Distribution Of Zooplankton Research Articles

DISTRIBUSI DAN KEMELIMPAHAN PLANKTON DI WET DUNE SLACKS GUMUK PASIR PARANGTRITIS, BANTUL, DIY.

Komunitas plankton memiliki peran penting pada proses rantai makanan, siklus nutrien dan proses suksesi awal wet dune slacks. Kawasan wet dune slacks merupakan cekungan yang berada di antara punggung gumuk dan kondisi permukaan air tanah sangat bervariasi tergantung musim. Habitat unik yang telah dilindungi di benua Eropa ini justru belum banyak dipelajari di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari distribusi dan kemelimpahan plankton di wet dune slacks serta faktor fisiko-kimia yang paling mempengaruhi distribusi dan kemelimpahannya. Pencuplikan sampel dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2018 di Gumuk Pasir Parangtritis, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Sampel air dicuplik menggunakan ember sebanyak 10 liter dengan 3 ulangan pada 5 wet dune slacks yang berbeda. Sampel air kemudian disaring menggunakan plankton-net ukuran 120 mesh serta diukur parameter fisiko-kimianya. Hasil dari pengamatan sampel plankton menunjukkan terdapat 37 spesies diatom pennate, 1 spesies diatom sentrik, 23 spesies alga unisel, 28 spesies alga koloni, 18 spesies alga filamen, 3 spesies dinoflagellata, 6 spesies protozoa berklorofil, 22 spesies rotifera, 6 spesies cladocera, 11 spesies ostracoda, 5 spesies copepoda, dan 5 spesies protozoa. Spesies plankton yang berhasil mengsuksesi kawasan wet dune slacks merupakan spesies yang memiliki strategi bertahan di habitat kekeringan dengan berubah ke fase istirahat, cyst, spora, dan resting eggs. Spesies fitoplankton yang mendominasi adalah Cyclotella meneghiniana sedangkan untuk zooplankton adalah Chlamydotheca flexilis dan Alona rectangula. Parameter fisiko-kimia kecepatan angin, C-organik, alkalinitas, sulfat, temperatur air, temperatur udara, intensitas cahaya,fosfat, pH dan oksigen terlarut menjadi faktor yang paling mempengaruhi distribusi dan kemelimpahan fitoplankton. Sedangkan untuk faktor fisiko-kimia yang paling mempengaruhi distribusi dan kemelimpahan zooplankton adalah kadar oksigen terlarut, CO2 terlarut, pH, temperatur air, temperatur udara, jeluk, jeluk Secchi, kecepatan angin, intensitas cahaya, C-organik, sulfat, fosfat.
 

Variation of Zooplankton Ecological Group During Spring in China Estuaries

Zooplankton was major indicator species of the environment. To explore the effect of marine environment on zooplankton distribution in the coast of China, the zooplankton samples from stations in Guanhe Estuary (GE), Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary (CE), Oujiang Estuary (OE), Jiulongjiang Estuary (JE) and Beilun Estuary (BE) (covering 14 latitudes) in spring were surveyed and the variation of zooplankton ecological group was researched. According to the adaptability temperature, the zooplankton was divided into two ecological groups: warm-temperate species and subtropical species. The warm-temperate species was the main dominant species and subtropical species was only dominant species in BE. Calanus sinicus, a warm-temperate species, was the only dominant species in all five estuaries. From north to south, the proportion of warm-temperate species in the five estuaries gradually decreased depends on the number, were 83.33%, 48.39%, 45.00%, 43.75% and 30.43%, respectively. In contrary, the proportion of subtropical species was gradually increased. The warm-temperate species predominated over the total abundance and the percentage was whopping high in the north estuaries, including GE (96.16%), CE (95.57%), OE (97.83%) and JE (95.53%). The abundance percentage of subtropical species have remarkably higher (82.39%) in BE. Five estuaries zooplankton community was subdivided into three zooplankton groups, which were the northern warm temperate zooplankton group, the southern subtropical zooplankton group and the estuarine brackish-water group. The water temperature and coastal current of China Sea are recognized as the main factors determining the distribution and community structure of estuarine zooplankton in spring.

Zooplankton Diversity and Dispersal by Birds; Insights From Different Geographical Scales

Given the major ecological and evolutionary role of dispersal abilities for organisms, as well as the current interest in species’ potential for further migration and colonization as a result of climatic changes or human-mediated invasions, our knowledge about dispersal abilities on spatial and temporal scales in many taxa is surprisingly limited. Zooplankton inhabit lakes and ponds that functionally are “aquatic islands” in the landscape, and both community composition and richness depend on their ability to disperse, and their post-dispersal colonization abilities. We here assess the diversity and dispersal of freshwater microcrustaceans based on three types of data; 1) > 2000 lakes on mainland Norway spanning a wide range in longitude, latitude and altitude, 2) a more limited number of ponds at Svalbard that are differently affected by migrating birds, and 3) immigration and colonization of recently constructed wetlands and man-made ponds. At all scales we discuss whether observed patterns in diversity can be explicitly linked to birds as vectors, or if confounding factors such as climate, productivity, age of locality – or other means of immigration, precludes conclusive evidence. The spatial patterns of zooplankton distribution strongly suggest that local sorting is a major determinant of richness and community composition. This sorting may not necessarily lead to similar community composition (the “quorum effect”) however. Despite the fact that rapid colonization occurs at local scales, and that birds undoubtedly can transmit animals or resting stages, their role in modulating community structure and richness is still an unsettled issue due to the many confounding parameters. The fact that birds often play a dual role in shaping diversity and community composition, first by direct dispersal, and secondly via affecting post-dispersal species sorting by changing water quality and productivity, is an important aspect of zoochory. Direct experimental evidence (colonization with and without bird exclusion), or genetic analysis of zooplankton species along migration routes, would however be the only ways to establish firm evidence for this case of zoochory.

Satellite-based indicator of zooplankton distribution for global monitoring

This study investigates the association between an index of mesozooplankton biomass, derived from the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey and satellite-derived productivity fronts in the North Atlantic. While chlorophyll-a content (CHL) is commonly described as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, the size of productivity fronts estimated from the horizontal gradient of CHL appears to be directly linked to mesozooplankton biomass. Our results suggest that the lifespan of productivity fronts, which ranges from weeks to months, meets the time requirement of mesozooplankton to develop. The proposed indicator describes the daily distribution of mesozooplankton’s suitable feeding habitat. It also provides a coherent interpretation of the productivity front development with respect to phytoplankton activity (CHL values) and potential predation by higher trophic levels. Since mesozooplankton are essential for feeding at higher trophic levels, this satellite-derived indicator delivers essential information for research and policy. An unanticipated positive trend of the indicator from 2003 to 2017 is observed at a basin scale under the current effects of climate change, with regional peaks in relatively poorly productive areas. Such monitoring indicator is potentially important to advances in marine food web modelling, fisheries science and the dynamic management of oceans towards sustainability.

Zooplankton distribution, growth and respiration in the Cretan Passage, Eastern Mediterranean

The Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) is an ultraoligotrophic semi-enclosed sea with low nutrient levels, low primary production rate, impoverished phytoplankton populations and low zooplankton standing stocks. The Cretan Passage in the western Levantine Sea is one of the least explored areas of the EMS. We measured the mesozooplankton biomass, abundance and taxon composition as well as biochemical parameters like Εlectron Τransport System (ETS) activity and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (AARS) activities in late spring of 2016 (28 March–17 April 2016). The sampling area is influenced by the presence of the permanent Rhodes Cyclonic Gyre east of Crete and a series of smaller permanent or recurrent gyres south of Crete which influence the pathway of the Atlantic Water from the Ionian Sea towards the Levantine Basin at surface and subsurface layers. Mesozooplankton abundance showed slightly increasing values from western to eastern stations of the Cretan Passage and although subsurface maxima were recorded in the 50–100 m layer, the abundance at all stations generally decreased with depth. The community was dominated by copepods at all stations. Juveniles of Clausocalanus followed by juveniles of Oithona and the Oncaea media group (Oncaea waldemari, Oncaea scottodicarloi, Oncaea media) were the most abundant taxa in the upper layer, whereas Mormonilla minor, Haloptilus longicornis and Subeucalanus monachus were mainly found below 100 m. ETS, AARS and biomass for carbon measurements were conducted in the same area for the 0–100 m and 0–500 m layers. ETS was highest at LV13 with 10.56 ± 1.33 μl O2 h−1 mg protein−1 in 0–500 m and carbon biomass was highest at LV18 with 4.99 mg m−3 in 0–100 m. Lowest values of 4.52 ± 1.46 μl O2 h−1 mg protein−1 at LV18 in 0–100 m were detected for ETS and 0.91 mg m−3 at LV10 in 0–500 m for carbon biomass. Specific AARS activities showed no significant differences among sites. On the basis of ETS and AARS, we calculated that the zooplankton carbon requirements follow the west to east trend of zooplankton biomass, however, the zooplankton is not well fed and the organisms are living under oligotrophic stress.

Season and presence of Gizzard Shad influence horizontal spatial distribution of zooplankton in reservoirs of the midwestern United States

AbstractWe contrasted near- and offshore zooplankton biomass and assemblage structure in 15 reservoirs in the central United States. In particular, we evaluated whether season and the dominant pela...

Monthly variations in crustacean zooplankton abundances in Sundarapandian Pattinam and Manamelkudi in the Palk Strait, India (9-10°N, Arabian Sea)

Abstract The present investigation has been made to study the distribution of crustacean zooplankton, and its qualitative and quantitative composition, as well as for making an assessment of species abundances and of the evenness of zooplankton in two habitats along the Palk Strait, between the east coast of Tamil Nadu (India) and Sri Lanka. The sampling programme was executed from July 2005 to June 2006. The two sampling sites, Sundarapandian Pattinam (Station I) and Manamelkudi (Station II), respectively, are located in one of the most productive marine zones of the world. The various groups of crustacean zooplankton were Ostracoda, Copepoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Cumacea, Euphausiacea, and Decapoda. Maximum occurrences were observed during the summer and the pre-monsoon seasons, and minimum occurrences were observed during the monsoon months. The present study showed that the distribution pattern of total zooplankton fluctuated at both stations. Station II is richer in absolute abundance in comparison with Station I.

Short-term variation of zooplankton community in Cintra Bay (Northwest Africa)

Summary This is the first study that describes the spatial-temporal distributions of the zooplankton community and potential control factors in Cintra Bay. Zooplankton were sampled using a bongo net, 150 μm mesh size, during two surveys, in autumn 2015 and spring 2016, extending from the coast to the open sea. Fourteen zooplankton groups were identified, where copepods represented 49.1% and 92.5% of the total abundance in autumn 2015 and spring 2016, respectively. Tintinnids accounted for 39.7% and 4.7%, respectively. The total zooplankton abundance was higher in autumn (55 992 ind m−3) than in spring (2123 ind m−3). Nineteen species of copepods, belonging to 14 families, were identified. Euterpina acutifrons and Oithona nana were the most common and abundant species. The Acartiids were represented by three species (Acartia clausi, A. tonsa and A. bifilosa) in autumn and one species in spring (A. clausi). The copepods diversity was significantly different between the two seasons showing high values at the entrance and the center of the bay in autumn 2015 and in the southern half of the bay in spring 2016. The copepod structure was characterized by 13 species at different degrees of contribution in autumn 2015. In spring 2016, only four species qualified as indicator species although their contribution was not significant. Given its large opening on the ocean, Cintra Bay benefits largely from the conditions of the oceanic environment, particularly the upwelling. This situation is likely to have an impact on the spatiotemporal variability of the composition and distribution of zooplankton, especially the copepods.

Diel vertical feeding behaviour of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Irminger current

The main prey of the Atlantic mackerel undertake diel vertical migrations, however diel and vertical patterns in the feeding by mackerel remains poorly known thus limiting our understanding and quantification of ecosystem trophodynamics and potentially influencing stock assessment and ecosystem based management. By intensive monitoring of adult Atlantic mackerel and its prey during summer in the Irminger Sea, it was found that the diel feeding cycle is of high quantitative importance. Fresh stomach content analysis indicated a marked diel pattern with copepods as the main prey between 16 and 24 (solar time), and euphausiids/myctophids between 22 and 08. Compared with the zooplankton distribution and composition, there were no indications of feeding below the mixed layer. Mackerel selected for the largest and most energy rich prey, namely copepods with prosome lengths >2 mm, and then switched from copepods to euphausiids/myctophids around midnight, despite that the copepods were also aggregated during night. Stomach fullness increased significantly with length and condition, suggesting that individuals that were larger were more effective feeders. The stomach content by weight primarily consisted of copepods (65%, exclusively Calanus finmarchus), euphausiids (18%), and to a lesser extent teleosts (5%, mainly myctophids), hyperiids (4%) and cephalopods (2%). The results are likely widely applicable in the main feeding season and areas (the oceanic parts of the Nordic Seas during summer), because of similarities in the diet of the adult mackerel and in the prey’s diel vertical migration. In conclusion, it is imperative to account for the diel dynamics when quantifying the mackerel diet and its impact on prey populations.

New lineages and old species: Lineage diversity and regional distribution of Moina (Crustacea: Cladocera) in China

The distribution and genetic diversity of freshwater zooplankton is understudied in the Eastern Palearctic. Here, we explored the lineage diversity and regional distribution of the genus Moina in China. Members of this genus are often keystone components of freshwater ecosystems and have been frequently subjected to toxicological and physiological studies. Four species of Moina were identified, based on morphology, in 50 of 113 Chinese water bodies examined, and their phylogenetic position was analyzed using both a mitochondrial (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; COI) and a nuclear marker (the nuclear internal transcribed spacer; ITS-1). Both molecular markers identified four clades corresponding broadly to the morphological species. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed the presence of four species complexes with eleven lineages across China, five of which were new. However, some lineages (and even individual haplotypes) were widespread in Eurasia, suggesting an ability to disperse over long distances. In contrast, a few lineages exhibited restricted distributions. The nuclear phylogeny also recognized four species of Moina within China and seven very distinct clades. Interestingly, one specimen possessing Moina cf. micrura mtDNA had ITS-1 alleles of the M. cf. brachiata clade. This discordance between mtDNA and nuclear ITS-1 phylogenies is indicative of interspecific introgression and hybridization. Additionally, our COI phylogeny showed apparent paraphyly in two Moina species groups, suggesting introgression of their mitochondrial genomes. Our data shows the regional distribution/diversity of the Moina species complex in a Eurasian context.

Multivariate analysis of the relationship between the zooplankton community and environmental parameters in Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria

This study was conducted between January and December, 2016 in Lekki lagoon Nigeria to establish the relationship between environmental parameters and zooplankton distribution and abundance. The study area was divided into nine (9) sampling stations while samples were collected in triplicates at each station. Data collected were analysed using PAST and PRIMERV7 softwares. 3,864 individuals of 24 species from nine classes were recorded in total with lower abundance in the wet season compared to the dry season. The classes and their relative abundances were Cercozoa (46.739%), Arthropoda (43.478%), Ciliophora (4.348%), Rotifera (2.71%), Amoebozoa, Ochrophyta, Euglenophyta, Nematoda and Gastrotrichia (0.544% each). Higher indices of diversity and dominance were recorded in Station 4 (River Mosafejo) while the minimum was recorded in Station 1 (Brushpark area); however, there were no significant difference (p>0.05) in the indices of community structure used during the study. There were no significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean values of surface water temperature, sulfate, alkalinity, nitrate, total suspended solid and biological oxygen demand across all stations in the lagoon. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded for pH, depth, transparency, electrical conductivity, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, salinity and total dissolved solids. Multivariate analysis showed positive correlation of zooplankton distribution with surface water temperature and salinity, while the temperature, depth, electrical conductivity, sulphate, salinity and total suspended solids in combination showed high reliability (r2= 98.5%) in explaining the pattern of distribution and abundance of zooplankton in the lagoon. The study therefore shows that the abundance and distribution of the zooplankton community in Lekki lagoon is significantly influenced by environmental parameters.Key words: Zooplankton, Lagoon, multidimensional scaling, aquatic ecosystem,

Development and evaluation of a Planktonic Integrity Index (PII) for Jingpo Lake, China

A Planktonic Integrity Index (PII) for the China’s largest alpine barrier lake (Jingpo Lake) was developed to assess the water quality of Jingpo Lake by using phytoplankton and zooplankton metrics. Phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages were sampled at 26 sites in Jingpo Lake. A total of 140 species of phytoplankton and 92 species of zooplankton were obtained in the investigations. We used a stepwise process to evaluate properties of candidate metrics and selected five for the PII: Algal cell abundance, Species richness of algae, Trophic diatom index, Zooplankton Shannon index, and Zooplankton Margalef index. Evaluation of the PII showed that it discriminated well between reference and impaired sites and the discriminatory biocriteria of the PII were suitable for the assessment of the water quality of Jingpo Lake. The further scoring results from the 26 sites showed that the water quality of Jingpo Lake was fair to good. The results of analyses between PII and major environmental factors indicated that water temperature (WT), transparency (SD), dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate (CODMn) and total nitrogen (TN) were the main factors influencing on the composition and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Additionally, more metrics belonging to habitat, hydrology, physics and chemistry should be considered for the PII, so as to establish comprehensive assessment system which can reflect the community structure of aquatic organisms, physical and chemical characteristics of water environment, human activities, etc.

Remote sensing of zooplankton swarms

Zooplankton provide the key link between primary production and higher levels of the marine food web and they play an important role in mediating carbon sequestration in the ocean. All commercially harvested fish species depend on zooplankton populations. However, spatio-temporal distributions of zooplankton are notoriously difficult to quantify from ships. We know that zooplankton can form large aggregations that visibly change the color of the sea, but the scale and mechanisms producing these features are poorly known. Here we show that large surface patches (>1000 km2) of the red colored copepod Calanus finmarchicus can be identified from satellite observations of ocean color. Such observations provide the most comprehensive view of the distribution of a zooplankton species to date, and alter our understanding of the behavior of this key zooplankton species. Moreover, our findings suggest that high concentrations of astaxanthin-rich zooplankton can degrade the performance of standard blue-green reflectance ratio algorithms in operational use for retrieving chlorophyll concentrations from ocean color remote sensing.

Spatial structuring of zooplankton communities through partitioning of habitat and resources in the Bay of Bengal during spring intermonsoon

Despite advances in oceanographic investigations in the Indian Ocean, zooplankton ecology is still poorly known from the open waters of the Bay of Bengal. In order to understand the vertical and horizontal distribution of zooplankton in the Bay of Bengal during spring intermonsoon, stratified sampling was conducted using a multiple plankton net. We found that higher zooplankton biomass was often associated with mesoscale cold-core eddies. The biomass in the mixed layer was less in the central bay and the near absence of organisms beneath this layer was attributed to the very low dissolved oxygen levels, including suboxia in the northern extent. The copepod diversity was severely reduced here and only a few species specialized to thrive in minimum oxygen concentrations were found in this zone. However, Pleuromamma indica is another copepod that seems to have adapted to the oxygen minimum zone, as seen from its increased numbers and its strong vertical migrating ability to cross the low oxygen barrier. Highly diverse copepod assemblages comprising 129 identified species were found to be vertically structured, mostly through partitioning of habitat and food resources.

DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS OF ZOOPLANKTON IN TYULENIY ISLAND WATERS OF THE CASPIAN SEA

Aim. It is not possible to study the mechanisms of formation and functioning of the Caspian coastal ecosystems without analyzing the hydrobiological situation of the surrounding water area as a whole. In this regard, the main objective of the research is to study the biodiversity and the quantitative assessment of the zooplankton communities of the coastal waters of Tyuleniy Island and its lagoon areas. Methods. Zooplankton samples were selected seasonally using quantitative methods in order to assess the hydrobionts and current recommendations for material processing. This work represents a continuation of our research launched in 2015 in the coastal area of Tyuleniy Island and its inner lagoon. The qualitative, quantitative and seasonal nature of the distribution of zooplankton in the investigated area of the sea in modern conditions was described. Results. It is shown that the open areas of the island represent a rich taxonomic structure and high density, consisting of a mixed freshwater and brackish-water hydrobiont complex. Conclusions. In general, the zooplankton complex of the Tyuleniy Island water area is a fairly stable ecosystem with a well-developed plankton community. However, for a more complete assessment of its state, seasonal dynamics, and potentials of its food supply for the fish population in the water area, long-term comprehensive monitoring studies are needed.

Zooplankton in two small reservoirs of the Tuva Republic

The article provides information on the species composition and quantitative indicators of zooplankton in two small mountain reservoirs of the Tuva Republic: the Eerbek and Turan. They reflect the first and the third years of the ecosystem existence after seasonal drawdown. Regulation shows a typical pattern in the distribution of zooplankton in the reservoirs: an increase in density in the dam section. In general, the reservoir zooplankton has a floodplain type of formation. The existence periods of reservoirs influences the zooplankton structure and its development: regulation in the first year determines the development of crustacean zooplankton (represented mainly by cladocerans), usually with monodominance; over three years, all main groups of zooplankton develop, but drawdowns interrupt the formation on the normal ecosystem in the reservoir.

The intriguing co-distribution of the copepods Calanus hyperboreus and Calanus glacialis in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum of Arctic seas

Studying the distribution of zooplankton in relation to their prey and predators is challenging, especially in situ. Recent developments in underwater imaging enable such fine-scale research. We deployed the Lightframe On-sight Keyspecies Investigation (LOKI) image profiler to study the fine-scale (1 m) vertical distribution of the copepods Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis in relation to the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) at the end of the grazing season in August in the North Water and Nares Strait (Canadian Arctic). The vertical distribution of both species was generally consistent with the predictions of the Predator Avoidance Hypothesis. In the absence of a significant SCM, both copepods remained at depth during the night. In the presence of a significant SCM, copepods remained at depth in daytime and a fraction of the population migrated in the SCM at night. All three profiles where the numerically dominant copepodite stages C4 and C5 of the two species grazed in the SCM at night presented the same intriguing pattern: the abundance of C. hyperboreus peaked in the core of the SCM while that of C. glacialis peaked just above and below the core SCM. These distributions of the same-stage congeners in the SCMs were significantly different. Lipid fullness of copepod individuals was significantly higher in C. hyperboreus in the core SCM than in C. glacialis above and below the core SCM. Foraging interference resulting in the exclusion from the core SCM of the smaller C. glacialis by the larger C. hyperboreus could explain this vertical partitioning of the actively grazing copepodite stages of the two species. Alternatively, specific preferences for microalgal and/or microzooplankton food hypothetically occupying different layers in the SCM could explain the observed partitioning. Investigating the observed fine-scale co-distributions further will enable researchers to better predict potential climate change effects on these important Arctic congeners.

Особенности распределения зоопланктона в зарастающем малом водохранилище

Особенности распределения зоопланктона в зарастающем малом водохранилище

The vertical distribution of zooplankton in stratified mesotrophic Lake Arakhley (Eastern Transbaikalia)

We have studied the vertical distribution of zooplankton of a stratified mesotrophic lake. Thus, in August 2011 and 2013, copepods dominated the composition of the zooplankton of the mesotrophic Lake Arakhley and had a density maximum either in the upper euphotic layer or in the area of the metalimnion, with a gradual decrease in the lower layers of water. By 2013, the zooplankton community changed and mainly consisted of cladocerans, and they both dominated in numbers.

Vertical distribution of zooplankton after rapid change in temperature and chlorophyll concentration

In October 2018, after the change in the temperature profile and chlorophyll concentration, we recorded the changes in the distribution parameters of mesozooplankton in the surface 100 m layer at the station located in the pelagic zone of Lake Baikal. The study was carried out on horizons of 0-50and 50-100 m. Measurements were performed using an AAQ-Rinko water quality probe (JFE, Japan), a SBE-25 CTD probe (SeaBirdElectronics, USA) and a Furuno FCV-1100 sonar (Furuno, Japan). We found a deepening of zooplankton after the immersion of the chlorophyll and temperature maximum.