Northeast District Research Articles

Assessment of management practices of Tswana chickens at North East District of Botswana

The objective of this study was to document management practices, economic benefits and challenges in indigenous Tswana chicken production in Jackalas No.2, Moroka and Tsamaya villages of North East District of Botswana. Structured questionnaire, oral interviews and field observations were used in collecting data from 50 farmers from the three villages for six successive weeks (i.e., November to December, 2015). All data generated were subjected to descriptive statistics using frequencies, percentages and means. The obtained results showed that 98%of the poultry rearers were females. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of the farmers keep chickens mainly for meat, while two percent (2%) was for egg consumption. Family chicken production was common in the age group of 21 to 50 years. All the farmers in the study area keepTswana chickens on free-range and grains were provided to supplement what they picked from scavenging. Eighty percent of the farmers in Moroka provide enclosure or confinement at night followed by Jackalas No. 2 (70%) and Tsamaya (55%). Diseases and parasites contribute to losses in chicken production and 96% of the rearers used traditional remedies to treat and control diseases with gonde (Aloe sp.) being the most common plant used. In order to increase the benefits of rearing Tswana chickens, the farmers should be trained in general poultry husbandry management and also be encouraged to form associations to assist them in marketing chickens. The obtained results showed that Tswana chickens play an important role in food security at household level of the rural populace.

Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from dengue outbreak areas to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

ObjectiveTo monitor the current duration of the application rates in vector programme and the level of Aedes albopictus larvae susceptibility from three selected areas in northeast district of Penang on two selected larvicides, temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) which are commonly used by Penang Health Department for vector control. MethodsThe mosquito larvae were tested against two types of larvicides: (1) temephos (Abate®) with diagnostic dosage (0.012 mg/L) and operational dosage (1 mg/L) and (2) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (VectoBac® WG) with operational dosage ranging from 6000 international toxic units per L to 24000 international toxic unit per L. A total of 20 late third and early forth instar larvae were selected and transferred into paper cup sized 300 mL using wide-mouthed pipette. The larvae were distributed into each 300 mL paper cup containing 50 mL of aged tap water. The experiment was replicated five times for each concentration tested. Each test was repeated three times. The mortality was recorded after 24 h of exposure and recorded lethal time was based on 2 h for temephos and 6 h for Bti. The control consisted of ethanol for temephos and only seasoned water for Bti. ResultsThe result showed that Aedes albopictus from Flat Hamna, Kampung Sungai Gelugor and Kampung Tanjung Tokong were still susceptible to Bti and temephos. However, higher lethal time and resistance ratio were detected in strain from Flat Hamna which was a known dengue hot spot area in northeast of Penang. ConclusionsThe application of temephos and Bti in vector control activity in these selected localities is still relevant in the control of Aedes larvae populations.

Under-utilised opportunity: key contribution of public health nurses and school health services for outreach in Delhi, India

Background: The post of Public Health Nurses (PHNs) was created and filled for the first time in Delhi Administration, in 1978-79 under School Health Scheme (SHS) to provide services to school children but overtime they were utilised in public health activities without changing their job profile. This paper presents a history of development of SHS in Delhi and the various roles that PHNs played through it and present a case study of SHS in Delhi . Methods: A systems approach was used to study SHS as a part of Directorate of Health Delhi. Purposively selected school health clinics in East and North East Districts managed by Government and NGOs were studied. Review of reports, observation and interview checklist were used. Results: PHNs in SHS provided comprehensive services to school children. Since end of 1988 they were diverted to various public health activities. SHS covered nearly 40-50 percent government schools with no further expansion. Staff was transferred / posted to new hospitals and districts during end of 1990s. In 2002-03 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) were involved to cover schools but by end of 2010 many NGOs withdrew from scheme. Conclusions: Based on findings, this paper argues that, while PHNs played vital public health roles in the 1970s and 80s, policy changes in governance and service structures have diminished their role since late 1990s. Other options tried by government in 2000s, such as opening SHS to NGOs, have largely failed. The under-utilised potential of PHNs needs to be recognised and better deployed.

Assessing dengue outbreak areas using vector surveillance in north east district, Penang Island, Malaysia

Objective To understand the efficacy of ovitrap surveillance and its implementation on monitoring reflection upon case occurrence in relation to climate variables. Methods We used routinely setup ovitrap surveillance to monitor the mosquito populations in previous outbreak areas. Ovitraps were installed weekly at three localities that experienced high number of dengue cases (Flat Hamna, Kampung Sungai Gelugor and Kampung Tanjung Tokong) from January 2010 to February 2011. Ovitraps and paddles were brought back to the laboratory and all of the water contents were poured into an enamel pan. Aged tap water was added into the enamel pan and eggs were allowed to hatch. The hatching larvae were counted after 3 days. The hatched larvae were identified at the 3rd instar larval stage. The ovitrap indices and mean number of larvae were analyzed using student t-test and One-way ANOVA. Spearmen's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the relation between meteorology variables and dengue fever cases. Results Aedes albopictus was found as dominant species followed by Aedes aegypti recorded in all three study areas. Aedes aegypti preferred to breed outdoor with larvae collection, which was higher than indoor (72.37%). There was a positive correlation between the ovitrap index with the rainfall and humidity except in Kampung Tanjung Tokong. Our result also showed negative correlation between temperature and ovitrap index in all localities. Conclusions This study provides useful data to be adapted in dengue vector management. It is very important to understand the fluctuation of vector population according to the seasonal activity, which can help us to improve our control programs. However, other factors might also contribute to the increment of dengue outbreak such as the number of available breeding sites, behavior of the vector against environmental factors and the cleanliness of the environment.

Quantitative estimates of dietary intake with special emphasis on snacking pattern and nutritional status of free living adults in urban slums of Delhi: impact of nutrition transition.

BackgroundThe nutritional landscape of India is experiencing the fallout of urbanization and globalization. The changes are manifest in dietary patterns as well as health outcomes. The study aimed at assessing household dietary intake pattern with special emphasis on snacking pattern, anthropometric and lipid profiles in low socio-economic status households in an urban slum of Delhi.MethodsCommunity based cross-sectional study in 260 households of a purposively selected urban slum in North-East district of Delhi, India. Family dietary surveys including consumption pattern of commercial food products rich in Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (PHVOs), 24 h dietary recall and assessment of dietary diversity using Household Diet Diversity Scores (HDDS) were done. Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric and lipid profile on a subsample (n =130) were also conducted.ResultsMedian energy and fat intake were adequate. Micronutrient intake was found to be inadequate for vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and folate. PHVO usage was low (<20 % households). Milk (39 %), green leafy vegetables (25 %) and fruits (25 %) intake were below recommendations. Mean HDDS was 7.87. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was high (66.7 %). Lipid profile showed mean HDL-C levels lower than recommendations for females.ConclusionCommunity based awareness programs for prevention of non-communicable diseases should incorporate healthy diet and lifestyle practices with emphasis on quantity and quality of nutrient intake. This must be considered as an integral part of chronic disease prevention strategy for underprivileged communities in urban India.

Tribal Language and Community Radio: A Case Study on “Radio Mattoli” Wayanad, Kerala, India

Wayanad is located in the Western Ghats as a north-east district of Kerala. The Wayanadan culture is mainly carved out from the different tribal communities. They do not have any basic infrastructure and the literacy level is very low. Most tribes do not have very much interaction with the outside world and hence the governments are helpless in upgrading their living standard. Radio Mattoli is a community radio started in the year 2009 with the aim of developing the socio economic and the cultural status of the marginalized society at Wayanad. In this study, the researcher could get a positive result on the reach as well as the impact of the community radio. Development of alternative medium for indigenous group not only helps in communicating local news and information, but it also helps in improving quality of life of the people.

중국 동북지역의 농업기후지대 구분

중국 동북지역의 농업기후지대 구분

Prescriber and patient-oriented behavioural interventions to improve use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Tanzania: facility-based cluster randomised trial.

BackgroundThe increasing investment in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to differentiate malarial and non-malarial fevers, and an awareness of the need to improve case management of non-malarial fever, indicates an urgent need for high quality evidence on how best to improve prescribers’ practices.MethodsA three-arm stratified cluster-randomised trial was conducted in 36 primary healthcare facilities from September 2010 to March 2012 within two rural districts in northeast Tanzania where malaria transmission has been declining. Interventions were guided by formative mixed-methods research and were introduced in phases. Prescribing staff from all facilities received standard Ministry of Health RDT training. Prescribers from facilities in the health worker (HW) and health worker-patient (HWP) arms further participated in small interactive peer-group training sessions with the HWP additionally receiving clinic posters and patient leaflets. Performance feedback and motivational mobile-phone text messaging (SMS) were added to the HW and HWP arms in later phases. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a non-severe, non-malarial illness incorrectly prescribed a (recommended) antimalarial. Secondary outcomes investigated RDT uptake, adherence to results, and antibiotic prescribing.ResultsStandard RDT training reduced pre-trial levels of antimalarial prescribing, which was sustained throughout the trial. Both interventions significantly lowered incorrect prescribing of recommended antimalarials from 8% (749/8,942) in the standard training arm to 2% (250/10,118) in the HW arm (adjusted RD (aRD) 4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1% to 6%; P = 0.008) and 2% (184/10,163) in the HWP arm (aRD 4%; 95% CI 1% to 6%; P = 0.005). Small group training and SMS were incrementally effective. There was also a significant reduction in the prescribing of antimalarials to RDT-negatives but no effect on RDT-positives receiving an ACT. Antibiotic prescribing was significantly lower in the HWP arm but had increased in all arms compared with pre-trial levels.ConclusionsSmall group training with SMS was associated with an incremental and sustained improvement in prescriber adherence to RDT results and reducing over-prescribing of antimalarials to close to zero. These interventions may become increasingly important to cope with the wider range of diagnostic and treatment options for patients with acute febrile illness in Africa.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT01292707) 29 January 2011.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0346-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An assessment of facilities and services at Anganwadi centers under the Integrated Child Development Service scheme in Northeast District of Delhi, India.

The current study was aimed to assess the facilities and services being provided at the Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) by the Anganwadi workers with regards to the norms laid down by Integrated Child development Service (ICDS) scheme, with special emphasis on the children of 0-6 years of age. Cross-sectional study. A resettlement colony of North-West District of Delhi, having a population of hundred thousand. A total of 41 AWCs were present in the study area and were included in our study. The Anganwadi workers at these AWCs were interviewed. The outcome measures were the facilities present at the AWCs and knowledge of Anganwadi workers regarding the services to be provided and revised supplementary nutrition norms laid down by ICDS. The AWCs in the area were covered under three projects namely Project A, B and C consisting of 18, 9 and 14 AWCs, respectively. The mean room size for all the AWCs was 108.97 ± 62.18 square feet. A weighing machine was present in 29 (70.7%) of the AWCs. Growth charts for growth monitoring of children were present in 28 (68.3%) of AWCs. A drug kit was not present in 14 (34.1%) of the 41 AWCs. The mean number of children of 0-3 years enrolled per AWC was 45.78 ± 14.07. However, the mean number of children present at the time of the visit at the AWCs was 6.24 ± 5.39. Knowledge of Anganwadi workers regarding revised norms for calorie and protein for beneficiaries was found to be poor. This study showed a lack of facilities at the AWCs and poor knowledge of Anganwadi workers. Thus a regular training and supportive supervision of the Anganwadi workers is recommended along with the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructures.

Integrated rural tourism as a tool for community tourism development: exploring culture and heritage projects in the North-East District of Botswana

Rural areas are experiencing major socio-economic changes with a need to transform and diversify rural livelihoods. In this context, tourism industry is increasingly used as a tool for local development with an aim to facilitate participation and integration of communities in tourism planning and operations. This study explores the development of community-based cultural and heritage tourism, utilizing the integrated rural tourism (IRT) as a guiding framework. The paper relies on the results of a qualitative study carried out in and around the village of Kalakamati in the North-East District of Botswana. In-depth interviews were carried out with selected respondents associated with Mantenge, Domboshaba and Gandanyemba heritage sites. Based on the interview results, the paper argues that IRT can be a useful tool in assessing development of rural tourism in the country but needs to be carefully contextualized in developing countries situations.

Ante natal care (ANC) utilization, dietary practices and nutritional outcomes in pregnant and recently delivered women in urban slums of Delhi, India: an exploratory cross-sectional study.

BackgroundAntenatal Care (ANC) is one of the crucial factors in ensuring healthy outcomes in women and newborns. Nutrition education and counselling is an integral part of ANC that influences maternal and child health outcomes. A cross sectional study was conducted in Pregnant Women (PW) and mothers who had delivered in the past three months; Recently Delivered Women (RDW) in urban slums of North-east district of Delhi, India, to explore ANC utilization, dietary practices and nutritional outcomes.MethodsA household survey was conducted in three urban slums to identify PW and RDW. Socio-economic and demographic profile, various components of ANC received including nutrition counselling, dietary intake and nutritional outcomes based on anthropometric indices and anaemia status were assessed. Socio-demographic characteristics, nutrient intake and nutritional status were compared between those who availed ANC versus those who did not using logistic regression. Descriptive summary for services and counselling received; dietary and nutrient intake during ANC were presented.ResultsAlmost 80% (274 out of 344) women received some form of ANC but the package was inadequate. Determinants for non-utilization of ANC were poverty, literacy, migration, duration of stay in the locality and high parity. Counselling on nutrition was reported by a fourth of the population. Nutrient intake showed suboptimal consumption of protein and micronutrients like iron, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin niacin, zinc and vitamin B12 by more than half of women. A high prevalence of anaemia among PW (85%) and RDW (97.1%) was observed. There was no difference in micronutrient intake and anaemia prevalence among women who received ANC versus who did not.ConclusionsPregnant women living in urban poor settlements have poor nutritional status. This may be improved by strengthening the nutrition counselling component of ANC which was inadequate in the ANC package received. Empowering community based health workers in providing effective nutrition counselling should be explored given the overburdened public health system.

Are accredited social health activist workers aware of their roles and responsibilities

Introduction: The role of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers is vital in public health delivery system in India. The study was planned with objective to assess the socio-demographic profile of ASHA workers, awareness and practices of their roles and responsibilities and difficulties faced while working in north-east district of Delhi, India. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in north east district of Delhi among 55 ASHA workers after taking written informed consent. Data was collected using a pre tested semi-structured questionnaire consisted of items on socio-demographic profile of ASHA workers, knowledge and practices about their roles and responsibilities and difficulties faced in community. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 17. Qualitative data was expressed in percentages and quantitative data was expressed in mean + SD. Results: Mean age (+SD) of ASHAs was 31.84 + 7.2 years. Most of them were married (96.4%), Hindu (85.5%) and were catering to a population of 1000-2000 (87.3%). Most of the ASHA workers were aware of their work of maternal and child health services. However lesser numbers were aware of their role in registration of births and deaths and to treat minor ailments. 96.4% reported that they maintain family planning register, only 51 (92.7%) reported that they maintain antenatal register. 10 (18.2%) ASHAs reported that they face problems in coordination with Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANMs). Conclusion: ASHAs performance is impacted by their limited orientation towards their roles and responsibilities. Training should provide complete knowledge about the same.

Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and their determinants in married women residing in an urban slum of North-East Delhi, India.

Background:Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) have adverse implications on the health of the women. Community-based studies in India have shown a high prevalence of RTIs but here is a lack of sizeable literature from urban slums and resettlement areas.Aims and Objectives:The objective was to document the prevalence and determinants of RTIs in married women (15-49 years) residing in an urban slum in Delhi, India.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in an urban resettlement colony of Gokulpuri in the North-East district of Delhi. Systematic random sampling method was adopted to choose the study subjects, that is, married and non-pregnant women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) residing in the study area. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire, through the house to house visits. The diagnosis of RTIs was made as per the World Health Organization syndromic approach. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 (Chicago, IL, USA).Results:A total of 802 women were interviewed. The mean age of study subjects was 30.79 ± 7 years. A total of 352 (43.9%) women currently had symptoms of RTIs. The most frequently reported symptoms included abdominal pain (68.2%), back pain (69.6%), and vaginal discharge (59.3%). Older women (≥25 years) (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.4-3.5), those belonging to the lower socioeconomic status (OR 2.1, 95% CI; 1.5-2.9), those using cloth during menses (OR 2.6, 95% CI; 1.6-4.3), those having more than three pregnancies (OR 1.8, 95% CI; 1.2-2.6) and those using an intrauterine contraceptive device (OR 11.8, 95% CI; 4.3-32.0) had higher odds of having RTIs.Conclusions:A high case load was found based on the syndromic approach. Generating community awareness, ensuring proper menstrual hygiene, and improving the socioeconomic status would help in reducing the cases of RTI.

Knowledge and practice of Accredited Social Health Activists for maternal healthcare delivery in Delhi.

Introduction:The role of community health workers in healthcare delivery system is considered inevitable to meet the goal of universal healthcare provision. The study was planned to assess the knowledge and practices for maternal health care delivery among Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers in North-East district of Delhi, India.Materials and Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in North-East district of Delhi among 55 ASHA workers after taking written informed consent. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire consisted of items on sociodemographic profile of ASHA workers, knowledge, and practices about maternal health. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 17. Qualitative data were expressed in percentages and quantitative data were expressed in mean ± standard deviation (SD).Results:Mean age (±SD) of ASHAs was 31.84 ± 7.2 years. Most of the ASHAs workers were aware of their role in provision of maternal health services. Most of the ASHAs workers were aware of their work of bringing mothers for antenatal check-up (94.5%), counseling for family planning (96.4%), and accompanying them for hospital for delivery (89.1%). 87% of ASHAs knew that iron tablets have to be taken for minimum 100 days during pregnancy. 51 (92.7%) ASHAs reported that they used to maintain antenatal register. Some problems reported by ASHAs while working in community were shortage of staff at health center (16.4%), no transportation facility available (14.5%), no money for emergency, and opposition from local dais (12.7% each).Conclusion:Present study showed that ASHAs knowledge is good but their practices are poor due to number of problems faced by them which need to be addressed through skill based training in terms of good communication and problem solving. Monitoring should be made an integral part of ASHA working in the field to ensure that knowledge is converted into practices as well.

Road Infrastructure in Economically Underdeveloped North-east India

Infrastructure development builds the road map for economic growth and social upliftment of a county. Econometric studies indicate a direct relationship between development of physical infrastructure and economic growth. Road infrastructure, in particular, provides a network to facilitate trade, transport, social integration and economic development, especially for an underdeveloped region. The present article is an effort to study the road infrastructure of India’s north-east (NE) region, which is one of the underdeveloped regions of the country. The growth of infrastructure in NE, both social and physical, has not kept pace with the rest of the country, leading to widening of disparities. The overall economic situation of NE has been presented in the article. Comparative state-wise analyses of road length, type, category and quality of available roads have been carried out. The dispersion of road density in terms of per thousand population and also per thousand square kilometre of area has been mapped across the NE districts. Geographic information system tool has been used to map the attributes, such as, district-wise road length and percentage of surfaced road available in each district. The study reveals that there exist significant variations among states as well as within different districts of a state. Although these analyses are based on the secondary data set, they make an attempt to map the level of inter-state and intra-state disparity in the region.

Spatial Correlation Analysis between Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Hazard and Respiratory Diseases in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Abstract. Every year, during dry season, Chiang Mai and other northern provinces of Thailand face the problem of haze which is mainly generated by the burning of agricultural waste and forest fire, contained high percentage of particulate matter. Particulate matter 10 (PM10), being very small in size, can be inhaled easily to the deepest parts of the human lung and throat respiratory functions. Due to this, it increases the risk of respiratory diseases mainly in the case of continuous exposure to this seasonal smog. MODIS aerosol images (MOD04) have been used for four weeks in March 2007 for generating the hazard map by linking to in-situ values of PM10. Simple linear regression model between PM10 and AOD got fair correlation with R2 = 0.7 and was applied to transform PM10 pattern. The hazard maps showed the dominance of PM10 in northern part of Chiang Mai, especially in second week of March when PM10 level was three to four times higher than standard. The respiratory disease records and public health station of each village were collected from Provincial Public Health Department in Chiang Mai province. There are about 300 public health stations out of 2070 villages; hence thiessen polygon was created to determine the representative area of each public health station. Within each thiessen polygon, respiratory disease incident rate (RDIR) was calculated based on the number of patients and population. Global Moran's I was computed for RDIR to explore spatial pattern of diseases through four weeks of March. Moran's I index depicted a cluster pattern of respiratory diseases in 2nd week than other weeks. That made sense for a relationship between PM10 and respiratory diseases infections. In order to examine how PM10 affect the human respiratory system, geographically weighted regression model was used to observe local correlation coefficient between RDIR and PM10 across study area. The result captured a high correlation between respiratory diseases and high level of PM10 in northeast districts of Chiang Mai in second week of March.

Clinical Profile of Patients Presenting with Carcinoma Stomach in North-East District of Bangladesh

Background: The pattern and incidence of Carcinoma Stomach vary widely in different parts of the world. Overall it is the 2nd most common cause of death but in some Asian countries, it is still the commonest cause of cancer death in patients of &gt; 50 years.Aim: To analyze the clinical presentation and histological findings of patients of carcinoma of the stomach. Methods and materials: This study was done over a period of 2 years between January 2011 and December 2012. Adult patients (Age more than 18 years) of histologically confirmed as having carcinoma stomach were included in the study. Studied variables included age, gender, socioeconomic status, clinical presentations, site of lesion, histopathological subtypes. Diagnostic modalities included abdominal ultrasound, upper GI (gastrointestinal) endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Total number of patients included in this study was 150. The number of patients in &lt;50 years age group and &gt;50 years age group were 50 (33.33%) &amp; 100 (66.66%) respectively. The median age at presentation was 57 years. The peak incidence was in 61-70 years age group. In our study,male: female ratio being 2.3:1. By occupation, farmer 74 (49%), housewife 37(24.6%), serviceholder12(8%), business man 5(10%) and others12 (8%). 71 (47.4%) patients were from lower socioeconomic group, middle74 (49.4%), upper class 5 (3.4%) &amp; only 63 (42%) were literate. The common clinical features were vomiting 28%, abdominal pain 18%, weight loss and anorexia 17.3% , dyspepsia 16% , Anaemia (26% ), Abdominal mass 4%, Metastatic lymph node 4%, Ascites 1.3%. lesions are involved in Cardia 14%, Body &amp;Antrum 6.6%, Antrum 2.6%, Body 23.3%, Fundus 2% and Diffusely in 1.3% cases. Conclusion: As regards to clinical presentation, patients in our country are presenting more with features of gastric outlet obstruction whereas abdominal lump and upper GI bleeding are more common in Western world. If gastric carcinoma is diagnosed at an early stage, patients can have a highly favorable prognosis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v15i2.20683 J MEDICINE 2014; 15 : 118-121

Intervención especializada versus intervención mínima en deshabituación tabáquica en Atención Primaria

Introduction: In 2012 Spain was among the top five countries in the world in per capita cigarette consumption with a volume of 2,357 units per year, equivalent to 118 packs / year or 6.46 cigarettes / day. The aim of our study was to evaluate a specialized intervention versus minimal intervention and analyze the variables that predict smoking cessation. Material and Methods: Randomized, prospective, identification variables, medical history, smoking characteristics, treatment received, monitoring, and changes consumer oximetry. Patients: 131 smokers (northeast district of Granada-Spain) Inclusion criteria: 18-75 years, acceptance and availability of treatment. Exclusion Criteria: psychiatric patients, history of alcohol or other substances. Results : 62.5 % of patients who continue to smoke belong to specialized intervention a statistically significant relationship between those who quit smoking and clinical improvement (79.8 %, P = 0.007). 53.5% have tried smoking cessation one to three times. Cooximetry on the first visit was 4.0 ± 3.8 ppm, and a year after 1.8 ± 1.7 ppm. COPD patients are 3.6 times more probability to dishabituations. Conclusions : Specialized intervention is same effective than minimal intervention. A specialized intervention means that higher total duration to thirty minutes and consists of more than three sessions or consultations at least 10 minutes each intervention, supervised by specific health personnel, as opposed to the minimum intervention, which is defined below this limit. The medical history and number of previous quit attempts are predictors of cessation.

The Politics of Tachila Nature Reserve in the North East District, Botswana: A Historical Perspective

I examine the politics surrounding the creation of Tachila Nature Reserve (TNR) in the North East District (NED) in Botswana from a historical perspective. I situate the discussion within the politics of land and nature conservation in a postcolonial setting. TNR was conceived in 2005, but launched in 2007. It sits on 8000 hectares of freehold land donated to a Trust by the Tati Company. This company had expropriated all the land in this district during the colonial era. The creation of TNR was conceived by some few elites in the area, and exported to the rest of the local communities as a finished product. In principle, its objectives are in line with Botswana National Ecotourism Strategy. The local communities view the project as insensitive and a mockery to their longstanding landlessness. Ironically, the word ‘Tachila’ in Ikalanga, the dominant language spoken in the NED, means ‘we shall survive’. TNR is hailed by the few who conceived it and the government as a ‘community-owned’ initiative. The phrase ‘community-owned’ was coined as an afterthought to placate the land-starved and agitated local communities. I conclude that TNR is not truly ‘community-owned’ when assessed in the context of Community-Based Natural Resource Management projects.

The Condition of Coral Reef And Local Wisdom in Kei Besar North East District (Coastal Resources Management Model Based on Local Wisdom in the Kei Besar District of North East, Southeast Maluku Regency)

Southeast Maluku, particularly the North East District of Kei Besar has a concept of management of natural resources including coral reefs based on local wisdom. This study aims to analyze: 1) the existing condition of coral reef resources, 2) social, economic,and cultural aspect, 3) the legal and institutional aspects. Primary data collection techniques of coral reef data are the using line transect method (line intercept transect). Mean while the secondary data collection is conducted through in-depth interviews using a structured instrument and direct semi participatory observation. The results of the study showed that there are 94 species of coral, there are Acroporidae (29 species), Faviidae (20 species) and Poritidae (10 species). Approximately 46.08 % of the coral species inhabit the coral reefs of the North East District of the Kei Besar. Coral species, commonly found are palifera Acropora, A. tenuis, A. ctyherea, A. clathrata, A. humilis, A. Millepora, A. dendrum, Favia pallida, Favites abdita, Giniastrea pectinata, Platygyra pini, Porites lutea, Porites stephensoni, Solida Porites, Millepora intricata and Heliopora caerulea. Resource conditions in the North East District of the Kei Besar has experienced a decline whether the coral reef ecosystem, which is caused by an increasing population, increasing the need of the people have an impact on increasing the utilization both legally and illegally.