Distribution Of Expenditures Research Articles

Who consumes curative care expenditure of medical institutions in Beijing: a case study based on System of Health Accounts 2011

BackgroundChina’s health system is challenged by complex health problems experienced by different population groups and caused by multiple diseases. This study examined the distribution of curative care expenditure (CCE) of medical institutions in Beijing using beneficiary characteristics such as residency, gender, age, and disease. Suggestions are presented for the development of health policies.MethodsA total of 81 medical institutions with approximately 80 million patients in Beijing, China, were selected via a multistage stratified cluster random sampling approach. Based on this sample, the System of Health Accounts 2011 was used to estimate the CCE of medical institutions.ResultsThe CCE of medical institutions in Beijing was ¥246.93 billion in 2019. The consumption of patients from other provinces was ¥60.04 billion, accounting for 24.13% of the total CCE. The CCE of female consumption (52.01%/¥128.42 billion) exceeded that of male consumption (47.99%/¥118.51 billion). Almost half of the CCE (45.62%/¥112.64 billion) was consumed by patients aged 60 or above. Adolescent patients up to an age of 14 (including those aged 14) mainly chose secondary or tertiary hospitals for treatment. Chronic non-communicable diseases accounted for the largest share of CCE consumption, with circulatory diseases accounting for the highest proportion.ConclusionsThis study identified significant differences in CCE consumption in Beijing according to region, gender, age, and disease. Currently, the utilization of resources in medical institutions is not reasonable, and the hierarchical medical system is not sufficiently effective. Therefore, the government needs to optimize the allocation of resources according to the needs of different groups and rationalize the institutional process and functions.

Weather shocks, livelihood diversification, and household food security: Empirical evidence from rural Bangladesh

AbstractExtreme weather events have occurred more frequently because of global climate change. For farmers, diversification, including crop and income diversification, is one of the most effective strategies to improve rural livelihoods by managing risk and coping with weather shocks. We investigate the empirical linkages among weather shocks, livelihood diversification, and household food security, exploiting three waves of nationally representative rural household panel data merged with granular weather data in Bangladesh. Using instrumental variable methods to control for the possible endogeneity of livelihood diversification decisions, we find that weather shocks are significant drivers of crop and income diversification. Moreover, both crop and income diversification are found to impact per capita food expenditure, while their effects on household dietary diversity are not robust. In particular, the distributional effects of income diversification are uniformly positive and significant for all quantiles of a per capita food expenditure distribution but are more sizable for the richest households. The findings, therefore, highlight the unequal effect of livelihood diversification within the context of rural South Asia, suggesting the need for diversification interventions targeting rural low‐income groups with the goal of improving socioeconomic status, institutional conditions, and infrastructure.

Does the Absence of Men from the Household Increase Girls’ Shares in EducationExpenditures? Evidence from Rural Pakistan

This article investigates the impact of men’s migration on expenditure by left-behind households on children’s education, focusing on the gendered distribution of this expenditure. Using longitudinal survey data of rural households in Pakistan, the effect of men’s migration on the share of households’ education expenditure spent on girls is estimated using the fixed-effects model (FEM). Results suggest that in households from which men migrate for periods longer than six months, the share of education expenditures spent on girls is up to 31 percent higher than that of the average household in the sample. There is no evidence of a significant impact on households’ total education expenditure due to this migration. Overall, in households where men are absent, the distribution of education expenditure tilts in favor of girls. A possible mechanism behind the increase in girls’ shares is the greater participation of women in household decisions in the absence of men. HIGHLIGHTS In Pakistan, rural households from which men have migrated have higher expenditure on girls’ schooling. Men’s outmigration plausibly expands women’s participation in household decisions. Women’s role in expenditure decisions may improve and increase investments in girls’ education. Higher participation of women in household decisions potentially reduces gender inequality.

Household Economic Welfare During the Rise of Mobile Phone Expansion in Indonesia

The proliferation of mobile phones in developing countries has significant implications for those countries. Although numerous studies have examined the various advantages of mobile phone use, the relationship between mobile phone access and the economic welfare of households has received comparatively little attention. This paper examines the effects of mobile phone on household expenditures in 2007 and 2014 utilising the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) combined with Potential Village Survey (PODES). Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Endogenous Treatment Regression (ETR), quantile regression, and two-way fixed effect estimations are used to identify the homogeneous and heterogeneous effects of mobile phone use. According to the estimated results, mobile phone access and signal quality significantly increases household expenditure. According to the results of quantile regression, mobile phone access has the greatest effect on the upper expenditure distributions. It is highlighting the importance of promoting a policy that increases mobile phone and the supporting infrastructure on the lower expenditure distributions.

Estimating the Cost of Wave Energy Converters at an Early Design Stage: A Bottom-Up Approach

The role of ocean energy is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years, and techno-economic analysis will play a crucial role. Nowadays, despite strong assumptions, the vast majority of studies model costs using a top-down approach (the TdA) that leads to an unrepresentative economic model. WEC developers usually go through the the TdA approach because more detailed cost data are not available at an earlier design stage. At a very advanced design stage, some studies have also proposed techno-economic optimisation based on the bottom-up approach (BuA). This entails that the detailed cost metrics presented in the literature are very specific to the WEC type (hence not applicable to other cases) or unrepresentative. This lack of easily accessible detailed cost functions in the current state of the art leads to ineffective optimisations at an earlier stage of WEC development. In this paper, a BuA for WECs is proposed that can be used for techno-economic optimisation at the early design stage. To achieve this goal, cost functions of most common components in the WEC field are retrieved from the literature, exposed, and critically compared. The large number of components considered allows the results of this work to be applied to a vast pool of WECs. The novelty of the presented cost functions is their parameterization with respect to the technological specifications, which already enables their adoption in the design optimisation phase. With the goal of quantifying the results and critically discuss the differences between the TdA and the BuA, the developed methodology and cost functions are applied to a case study and specifically adopted for the calculation of the capital cost of PeWEC (pendulum wave energy converter). In addition, a hybrid approach (HyA) is presented and discussed as an intermediate approach between the TdA and the BdA. Results are compared in terms of capital expenditure (CapEx) and pie cost distribution: the impact of adopting different cost metrics is discussed, highlighting the role that reliable cost functions can have on early stage technology development. This paper proposes more than 50 cost functions for WEC components. Referring to the case study, it is shown that while the total cost differs only slightly (11%), the pie distribution changes by up to 22%. Mooring system and power take-off are the cost items where the TdA and the HyA differ more from the BuA cost estimate.

Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure

Research background: In the actual sizable populations of households, the standard microeconomic concept of equivalence scales is intractable since its necessary condition of equality of household welfare levels is unlikely to be fulfilled. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to develop a concept of an equivalence scale, which can be suitable for continuous distributions of expenditures in the population. Methods: Using household welfare intervals, we get the random equivalence scale (RES) as the ratio of expenditure distributions of the compared populations of households. Findings & value added: We derive the parametric distribution of RES for the lognormal distributions of expenditures. The truncated distribution of RES is applied to account for possible economies of scale in the household size. A society?s inequality aversion can be helpful when selecting a single equivalence scale. We estimate RES for Poland using microdata on expenditures and subjective assessments of household welfare intervals. The estimated equivalence scales turned out to be very flat and dependent on welfare.

Racism, early psychosis and institutional contact: a qualitative study of Indigenous experiences

There is evidence of Indigenous and ethnic minority inequities in the incidence and outcomes of early psychosis. racism has an important role. This study aimed to use Indigenous experiences to develop a more detailed understanding of how racism operates to impact early psychosis. Critical Race Theory informed the methods used. Twenty-three Indigenous participants participated in 4 family focus group interviews and 13 individual interviews, comprising of 9 youth, 10 family members and 4 mental health professionals. An analysis of the data was undertaken using deductive structural coding to identify descriptions of racism, followed by inductive descriptive and pattern coding. Participant experiences revealed how racism operates as a socio-cultural phenomenon that interacts with institutional policy and culture across systems. This is described across three themes: (1) selective responses based on racial stereotypes, (2) race related risk assessment bias and (3) institutional racism in the mental health workforce. The impacts of racism were reported as inaction in the face of social need, increased coercion and an under resourced Indigenous workforce. These findings indicate that organizational cultures may differentially impact Indigenous and minority people and that social responsiveness, risk discourse and the distribution of workforce expenditure are important targets for anti-racism efforts.

Effect of internal and external remittances on expenditure inequality in Pakistan

The impact of remittances on household expenditure inequality is extensively documented in the development literature. Yet, it is relatively less focused on its effect at the household level. In the context of Pakistan, higher labour migration offers enough scope to examine the expenditure inequality across the remittance-receiving and non-receiving households. This study analyzes the effect of external and internal remittances on expenditure inequality of households in Pakistan. The study uses data from PSLM—HIES 2018–2019 survey. The quantile regression results suggest an unequal expenditure distribution across the household. The external remittance-receiving household is significantly higher in expenditure per capita across the distribution vis-à-vis internal migrant or without migrant households. The study concluded that the current level of endowment is higher in the external remittance-receiving household, which is a significant source of expenditure gap across the household categories. The aftermath of the mean decomposition model suggests that the relatively higher income of the external remittance-receiving household significantly contributes to the expenditure gap across the household categories. The findings from quantile decomposition suggest that external remittances cause more discrimination for the affluent household than the poor ones. The study’s implication suggests some policy measures to ease the access to international migration to improve the expenditure distribution.

Economic Impacts of China’s Double Reduction Policy

In July 2021, The Ministry of Education of the PRC published “Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Off-campus Training for Students in Compulsory Education” (also known as “double reduction policy”), which includes restrictions on after-school training industry, reduction of homework burden, and so on. This essay summarizes the economic impacts of this policy, including impacts on training institutions, employment, distribution of expenditure, and future economy growth based on existed researches. This passage also talks about the effectiveness and timing of the policy and considers loosening the restrictions on smart education industry as an effective measure alongside the “double reduction policy”.

SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE STATE FINANCING OF THE SOCIAL SPHERE IN UKRAINE

The prerequisites and principle of the formation and development of the social sphere in Ukraine have been studied. It was pointed out that despite the multilevel and multichannel nature of the social infrastructure financing, the state and local budgets are the main source of the financial resources that ensure the social sphere functioning and development. It was specified that the budget expenditures for financing the social sphere are versatile and have both state and local financing source and differ according to their functional, departmental and target designation. This factor complicates the social sphere financing system, decreases the level of coordination between individual institutional components and levels, and increases the costs of maintaining and management of the social sphere institutions. It is clarified that the priorities of the state policy and their financing depend on the current financial possibilities. The most problematic aspect of the social sphere financing is still the system of the inter-budgetary transfers. The important directions for improving efficiency of the social sphere financial support are: harsher punishment for the non-purpose use of the funds; optimization of the authority pertaining to the distribution of expenditures between authorities at all levels; involvement of the non-governmental organizations in provision of social services with a view of improving their quality, etc. The general conclusion is that it is expedient to set up conditions for integrating all kinds of social support so as to make a unified complex system; adhere to the program management method of budgetary planning and social sphere financing; ensure transition from the model of financing institutions to the model of service financing; diversify the social sphere sources of financing; implement the practices of social service procurement and mechanisms of the public private partnership; extend autonomy of the local self-government so as to provide social services in accordance with the principles of decentralization of funding; and facilitate the development of the social services market using the legal and economic tools, etc. Provided the indicated activities are adhered to, it becomes possible to develop modern, advanced and effective methods of the social sphere financing.

Relationship among COVID-19, mobility, and food service vouchers in Japan

ABSTRACT In 2020, the Japanese government launched the Go To Eat campaign, a policy initiative involving the distribution of vouchers to households for use at restaurants, with the aim of supporting the food service industry, which had experienced a significant decrease in sales due to the government’s ‘self-restraint request’ during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper uses a nonparametric method to investigate the relationship between the Go To Eat campaign and the spread of COVID-19 in Japan by examining food service expenditures, mobility, positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, and the Indices of Industrial Production. The distribution of food service expenditures changed in October and November, when the campaign started, as well as in December, when the campaign ended. In addition, the distribution of mobility changed in January 2021, when a state of emergency was declared. The Go To Eat campaign was economically effective as a temporary subsidy, and it might have facilitated mobility in a way that was difficult to control for some time. As such, the indirect effect of the campaign on the rise in the number of positive PCR tests is undeniable.

Assessing non-hazardous solid waste business characteristics of Western Canadian provinces

This study addresses a gap that exists in studying waste business characteristics and the performance of a waste management system (WMS). Temporal and spatial analyses of the WMS in four Western Canadian provinces are systematically assessed over a 16-year period. The average waste business size in Canada ranged from 13.4 to 22.1 employees per business. Jurisdictions with lower disposal rates generally have larger waste companies. An average employee handled 1098 to 1426 t of waste annually. The diversion rates tended to be higher when less waste is managed per employee, suggesting total employee count may be important to improve WMS sustainability in Canada. Waste transfer costs are substantial during the study period, totaled $1276 million annually, or about 40.7% of the total government waste spending. BC only spent an average of 2.5% of the budget on operation of recycling facilities, but has the highest waste diversion rate. Expenditure distribution alone is unable to explain BC's superior waste diversion performance. Capital expenditures have been increasing from $15.7/t to $26.2/t. In this study, a business with more full-time employees correlates well with higher operating revenues. Part time workers were more predominant in SK, and may be responsible for the subpar diversion rate and operating revenue. More research is needed to determine waste business characteristics given increasing interest in circular economy and WMS efficiency.

Examining the level and distribution of catastrophic health expenditure from 2013 to 2018: A province-level study in China

Since 2018, 96.8% of China's population has received universal health coverage; however, changes in the general population's level and distribution of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) remain unclear. This study aims to quantify the incidence and intensity of CHE by adopting a multistage stratified random sampling procedure that used a threshold of 25% of non-food household expenditures. We use the concentration index to measure the extent of inequality in CHE. Furthermore, logistic regression was applied to identify the sociodemographic and economic determinants of CHE, thereby revealing that the incidence and intensity of CHE increased between 2013 and 2018. A greater concentration of CHE was identified in low-income households. Our results imply that expanding the existing public health insurance benefit packages and introducing universal supplementary private insurance to more population segments is necessary.

The reality and dimensions of the federal general budget of the Republic of Iraq (2005-2021)

Abstract:
 This study focused on the traditional method adopted by Iraq in preparing the general budget in light of the developments in the volume of resources and spending so that it is not consistent with the accompanying weakness in the volume of amounts spent on investment projects, which can negatively affect future generations and not enable them to continue development , which requires investing the state’s public revenues in investment projects such as infrastructure projects, according to a system that serves most members of society in order to contribute to solving the problems of unemployment and poverty, which ensures a permanent increase in the average per capita income. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the clarity of the imbalance in the structure of the current budget and the failure to reduce class differences to solve the problem of poverty and unemployment, and the study concluded that there is a clear imbalance in the structure of investment expenditures in favor of the industrial sector. To the extractive oil industry sector designated for export, and from the results of the study, it was also found that the traditional budget of Iraq is unable to provide economic efficiency, especially with regard to planning and performance, because it is not focused on goals. In the end, the study presented a number of proposals, including an attempt to correct the structure of the general budget and the need to change the pattern of the general budget in Iraq, and the distribution of public expenditures on a functional and not institutional basis, and to address the deficit in the Iraqi public budget by rationalizing public spending with the need not to exceed the growth of expenditures the current growth occurring in revenues, and finally giving the economic development sector more attention in terms of its total percentage in the Iraqi general budget.

Losing the Plot: The Impact of Urban Agriculture on Household Food Expenditure and Dietary Diversity in Sub-Saharan African Countries

Urban agriculture (UA) is proposed as a solution to the social and economic challenges presented by cities by providing urban households with food and income using environmentally friendly food production techniques. To date, most analysis of UA has been based on single-city studies. This paper aims to contribute to the literature by using a cross-country approach and by analysing household level data from nine sub-Saharan countries—Burkina Faso (2014), Ethiopia (2013), Ghana (2009), Malawi (2013), Niger 2014, Nigeria (2012), Tanzania (2010) and Uganda (2013). This paper sets out to answer three questions; the first investigates which are the main characteristics of households engaged in urban agriculture; the second looks at the role played by UA in diversifying household diets and reducing household food expenditure; the third examines the heterogeneity in the impact of UA across the food expenditure distribution. Using an inverse-probability weighted regression adjustment method, the results show that households engaged in agriculture reduced expenditure on food and modified their food expenditure profile by spending more on protein rich food -nuts, legumes, fruits, dairy products, meat and poultry. The study also finds substantial variation on the impact of UA across the food expenditure distribution.

Inequalities in Household Food Expenditures in South Africa: Implications for the Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Health Inequality

Globally, diets are changing. With rising incomes and increased globalisation, low- and middle-income countries are undergoing a shift from traditional diets to an increasingly western diet that is high in sugar and processed foods. Furthermore, many countries undergoing this nutrition transition are plagued by income and wealth inequalities. The interaction of these inequalities with changing dietary patterns has significant implications for the increased burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and health inequality. This study assesses the relative changes in socio-economic inequality in the distribution of food consumption expenditure in South Africa. The data were drawn from the multiple waves of the 2005/2006 Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) and 2014/2015 Living Conditions Survey (LCS). The study uses both descriptive statistics and the concentration index method. The results show that real food expenditures have increased on average and are concentrated among the rich. However, real food expenditure in certain food groups has become less concentrated over time in the richer populations. This is particularly true for sugary food products, with a reduction of about 34% in their concentration among the rich. Undoubtedly, the concentration of real food expenditure on certain food among the lower socioeconomic groups has grave implications for exacerbating the burden of diet-related NCDs and health inequality.

Compensatory relationship of mechanical energy in paretic limb during sit-to-stand motion of stroke survivors

The sit-to-stand motion is a prerequisite for walking and is therefore frequently performed in daily life. Diseases such as stroke often make performing it challenging. Even the stroke survivors who can stand up, the number of sit-to-stand motions they perform each day is lower than that of healthy adults. The inability of stroke survivors to stand up many times might be due to uneven distribution of mechanical energy expenditure across body parts. However, it was unclear in which body part this mechanical energy expenditure was concentrated, i.e., whether it was due to co-contraction of the paretic limb or compensation by the sound limb. Thus, this study aims to identify which body parts are responsible for mechanical energy expenditure in stroke survivors. Ten stroke survivors and ten healthy adults performed sit-to-stand motion recorded using motion capture cameras. We created a 3-D human model and calculated the mechanical energy expenditure for each joint and segment. The stroke survivors expended more mechanical energy in the affected hip and waist in contrast to the affected knee. Notably, a compensatory relationship for mechanical energy expenditure was observed between adjacent joints on the affected side and not between the affected and sound limbs. This is because stroke survivors may have achieved the sit-to-stand motion by compensating for the distal part with the less impaired proximal part. In addition, the more severe the movement disorders, the more mechanical energy must be expended in the paretic hip to achieve the sit-to-stand motion. These results could contribute to fundamental knowledge about more comfortable daily living in stroke survivors.

Kongres Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki wobec utworzenia Sił Kosmicznych jako odrębnego rodzaju wojsk

The United States Congress, as one of the most important institutions of the country’s political system, has broad powers to legislate, shape policy and influence the executive branch. One of its primary prerogatives is to approve the budget of the United States Department of Defense. The purpose of this study is to analyse the actions of Congress in relation to the presidential proposal to create the United States Space Force as a separate type of military, which was designed as a response of the administration’s reply to the growing importance of outer space as a domain of military action. The author adopted network institutionalism as a theoretical basis and applied methods of institutional examination and content analysis. He used these to positively verify the following hypothesis: the presidential project for the creation of the Space Force was subject to substantive debate in Congress, while serving as a bargaining chip in the process of implementing part demands through the shape and distribution of expenditure in the defense budget.

HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCING MODEL IN UKRAINE: CHANGE OF PRIORITIES

Introduction. Higher education is always one of the most important priorities of social development. In the Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in Ukraine for 2022-2032, it is noted that Ukraine has an ineffective system of higher education, which, first of all, is due to insufficient funding of the industry. The long-term model of financing higher education had a number of systemic flaws and therefore proved to be ineffective, which complicated the process of training modern specialists. Institutions of higher education in the country constantly experience a lack of financial resources to ensure full-fledged current functioning; most of them have practically no funds for the development of their own material and technical base, stimulation of better results of the work of the teaching staff, participation in educational and scientific international cooperation. Solving these problems requires the introduction of new approaches to the process of financial provision of higher education institutions. The purpose of the article is track the change in priorities in financing higher education, compare the financing models of higher education institutions used in Ukraine, determine their shortcomings and advantages, justify proposals for improving the current model of budgetary financing of higher education institutions, taking into account the best foreign practices. Results. The data on the distribution of higher education financing volumes among their sources in the countries that are part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are presented; the dynamics of the share of expenditures on higher education from the state budget of Ukraine in expenditures on education and aggregate expenditures of the state budget, as well as in GDP. A conclusion was made regarding the insufficient amount of funding in the field of education. Approaches to determining the content and financing mechanisms of higher education are analyzed. The change of priorities in the financing of higher education in Ukraine is tracked, the main shortcomings and advantages of the used financing models are highlighted. Suggestions for improving the current formulaic model of budget financing of higher education institutions, taking into account the best foreign practice, have been formulated. Conclusions. Financing of higher education directly affects the efficiency of the industry and the achievement of strategic guidelines for its development. In the conditions of martial law, the issue of financial support becomes particularly acute and urgent due to the acute shortage of budgetary resources. It is noted that the model of financing higher education institutions should be clear, transparent and diversified, and state financing should be based on a formulaic approach that takes into account the final results of higher education. It is proposed to supplement the formula for the distribution of state budget expenditures on higher education among institutions of higher education with indicators grouped according to the following directions: financial environment, academic environment, technology and innovation, student dormitories. Emphasis is placed on the need for a real implementation of the principle of financial autonomy of Ukrainian universities, which includes, in particular, the diversification of financial resources and the broad involvement of alternative sources.

INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION AND THE QUESTION OF GUARANTEEING ITS QUALITY: THE EDUCOLOGICAL ASPECTS

The article is devoted to one of the important components of educology – the economics of education, which studies the demand for education, its financing and provision; as well as the problem of the economic efficiency of investments in people and in the development of human capital. The author investigates budget expenditures in the countries of the world on education, finds out how much of the country’s total budget is spent on education as a whole, including in Ukraine, and also tries to find out whether there is a regularity or relationship between the amount of investment in education and its quality. The article emphasizes that financing education is a priority area in the context of the development strategy of the European Union, because investments in education, vocational training, lifelong learning ensure the development of human capital to increase employment opportunities, active citizenship and social cohesion, in particular, contribute to the fight with marginalization and youth unemployment. The author analyzed a large volume of statistical data on education financing in Europe and Ukraine, revealed general trends of this process and differences. Analysis of statistical European reports by Eurostat and Eurydice in recent years shows that the level of public spending on education in EU member states has hardly changed. However, there are still significant differences between countries in the financing of education. In addition, the author identifies certain disproportions in the financing of education in Ukraine, which affect the final result and the quality of education. The need to optimize the network of higher education institutions in Ukraine and the distribution of state budget expenditures among them, taking into account the results of educational activities, is emphasized.