elevation model are used for the generation of a second level of detail. Using the geometric data of the buildings in Istanbul as input to the developed software, the electricity production of panels is calculated on the suitable roofs of the buildings considering the observed climatic conditions and solar radiation for the city. A photovoltaic weather mobile vehicle measurement system was designed and applied for verification of developed model in eight different areas of Istanbul for stationing 50 days at each location. Results of difference between measurements and calculations of solar irradiation and electrical energy production are 2.44% and 14.70%, respectively. Batch processing was performed on 39 districts of Istanbul with 1.3 million buildings and annual electrical energy production from the roofs of all buildings is calculated to be 30.8 TWh at the point of common coupling to the utility. Total rooftop electricity production of Istanbul has a potential to meet 67% of the total electricity consumption for the year 2019.

Determination of Land Use Change using Support Vector Machines: A Case Study of Arnavutkoy, Istanbul

As a result of the development of cities and inclination towards urbanization, natural areas decreased while urban areas increased. In this respect, determination of impermeable surfaces is important for the problems covering; effects of urbanization on natural environment, global environmental variation, urban atmospheric process, human activities and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Remote sensing images are used to examine and classify land cover/uses. Traditional classification methods are mainly divided into supervised classification and unsupervised classification. The aim of this study is to classify land cover/use and to state temporal change using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) approach, which is a supervised classification method. Arnavutkoy district of Istanbul was chosen as the study area for land use and change detection analysis. Landsat 5/7/8 satellite images of Arnavutkoy district were obtained and SVM process was applied to obtain these images. Firstly, four classes were created for each image: urban areas, vegetation, bare soils and wetlands SVM was applied and accuracy analysis was performed to the images classes of which were created before. CAD software and GIS software were used for image processing. The classification accuracy for SVM was found to be 98.66%, 98.31%, 98.95%, 97.99%, 96.37%, 97.90% (from 1995 to 2019). In addition, ROC analysis was used for comparison of accuracy analysis. As a result of this study, land cover/use change of Arnavutkoy district in the last 20 years has been determined. The urban area of the district was 40.99 〖"km" 〗^"2" in 1995 and 93.76 〖"km" 〗^"2" in 2019. In addition, the impact of the Europe's largest airport on land cover / use has been examined. The results showed that the accuracy of using SVM to classify land use/cover is high. Therefore, it has been proposed that this algorithm is used as an optimal classifier for land use/cover maps.

Does cosmopolitan culture weaken ethnic and regional diversity: contraceptive behaviours of women in Istanbul, Turkey

Objective The primary aim of the study was to examine the relationship between self-reported ethnic identity, region of birth and contraceptive use, in Istanbul, Turkey. Methods Cross-sectional data from a random sample of 3038 married women of reproductive age living in two urban districts of Istanbul were used in a series of logistic regression models to assess key relationships. Results Kurdish ethnic minority women were less likely than Turkish ethnic majority women to use traditional contraceptive methods over no method (relative risk ratio [RRR] 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50, 0.96). However, there were no significant differences between ethnicities (i.e., Turkish, Kurdish and other) and modern method use. Among Turkish women, those born in regions farther away from the western region were more likely to use traditional methods (RRRnorthern 2.06; 95% CI 1.31, 3.22). Conclusion While Kurdish ethnic minority women were less likely to use traditional methods, compared with Turkish ethnic majority women, the difference might have been due to the length of time living in a neighbourhood. Regional variations in contraceptive use were concentrated only among Turkish ethnic majority women and for traditional methods. Regional norms of traditional method use may be a barrier to modern contraceptive use in Turkey.

Metropolitan children's physical fitness: The relationship between overweight and obesity prevalence, socioeconomic status, urban green space access, and physical activity

Children’s access to green spaces in urban areas is highly associated with their physical and psychological wellbeing. In the last two decades, children’s access to urban outdoors has reduced, and concerns about children’s physical health have increased. The number of overweight and obese children has considerably risen from both developing and developed countries. Turkey is a developing country, where studies about childhood obesity and its relationship with access and use to urban green spaces are limited.Therefore, this study first investigates the relationship between children’s visits to urban green spaces and age, gender, proximity, quality and physical health; Second, it also investigates obesity prevalence in school children (aged six to eighteen) and identifies the relationship between physical fitness and availability of green spaces close to children’s living arrangements, visits to green spaces, regular physical activity in green spaces and socioeconomic status (SES). This study includes 2668 student from 24 state schools in 4 different districts of Istanbul. In each region, two schools from each education level (primary, secondary and high school) were retrieved. Physical fitness indicators (weight and height) were measured, and children were asked to take part in questionnaires about their green space use.This study identified that children were more likely to visit green areas, if they were existed within proximity to their homes and quality of urban green spaces was an essential factor for visits. Visiting green spaces were significantly correlated with age, and younger children were more likely to visit compared to older children. A quarter of children (25.67 %) were overweight or obese. Gender [0.82; p=0.038), and age [Age<10 was 2.06; p= 0.000 and Age 10−14 was 1.93; p = 0.000) were statistically significant variables for overweight and obesity. It was identified that odds of children who lived in gated communities, being overweight or obese were 29 % [1.29; p=0,048] higher then children living in traditional neighbourhoods. Children visiting urban green spaces for physical activity were 29 % [0.71; p=0.032) less likely to be under the risk of being overweight or obese. The study identified obesity prevalence is higher in younger children, which might indicate a growing number of overweight and obese children and needs monitoring in the future.

Humanitarian relief network assessment using collaborative truck-and-drone system

The increasing number and severity of natural and man-made disasters worldwide has led to calls for more precise and effective humanitarian responses, and the use of humanitarian relief network assessment to reduce disaster uncertainty can play a vital role in the delivery of precise humanitarian operations. In this study, a collaborative truck-and-drone system was developed as a post-disaster assessment tool for use by humanitarian relief networks. The proposed system comprises a drone equipped with a camera that can launch from a truck to collect information from both nodes and links of a post-disaster transportation network. Following drone operation, the truck is used to retrieve and recharge the drone’s battery. To optimize this collaborative truck-and-drone system, we focused on the routing problem with the objective of maximizing the value of information collected from nodes and links within a predefined time limit, a problem made challenging by the need to determine the routes of the truck and drone in an integrated manner. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to consider the problem of collaborative truck-and-drone routing optimization with the goal of profit maximization. After formulating the proposed problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, we decomposed the problem structure into a path-based master problem and two sub-problems to allow the use of a column generation (CG) framework to tackle the problem. Numerical experiments were conducted to examine the proposed model and algorithm at various instance sizes that were generated by modifying an existing benchmark, with the results indicating that the proposed algorithm can obtain high-quality solutions with optimality gaps of less than 10% for all terminated instances within predefined time limit. A real-world instance—the Kartal district of Istanbul—was then used to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed model. Finally, the results of the numerical analysis were used to develop managerial insights for application by humanitarian relief agencies.

Exploring housing market and urban densification during COVID-19 in Turkey

The paper explores the housing market, urban densification, and government policy interventions due to COVID-19 in Turkey. From 1980 to 2019, the share of urban population in Turkey increased from 43.78% to 75.14% (UN DESA, 2018) and simultaneously the housing production has been increased more than 30% at the same period and it has planned to build or reconstruct about 13 million housing units including 1 million housing units per year from 2020 (Housing Development Administration of Turkey, 2020). However, COVID-19 has radically changed Turkey's real estate market, more specifically, housing market. Based on secondary data and information, the study has found that there has been a sharp decrease occurred during the month of April and May in 2020 due to curfew and other related COVID-19 controlled measures. After government interventions such as lowering interest rates in public banks, online land registry applications, government stimulus packages etc. a sharp increase happened from June and the third quarter of 2020; even after out looking 10 lowest densely populated provinces, 10 highest densely populated provinces in Turkey and districts in Istanbul. Focusing impact on the housing market in three different quarters (Q1, Q2 and Q3) of 2020 in the studied areas, it has found that there is no significant relationship between housing sales with respect to population density but government policy intervention during COVID-19 plays a very significant role in increasing housing demand.

Time-Saving as A Motivator for Consumption via Digital Platforms: Istanbul Example in the Consuming of Clothes

Though women have become more involved in public life, this did not serve to lighten their private workload and “motherhood and housework” have continued to be their primary duties. For women trying to tackle the responsibilities of both the private and the public aspects of life, “time” is one of the most important resources. In this study, the demographic features of women doing their shopping of clothes and accessories through the internet to save time was researched. Subjects of this research were 400 women, living in the 16 districts of Istanbul with the highest socioeconomic level. The data gathering method used in this research was face to face surveying. The results that were obtained through field research indicate that the internet was used in consuming clothing and accessories to save time by working women at the age of 30 and above, who are married and have children.

The tick fauna in Istanbul, Turkey, from 2013 to 2017 and identification of their pathogens by multiplex PCR: an epidemiological study.

Ticks may carry several pathogens as vectors and their pathogen load may vary due to differences in geography, climate and vegetation. In this study, we collected ticks from 39 districts of Istanbul (Turkey) between May and October, from 2013 to 2017, and identified them under stereo-microscope. In addition, we investigated the pathogens that the ticks carry (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia sp. and Babesia sp.) by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We collected a total of 875 ticks from the ground and from various animals and kept them at 4°C until experiments. We identified 248 Rhipicephalus bursa (28.3% of the total), 205 (23.4%) Rhipicephalus annulatus, 197 (22.5%) Haemaphysalis concinna, 149 (17.0%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 24 (2.7%) Hyalomma marginatum, 21 (2.4%) Ixodes ricinus, 13 (1.5%) Rhipicephalus kohlsi, 5 (0.6%) Hyalomma anatolicum, 5 (0.6%) Hyalomma aegyptium, 5 (0.6%) Dermacentor niveus and 3 (0.3%) Ixodes hexagonus. We included a total of 328 questing ticks in the study: 63 R. bursa, 63 R. sanguineus, 63 R. annulatus, 63 H. concinna, 24 H. marginatum, 21 I. ricinus, 13 R. kohlsi, 5 H. anatolicum, 5 H. aegyptium, 5 D. niveus and 3 I. hexagonus. Multiplex PCR indicated that 80 (24.4%) ticks were infected with Rickettsia sp., 5 (1.5%) with B. burgdorferi and 1 (0.3%) with Babesia sp. Our study indicated that Rickettsia is more common in ticks collected around Istanbul.

Duvar Resimlerinin Mimari Mekânlar Bağlamında Analizi

The walls assume the task of limiting the space; whereas the wall paintings reflected the history, provided the communication between art and the user, has displayed its corporate identity, shed light on social events, and has saved the place from monotony by affecting the user. In the architectural designs, the positive contributions of wall paintings to user-intensive spaces with the power of affecting and attracting attention are ignored. In this study, it is aimed to determine the wall paintings in the architectural surfaces, buildings and spaces, and to analyze them through concept-space integrity. The wall paintings located in the interiors and the exteriors of the various districts of Istanbul have been identified. On-site observations were done and the data were evaluated on the tables. The wall paintings were preferred in order to contribute to the aesthetics in the interior spaces, on the exterior surfaces, they were used by festival organizers and Graffiti artists, and no political messages were encountered.

Analyzing School Attachment of Secondary School Students’ for Regards to Various Variables

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether school attachment levels of secondary school students change according to gender, class level, family income level, academic achievement, parents' age level, parents' job and parents' education level variables or not. The sample of the study consists of 382 (211 female, 171 male) students studying in 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades of two secondary schools in Beylikdüzü district of Istanbul in the 2019-2020 academic year. In this study, the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researcher and the "School Attachment Scale for Children and Adolescents" adapted to Turkish by Savi (2011) were used as data collection tools. T-test for binary variables and ANOVA statistical technique for multiple variables were used. According to the findings of the study, there was no significant difference between the variables of gender, academic achievement, parents’ age level, mother's job, family income level and father's education level. However, A significant difference was found between the groups in the variables of the class level of the student, father's job and mother's education level. The findings were discussed and suggestions presented.