Distribution Of Welfare Research Articles

Welfare and spatial distribution of noise levels in swine nursery

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the welfare and spatial distribution of noise levels in a swine nursery during the first three weeks of animal’s life. The climatic conditions were evaluated through the dry-bulb temperature (Tdb), relative humidity (RH) and black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI) and allowed us to observe that the heating system influenced the conditions in the environment, and the use of the air conditioning system did not guarantee animal’s comfort conditions. The analysis on the spatial distribution of noise levels was performed using geostatistics and demonstrated the occurrence of spatial variability inside the facilities. The highest frequencies of noise levels were concentrated between 60 and 70 dB, and the highest noise values were observed near the fans. The mean BGHI values were below the thermal comfort range for piglets in all systems tested.

Do asset transfers build household resilience?

We estimate the impact of an asset transfer program on household resilience. We measure resilience as the probability that a household will sustain at least the threshold asset level required to support consumption above the poverty line. Using six rounds of data collected over 42 months in rural Zambia, we construct a measure of resilience based on households' conditional welfare distributions to estimate program impacts. We find that the program increased household resilience; beneficiaries' likelihood of being non-poor in future periods increased by 44%. The program both increased mean assets and decreased variance, signaling an upward shift in households’ conditional asset distributions. Our method demonstrates the added value of the resilience estimation compared with a conventional impact assessment; numerous households classified as non-poor are unlikely to remain non-poor over time and the relationship between wealth and resilience is driven by changes in both the conditional mean and the conditional variance.

Analisis Transmisi Harga Beras di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

Lastinawati et al, 2018. Price Transmission Analysis of Rice in Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatra Province. JLSO 7(1)
 
 Price transmission is one indicator of whether or not a marketing system is efficient and also can explain the distribution of welfare between producers and consumers in the marketing channel. This study aimed to analyze the transmission of rice prices which are the basic needs of the Indonesian people, both the price transmission of consumer to farmers, and vice versa, with two groups of rice based on their quality, namely premium and medium rice. This research conducted at Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatra Province. Price transmission was analyzed using price transmission elasticity, using weekly rice price series data from the second week of March 2016 to the second week of September 2018. The results showed that the transmission of consumer prices of premium and medium rice to the price of harvested dry grain at farmer level had an elasticity value not equal to one, and vice versa. This showed that the rice market in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency was in elastic and less efficient, because prices were transmitted asymmetrically.

Mainstreaming Modernisation Risk Politics under Indonesia’s Democratisation: Towards Public Control over of Welfare and Risk in Expanding Water Access

This paper attempts to understand modernisation risk politics under Indonesias’ democratisation in post-reform era. It endeavors to identify the politics of knowledge between civil society, academics, private companies, and government in defining and minimising modernisation risks, or in managing manufactured-uncertainties, under democratic regime. This paper argues that highlighting welfare issues in Indonesias’ democratisation is insufficient as welfare distributions, characterised by Indonesias’ effort to conduct modernisation specifically in development sector, are at the same time producing a high amount of manufactured-risk which is lack in number of analysis. The fundamental differences between welfare and risks results in distinctive characteristics of democratisation that the actors have to face. Informed by the notion of risk society by Ulrich Beck (1992) and transformative approach to democratisation (Harris et.al., 2004; Tornquist et.al., 2009), risk politics are best understood and conducted under the lens of transformative democratic politics—an approach that equally recognise the importance of democratic institutions as well as actors’ will and capacity to posit themselves in the structure and to make use of demoratic institution in creating a more prosperous life. This paper uses qualitative method to assess the construction of New Yogyakarta International Airport (2011-2017) in Kulon Progo as a case study.

Benefits of Regulation vs. Competition Where Inequality is High: The Case of Mobile Telephony in South Africa

We test for the distributional effects of regulation and entry in the mobile telecommunications sector in a highly unequal country, South Africa. Using six waves of a consumer survey of over 134,000 individuals between 2009-2014, we estimate a discrete-choice model allowing for individual-specific price-responsiveness and preferences for network operators. Next, we use a demand and supply equilibrium framework to simulate prices and the distribution of welfare without entry and mobile termination rate regulation. We find that regulation benefits consumers significantly more than entry does, and that high-income consumers and city-dwellers benefit more in terms of increased consumer surplus.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE FORMING PROGRAM OF THE ORGANIZATION OF UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS

Implementation of the national idea of Ukrainians into life is the development of the Ukrainian independent unite state. It is based on principles of democracy, law, equity, in the distribution of welfare, a proper level of life, the successful development of the Ukrainian culture and national achievements, the adequate reaction on global challenges and threats in the protection of national and state interests, etc. All this was worked out in the ideological and political postulates during the interwar period and tried to implement the state-forming program of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in the years of World War II. If the leading states, war participants listened to these principles concerning the building of the world under the motto: "Freedom to Peoples - Freedom to Man!" it would be possible to avoid millions of human victims, mass destruction, and many years of confrontation of the West and East. Theoretical and practical gains of the Ukrainian nationalists are actual at present-day as well and underline their importance in the development of Ukraine as an independent state. It facilitates the successful struggle against Russia's aggression, becoming the specific protection in saving of the gains of Euro –Atlantic civilization. Progressive countries have to take the Ukrainian factor into consideration in the further progress of humanity in guaranteeing its stability and prosperity. Keywords: Ukrainian Independent Unite State, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, national idea, state forming program, World War II, Ukrainian nationalists, liberation struggle, totalitarian regime.

The Welfare and Price Effects of Sector Coupling with Power-to-Gas

Electricity markets with high installed capacities of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) experience periods of supply and demand mismatch, resulting in near-zero and even negative prices, or energy spilling due to surplus. The participation of emerging Power-to-X solutions in a sector coupling paradigm, such as Power-to-Gas (PTG), has been envisioned to provide a source of demand flexibility to the power sector and decarbonize the gas sector. We advance a long-run equilibrium model to study the PTG investment decision from the point of view of a perfectly competitive electricity and gas system where each sector’s market is cleared separately but coupled by PTG. Under scenarios combining PTG technology costs and electricity RES targets, we study whether or not there is a convergence in the optimal deployment of PTG capacity and what is the welfare distribution across both sectors. We observe that PTG can play an important price-setting role in the electricity market, but PTG revenues from arbitrage opportunities erodes as more PTG capacity is installed. We find that the electricity and gas sector have aligned incentives to cooperate around PTG, and instead find an issue of misaligned incentives related to the PTG actor. Although not the focus of our analysis, in some scenarios we find that the welfare optimal PTG capacity results in a loss for the PTG actor, which reveals some intuition that subsidizing PTG can make sense to reduce the cost of RES subsidies. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to contextualize these findings for system specificities.

CONTRIBUTION OF INCOME, EQUITABLE INCOME AND WELFARE OF STREET VENDORS’ FAMILY AT SUNMOR GOR SATRIA MARKET PURWOKERTO BY GENDER

The existence of the Sunmor GOR Satria market is able to increase economic activity as indicated by the large number of street vendors (pedagang kaki lima/PKL). What motivates the street vendors to run their business is certainly to increase their income to improve their welfare. The more the number of street vendors with identical goods will certainly increase competition among them. This study aims to find out and analyze the contribution of income, distribution of income and welfare of the street vendors as a whole and based on gender. The results of the study state that the overall street vendor income in the Sunmor GOR Satria market contributes to the moderate level of household income, the level of income distribution among the street vendors is in the very uneven category and most of their lives have not been prosperous. Based on gender, the contribution of female street vendors’ income to household income is higher, but the level of income distribution is more uneven compared to male street vendors, and the majority of both of them have not been prosperous. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the management of street vendors, especially in location layout and organization.  

The Gift of Volunteering

Foreign aid to southern Africa has triggered the growth of a nonprofit sector that increasingly provides welfare and social support for needy populations. However, largely absent from research on this sector are substantive analyses of the contribution of voluntarism and interpersonal exchange to broader welfare development and social cohesion. This paper employs theories of gift exchange to analyze volunteer practices and localized interpretations of volunteering within the welfare structure of post-colonial Pretoria, South Africa, and Lusaka, Zambia. The analysis of ethnographic data pertaining to within- and between-group volunteering reveals particular patterns of “gifting,” which enable many southern Africans to overcome social divides, to strengthen existing bonds, and to fill gaps in the provision of basic public services. We conclude that volunteering succeeds as a form of welfare distribution precisely because of how actors frame their efforts as a gift—ensuring enduring social-relational dynamics and continued social service delivery.

Government as a Key Duty Bearer in Transition Reforms from Socialism to Capitalism-The Case of Albania

The paper “Government as a key duty bearer in transition reforms from socialism to capitalism – the case of Albania”, addresses the way in which the government should exercise its power to ensure that citizens have equal access to social welfare services, enjoying their rights. Albania, like other Central and Eastern European countries experienced the past socialist system, which failed. The failure of the socialist system was the failure of the state: in political, economic and social terms. As far as economic policies are concerned, all data demonstrate the collapse of socialism, because the system was based on inefficiency, which eroded growth. Regardless of the principles of communist regimes adopted in former communist countries’ Constitutions, the past system brought neither equity nor justice, and therefore instead of “social cohesion”, the contradictions among social groups and categories, deepened. After the failure of socialism, Albania embarked on the new path aimed at establishing democratic regimes through the protection of human rights and at raising the standard of living. Albania has been proactive in ratifying international conventions relating to human rights in general and to vulnerable groups. Very recently, on June 2014, the European Council granted Albania candidate status, as a recognition for the reform steps undertaken in harmonizing its domestic organic laws and legislation with international standards. As part of these twin obligations from UN intergovernmental and EU processes, Albanian governments after the 90s have been progressively taking measures vis-à-vis efficient allocation of resources and effective distribution of social welfare. Nevertheless, Albanian citizens live in a dire reality. Therefore, after 25 years of transition, one of the main goals of reforms, “Efficient allocation of resources to boost growth and effective distribution of social welfare to enhance equity”, seems not to have been achieved. Undoubtedly, this influences the controversial opinions about the government’s control vis-à-vis government’s mode of functioning, advancing arguments that examine whether it is a question of abuse or that of concentration of power.

The impact of housing consumption value on the spatial distribution of welfare

The measure of a household's income should include not only monetary components but also non-monetary components and in-kind benefits, such as imputed rent. Imputed rent is the rent an owner can expect to receive were the house on the rental market. This study examined the impact of net imputed rent on the distribution of income in a spatial context. The spatial impact of net imputed rent, mortgage payments, private rent, public rent (social housing schemes) and reverse mortgage/annuity on the spatial distribution of disposable income was examined for the year 2011. A spatial microsimulation model, simulated model of the Irish local economy (SMILE), was used to simulated disposable income at a detailed spatial scale. Rental and property values are estimated at a spatial scale adopting the kriging methodology. The created rental and property data were merged into the SMILE simulated dataset to examine the impact of housing on the spatial distribution of disposable income at a small area level. Results show that the imputed cash flows from property ownership decreases the income share of those at the bottom of the income distribution and is inequality increasing, except in the case of those aged 65 +. Spatially the benefits of housing are greatest in urban areas where property values are highest. The small area measurements of imputed rent highlight the dis-equalising impact imputed rent and housing wealth has on inequality; the rich being able to consume more housing.

Heterogeneous impacts of provincial governance on household welfare in Vietnam

This study investigated the role of provincial governance in the growth of per capita income of Vietnamese households, using a balanced panel data set for the period 2012–2014. Although we found no evidence for the influence of provincial governance when a linear fixed‐effect regression estimator was used, the results from a fixed‐effect quantile regression estimator revealed that provincial governance has a positive effect on all groups (but not the poorest) and that the effect tends to be greater for better‐off households. In addition, we found that wage employment plays a larger role in the income growth of poorer households, whereas returns on education are greater for richer households. The findings suggest that a mean regression approach that looks only a t the role of explanatory variables on mean household welfare, and does not consider differences in the distribution of household welfare, may miss some heterogeneity that is of interest to policymakers.Key Practitioner Message:• Using a quantile regression approach has allowed the current study to provide new insight into the role of household‐related factors in household welfare. • Finding shows that good governance tends to provide greater benefits to richer households than to other groups in the population.

The Familiar Face of the State: Affect, Emotion and Citizen Entitlements in Dehradun, India

Municipal Councillors (MCs) are the ‘familiar face of the state’ in Dehradun, India: the first port of call for citizens seeking to claim entitlements from the state. The way MCs respond to the requests of their constituents is a major factor in the uneven distribution of government welfare and services. This article seeks to contribute to understandings of citizen entitlements by drawing attention to the role of affect and emotion in shaping the interactions between MCs and voters. I examine the ways citizens consciously or unconsciously engender emotions and affective responses, and the effect these have in mobilizing MCs. Attention to the, at times, involuntary nature of these responses suggests a need to go beyond the instrumental and calculating motivations of municipal councillors, to consider the way they are compelled and animated to meet the demands of some citizens, but not of others. The capacity to affect, and the ways one is affected, are tied to the social identities and self‐making projects of both the MC and the voter, resulting in an uneven (mal)distribution of state resources. A focus on affective configurations in urban governance thereby reveals heretofore overlooked determinants of unequal access to urban resources and services.

An incentive mechanism for crowdsourcing markets with social welfare maximization in cloud‐edge computing

SummaryCrowdsourcing is emerging as a powerful paradigm that utilizes the distributed devices to sense, collect, and upload data to satisfy the requirements of the users. Currently, with the popularity of edge computing, edge device users can act as recruiters or participants to publish or perform crowdsourcing tasks and share feedback. However, due to the individual selfishness, it is still a challenge to maximize the social welfare distribution of all the participants and the recruiters for the crowdsourcing market. In view of this challenge, an incentive mechanism for the crowdsourcing market with social welfare maximization in the cloud‐edge computing is designed in this paper. Technically, a double action model under the cloud‐edge computing framework is proposed first, which aims to maximize the social welfare maximization and meanwhile meet the demands of incentive compatibility, individual rationality, market clearing, and budget constraint. Secondly, a corresponding incentive mechanism is designed based on the double auction model to achieve the market fairness. Experimental evaluation and comparison analysis are conducted to validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the mechanism.

AL-MASHAQQAH TAJLIB AL-TAYSIR MAKNA DAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI ISLAM

The problem of Islamic economics is also increasingly complex with the large number of banks. To meet the needs of transactions, banks have products that are offered to the public. In accordance with the function of the bank, namely collecting and distributing funds to the public. The purpose of channeling funds by Islamic banks is to support the implementation of development, improve justice, togetherness and equal distribution of people's welfare. This paper will answer what is the meaning of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir and how do the Implications of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir in the development of Islamic economy? The result of research shows that the meaning of the rule of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir is the difficulty of bringing convenience. The point is that if implementing a provision of shara' mukallaf faces obstacles in the form of difficulties and limitations that exceed the limits of reasonable capabilities, then the difficulty automatically creates relief provisions. In other words, if we find difficulty in carrying out something that is to be sharia, then the difficulty becomes a justifiable cause to facilitate in carrying out something that is to be provision of sharia, so that we can continue to run the sharia of Allah easily. The implications raised by the rules of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir are the determination of the law of Islamic financial institutions. This impact is seen when Islamic law allows transactions in Islamic banking financial institutions, so that the community will easily meet the needs by transacting with Islamic banking through contracts that have been agreed upon.

Al-Mashaqqah Tajlib Al-Tays¬ir Makna Dan Implikasinya Dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi Islam

The problem of Islamic economics is also increasingly complex with the large number of banks. To meet the needs of transactions, banks have products that are offered to the public. In accordance with the function of the bank, namely collecting and distributing funds to the public. The purpose of channeling funds by Islamic banks is to support the implementation of development, improve justice, togetherness and equal distribution of people's welfare. This paper will answer what is the meaning of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir and how do the Implications of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir in the development of Islamic economy? The result of research shows that the meaning of the rule of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir is the difficulty of bringing convenience. The point is that if implementing a provision of shara' mukallaf faces obstacles in the form of difficulties and limitations that exceed the limits of reasonable capabilities, then the difficulty automatically creates relief provisions. In other words, if we find difficulty in carrying out something that is to be sharia, then the difficulty becomes a justifiable cause to facilitate in carrying out something that is to be provision of sharia, so that we can continue to run the sharia of Allah easily. The implications raised by the rules of al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysir are the determination of the law of Islamic financial institutions. This impact is seen when Islamic law allows transactions in Islamic banking financial institutions, so that the community will easily meet the needs by transacting with Islamic banking through contracts that have been agreed upon. Keywords: al-Mashaqqah Tajlib al-Taysir, Islamic Economic Development

Analisis model pengelolaan zakat dan wakaf (Studi Yayasan Yatim Mandiri Cabang Malang)

Among the objectives of waqaf in islam is the distribution of welfare among the people and poverty eradication. When well managed endowments will support the development both in economic, religious, social, cultural, political, defense and scurity. The purpose of this study was to examine the management model of zakat and waqf productive. The result of this study are expected to provide benefits to provide a more substantial to the scientists, researchers, readers and the public that there is a model of productive management of waqf grant that can be used as an example in the management of zakat and waqf productive. The result showed that the foundation is independent orphans have an independent organizational system, in which the form of institutions such as the institute amil zakat generally resulting in organizational system there is no interfence from goverment regulations. Constraints/ problems experienced in Yayasan Yatim Mandiri Malang from the internal aspect is the lack qualified Human Resources an Human Resource Capibility less creative. Constraints/ problems faced in the Orphan Foundation of Malang independent external aspect is still modest community thought lack of support from family. To resolve the internal problems of orphans independent foundation that is to prepare a Qualified Human Resource (Internal). As for the external problem than it should maximize the marketing and provide understanding to families or orphans

Distribution of Local Social Services and Territorial Justice: the Case of Estonia

AbstractDistribution of public resources has always been a central issue in public policy. The question of spatial variation in resource allocation as a reflection of differing local conditions is particularly important in decentralised countries with a large number of subunits. On the local level, studies have shown variations in distribution of local welfare but have usually focused on single social policy fields and/or target groups, and often ignored territorial structures. By taking Estonia as a case, this study investigates whether and how the distribution of a range of social services and the structure of disaggregated local social spending corresponds to local socio-demographic conditions. We identify municipal clusters and analyse service provision and social spending on vulnerable groups within them. We use a spatial perspective by taking into consideration the distinction of rural-urban and core-peripheral settings. We show that resource allocation in Estonian municipalities mirrors quite well local socio-demographic structures but the division of municipalities between towns and rural municipalities used in the common discourse of local social policy is too simplified.

Rural–urban migration and income disparity in Tunisia: A decomposition analysis

AbstractThis paper investigates the main determinants of the welfare gap between rural–urban migrants and non‐migrants (both urban and rural) in Tunisia. The lack of data on the expenditure of migrant and non‐migrant households is overcome by applying the ELL (Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw) methodology. The decomposition results show a positive welfare gains from rural‐to‐urban migration, especially among the younger generation born after the failure of the collectivism experiment in 1961. The education level of the household's head and the household's size appear as the main sources of the welfare gap. The unconditional quantile regression decomposition shows that the endowment effect contributes more to the welfare gap than the discrimination effect at the bottom part of the welfare distribution.

‘Market justice’ in China and Russia

Market justice is an important concept in neoliberal discourses legitimating unequal distribution of welfare within societies. This article explores the question of how useful it is for understanding distributive justice attitudes in Russia and China. It is based on a comparative literature review and an analysis of focus group discussions carried out in most provincial cities in both countries in 2012 and 2013. The literature review shows that Russia is closer to a neoliberal state. China, by contrast, has never followed neoliberal prescriptions, either ideologically or as a matter of practical policy, pursuing instead the goal of a ‘socialist market economy’. The focus group discussions show that Chinese tend to view responsibility for welfare as shared between the state and individuals, whereas Russians, depending on their ideology, tend to view welfare as the exclusive responsibility of either the state or the individual. Russians are also more cynical about the way their economy works, suggesting their support for individual responsibility may sometimes shade into social Darwinism.