Distribution Of Energy Consumption Research Articles

Analysis of Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Indicators of the Petroleum Industry in Serbia

Current energy trends and the achieved level of sustainability of the petroleum industry in Serbia were analysed in this paper. Certain impacts of this sector on the environment were also considered, primarily through the emission of greenhouse gases. The latest publicly available data on the energy balance and emissions in this sector from the published reports of the NIS company for the year 2021, as a key representative of the oil and gas industry in Serbia, were used for the analysis. Based on the calculated energy indicators, a high level of energy consumption was confirmed in Serbian petroleum sector. In terms of energy security, this industry sector is mostly dependent on imported raw materials. The highest energy consumption within the sector is in the domains of exploration, production and processing, while the domains of trade and transport are less represented. The spatial distribution of energy consumption within the sector is uneven. Such trends are also present in comparable energy sectors in the region of Central and Southeastern Europe. Emissions of greenhouse gases from the activities of the petroleum industry in Serbia for 2021 are estimated at the level of 2.7% of total domestic emissions (according to the available 2019 trend. The largest part is emissions due to processing, followed by exploration and production. Sustainability indicators confirm a certain negative impact of this sector on the emission of greenhouse gases, the largest part of which was direct emissions. Observed trends and tendencies to reduce total energy consumption and neutralize environmental pollution remain key for the entire petroleum sector in Serbia. It is expected that the current projects will provide measurable benefits of increasing energy efficiency and sustainability of the sector in the coming period. Their implementation is beyond question and should not be delayed.

Planning Strategy for Urban Building Energy Conservation Supported by Agent-Based Modeling

As a systematic, preventive, and structural adjustment method of improving building energy conservation and carbon emission reduction, urban planning has received extensive attention. However, due to the insufficient interface between energy-saving technology and urban planning systems, urban planning has not properly played a role in building energy conservation. Scientific and innovative technical methods are urgently needed to explore the role of coordinating multiple effective planning elements in overall building energy conservation through urban planning means. Due to climate conditions, there is high demand for conserving building energy in severe cold regions, but research into this has not been thoroughly carried out. Harbin, located in the northeast of China, belongs to the Dwa zone of the Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification, and is also a typical city of severe cold regions where the daily average temperature is lower than 5 °C for more than 145 days in a year. This study takes Harbin as an example and uses agent-based modeling to establish an urban-scale building energy consumption simulation model. The model contains four types of agents (a global agent, building agent, residential agent, and household equipment agent) and two types of influence factor modules (an urban form module and a climate module). Three simulation scenarios were designed, including a baseline scenario, an urban form scenario, and a climate scenario. The baseline scenario provided an overview of the urban-scale building energy consumption distribution characteristics of Harbin and served as a reference group for the simulation results of other scenarios. The urban form scenario results show that when the elements with a highly significant impact change by 1 unit, the retail building block has the most obvious change in energy consumption, up to 44.7 × 106 kWh/105 m2/year, while the office building block has the lowest change, with 34.5 × 103 kWh/105 m2/year. The fluctuation of electricity is the most obvious, but the total change is lower than the heating energy consumption. The climate scenario shows that the energy consumption of residential land in urban centers will consistently rise in the next 50 years, up to 5.3 × 105 kWh/105 m2/year. Based on these results, this study puts forward future building energy conservation planning strategies for Harbin, focusing on three aspects: the planning and control of urban form, the optimization and adjustment of the climate, and the building energy conservation planning system. These research results are expected to provide scientific support for transforming Harbin into a low-carbon city.

Energy Conservation and Energy Audit as an Energy Saving Effort at MSTP UNDIP (case study of MSTP Undip Jepara)

Conservation and energy saving audits on the consumer side are carried out to reduce the rate of energy use so that energy is not wasted. The MSTP Undip Jepara building was chosen as the object of the audit due to the absence of an energy audit report as a form of energy saving plan. Energy audits are carried out using the energy consumption intensity method to determine the efficiency level of the building based on the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 13 of 2012 and the significant energy users method to determine the distribution of energy consumption on installed equipment so that energy saving opportunities can be saved. Based on the calculation results, the MSTP Building is in the category of efficient energy consumption with the energy consumption intensity of air-conditioned and non air-conditioned buildings in 2021 with value 9.0 kWh/m2/month and 4.9 kWh/m2/month. Energy saving opportunities savings in the no/low cost category, the resulting savings are Rp. 31,963,190, medium cost Rp. 18,490,311, and high cost Rp. 582,503. Savings include setting air-conditioned temperature, reducing air-conditioned operating hours, replacing TL Neon and Spiral lamps with LEDs, as well as replacing conventional PCs with All-in-one PCs

Heterogeneous Azeotropic Extractive Coupled Heat Pump Distillation for Triethylamine‐Dichloromethane‐Acetone‐Water

AbstractThere are three kinds of binary azeotropes and one kind of a near‐boiling compound with clamping zone characteristics in the triethylamine‐dichloromethane‐acetone‐water system, which belongs to complex quaternary systems. A four‐column distillation process of heterogeneous azeotropic extraction for the separation of the system was designed, simulated, and optimized to obtain more suitable process parameters and energy consumption distribution of each column. On this basis, taking the total annual cost (TAC) as the comprehensive economic evaluation index and CO2 emission as the environmental evaluation index, the thermal integration technology and mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) heat pump technology were applied to the energy‐saving research of the distillation process for the system. The results indicate that compared with the conventional four‐column heterogeneous azeotropic extractive distillation process, the thermal integration distillation process and single‐column MVR heat pump coupled thermal integration distillation process can save energy consumption and TAC, and it can reduce CO2 emission.

Energy-Saving Operation Strategy for Hotels Considering the Impact of COVID-19 in the Context of Carbon Neutrality

With the advent of the post-epidemic era, the energy consumption characteristics of hotels have changed, which has an important impact on urban energy conservation. In order to contribute to the goal of carbon neutrality, this study discusses the energy-saving operation strategy of hotels considering the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. Based on the energy consumption characteristics of large public buildings, this paper analyzes the energy consumption distribution and operation characteristics of hotel buildings in detail. By collecting energy consumption data from five typical large hotel buildings in a tourist city in southern China from 2018 to 2022, the impact of COVID-19 on hotel energy consumption and hotel business characteristics was discussed in detail. Combined with the economic development characteristic in the post-epidemic era, this paper explores the energy-saving strategies that hotels can adopt in the context of normalized epidemic prevention and control and obtains the optimal path of low-carbon economic operation of hotel buildings. This study reveals the energy consumption characteristics and energy-saving potential of hotel buildings, and provides enlightenment for hotel management and low-carbon development in the post-epidemic era.

Türkiye Ekonomik Büyümesinde Yenilenebilir Enerji: Mevcut Durum, Gelecek Beklentileri, İstihdam ve Yatırım Fırsatları

Energy is one of the significant factors of economic growth and development. Accelerating technological developments in the global world has increased energy consumption. Nowadays, renewable alternative energy sources are high on the agenda due to the limited energy resources. This study aims to predict the future of the global energy consumption and world energy distribution scenario and reveal investment opportunities and employment results in Turkey using the projections of the current situation and future expectations. For this purpose, the relevant data obtained from the Enerdata database for the world energy distribution in the period of 2000-2050, specific to Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, North America, Latin America, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), and the Pacific, were compared, and the situation of Turkey in this process has been analyzed descriptively with specific indicators. According to the results, although renewable energy production investments have increased in Turkey, oil, natural gas, and coal still occupy a considerable place in the total energy supply, and the share of renewable resources such as wind and sun is very insufficient and should increase gradually. However, it has been found that the part of renewable energy sources in electricity production and primary energy consumption would rise and provide new employment opportunities with technological developments. The results are expected to provide fruitful information to policymakers, project developers, investors, industries, and relevant stakeholders.

The Effect of Electricity Distribution Loos, Electricity Power Consumption, Electricity Intensity on Energy Consumption in West Africa

This paper analyses the effect of electricity distribution loos, carbon emissions, growth, and energy consumption nexus in West Africa utilising pooled series data that spans the decades of 1970 to 2019. The paper employs cross sectional auto regressive distributive lag model (CS-ARDL), and Dumitrescu Hurlin Causality Test. The result of unit root test reveals that the variables have mixed stationary. In addition, the empirical analysis revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between electricity distribution losses on energy consumption while electricity intensity level, electricity power consumption and economic growth prevails positive on energy consumption in the log-run. The result established a unidirectional causal relationship running from energy consumption LEC to electricity distribution losses LEDL while a bidirectional relationship was found between electricity intensity level LEIL causing LEPC electric power consumption and carbon emission LCO2.

Integrating a heat pump into a 4th generation district heating (4GDH) system – Two-mode configuration inputting operational data

The aim is to examine integrating a heat pump (HP) into a district heating (DH) system versus potential savings in the separate scenario. It takes into account all the properties of both DH system and a HP operation, and gives the understanding of temperature, pressure and enthalpy of refrigerant at each cycle point. Contribution to the pool of knowledge is considering a novel configuration, which allows to get rid of a heat exchanger between the water-source HP and the network. Scenarios of (i) separate operation of a HP, and (ii) integrating it into a DH system and inputting design data only, or (iii) utilizing operational data have been analyzed. Multiple thermal simulations have been performed. We also allow traditional coverage of heat demand with the help of a supply line of high-temperature DH (HTDH), thus elaborated what happens when the outdoor air temperature drops below lower threshold. Hence, the model identifies two stages of operating a HP integrated into a DH system. Starting from it, the temperature of the supply water should be 50 °C and above, so it is more effective to use supply water directly until the outdoor temperature rises again. This outdoor temperature implies change of operational mode, which leads to the following results. On cold winter days, the available amount of heat is lower than the energy consumption, therefore, energy from a supply line of HTDH is utilized, which gives overall energy saving effect of about 14 %. Mass flow rates through the configuration suggested are identical during moderate-cold fall and spring days, since the control logic is established with the help of variation of supply temperature only. Single HP has the lowest efficiency because of high temperatures needed: with a nominal temperature difference of 25 °C, the coefficient of performance (COP) rises to 5.0 only. At the break-even point, HP in each configuration has COP ranging between 3.51 and 4.43, while the rest of the time COP is just above 2. In different cases, the lowest threshold of HP's performance is 2.4, 2.6, and 2.89, respectively. The DH-assisted scenario, where peak energy demand was covered by DH system directly, clearly outperformed separate installation, where a HP was the only thing responsible to provide the necessary supply temperatures. For this case, lower COP stipulates less energy is supplied from the DH system, and therefore a lower share of consumption is supplied directly from supply line, which decreases the overall seasonal COP. Scenario (iii) of inputting DH operational data has the highest seasonal COPs, reasoned to higher than design return temperatures. Given the low performance of a HP raising water temperature to 55 °C (the lowest threshold acceptable in winter) a single HP with no backup capacity accounts for 23 % more energy use. Supported by a coal-fired combined heat-and-power plant, distribution of primary energy consumption is more favorable, i.e. coal-fired generation covers the peak. The positive effect is expanded by converting a part of heat demand from HP operation to cheaper HTDH operation.

Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of heterogeneous aquifer co-contaminated with Cr(VI) and nitrate by rhamnolipids

Electrokinetic remediation is an in situ remediation technique that is gaining increasing attention in the field of groundwater contaminant removal. Aquifers co-contaminated with hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and nitrate are becoming more common and research on the remediation of this pollutant is attracting worldwide attention owing to the considerable human health hazards of Cr(VI) and nitrate, including carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. Electrokinetic remediation technology has significant advantages for the treatment of heterogeneous aquifers. This is the first study on the electrokinetic remediation of an aquifer co-contaminated with toxic heavy metals and inorganic salts. This study investigated the feasibility of electrokinetic remediation for layered heterogeneous aquifers co-contaminated with Cr(VI) and nitrate in the presence of groundwater flow, and it also assessed the ability of the anionic biosurfactant rhamnolipid to enhance the remediation effect. Changes in the pH, electrical conductivity, Cr(VI), nitrate, electric current, and the distribution of energy consumption and the voltage contour were analyzed through seven sets of experiments. The highest removal rates of Cr(VI) and nitrate were 97.30% and 87.08%, respectively. Rhamnolipids greatly enhanced the electrokinetic remediation process, especially in medium with moderately low permeability: 1) rhamnolipids improved Cr(VI) removal(from 1.62% of EK3 to 85.57% of EK6 and from 48.42% of EK4 to 94.18% of EK7) through migration and reduction; and 2) rhamnolipids improved nitrate removal (from 13.03% of EK3 to 71.72% of EK6 and from 23.69% of EK4 to 78.43% of EK7) through enhanced migration.

An Improved Equal Area Criterion for Transient Stability Analysis of Converter-Based Microgrid Considering Nonlinear Damping Effect

As a flexible and reliable way for distributed energy consumption and integration, the converters-dominated microgrid has attracted more and more attention recently. Owing to the low inertia and high nonlinearity of power converters, the islanded microgrid under large-signal disturbances is easily suffer to transient stability problems. To support the stable operation of microgrid, grid-forming converters are extensively investigated and applied. In this paper, an improved equal area criterion (IEAC) is proposed for the transient stability analysis of a simple microgrid equipped with both grid-following and grid-forming converters. Firstly, a simplified second-order model of the microgrid is established, which contains a nonlinear damping term relying on the power angle. Then, the limitation of conventional equal area criterion (EAC) for transient stability analysis is revealed, which completely ignores the unfavorable influence of negative damping and may lead to erroneous judgement. To fill this gap, an improved equal area criterion is proposed to derive the transient stability conditions for islanded microgrid, which could improve the estimation accuracy of stability boundaries. Moreover, impacts of system parameters and controller parameters on transient stability are studied, which provides useful guidelines for the parameter optimization of grid-forming and grid-following converters. Eventually, simulation and hardware-in-loop experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

A Three-Dimensional Investigation of Spatial Relationship between Building Composition and Surface Urban Heat Island

Urban heat island (UHI) phenomena are on the increase and are responsible for excessive energy use, environmental harm, and detrimental effects on human health in many parts of the world. Case studies of individual cities imply that wise planning and policymaking might lessen the consequences of UHI by altering aspects of urban settings such as land use/cover (LULC). Determining the influence of LULC planning on UHIs has proven difficult due to the diversity of elements that can alter urban surroundings. This study evaluated building functions and the three-dimensional distribution of structures on land surface temperatures (LSTs) in Tsukuba, a science city in Japan, to estimate the influence of landscape composition on UHIs. We used multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between LST and LULC, building height, building function, and other variables (e.g., distance to/from roads). Our results showed that management and control of the distribution of buildings, population density, and energy consumption could significantly reduce LSTs, realize sustainable development, and ensure a healthy environment in a planned city. Furthermore, a better theoretical understanding of what makes cities sustainable can enhance the ecological awareness of urbanites and help cities evolve in a sustainable way.

A Comparison Study on Magnetorheological Multi-Disc Clutches in Steady Continuous-Duty States from the Viewpoint of Electrical Energy Consumption and Spatial Temperature Distribution

The paper is focused on magnetorheological (MR) clutches applied in industrial drive systems working in a steady continuous-duty state. The main goal of the carried out numerical and analytical analyses oriented towards electrical power consumption, copper losses (Joule heat) in an excitation coil, spatial temperature distributions and the highest temperature possible for an MR fluid is to compare MR clutches due to a different number of discs. The authors considered selected representative MR multi-disc clutches with one, two, three or four discs, developing clutching torque Tc equal to 20, 35 and 50 Nm. These clutches were constructed based on the in-house design that integrates analytical and field methods (further in the paper referred to as the integrated analytical-field design method) described in the literature. The thermal computer simulation results obtained with the help of the AGROS2D program, combined with findings achieved with the use of simplified physical reasonings, allow one to draw the conclusion that the most advantageous, recommended number of discs for a magnetorheological clutch from the viewpoint of various (both constructional and thermal) criteria is the number of discs: N = 2. This conclusion takes into account the results presented earlier in the literature: the choice is a compromise between decreasing the mass (volume) of the MR clutches and increasing both the electrical power consumption and the maximum temperature of MR fluids in a clutch working region as the number of discs, N, increases.

The Effect of Energy Consumption on China’s Regional Economic Growth from a Spatial Spillover Perspective

Under the downward pressure of the economy, China’s extensive economic growth relying on factor input is difficult to sustain, and adjusting the total amount and structure of energy consumption to promote high-quality economic development has become an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the exploratory spatial data analysis method (ESDA) and the partial differential method of the spatial regression model, the paper measures the spatial spillover effect of energy consumption on economic growth by taking 30 provincial units in China as the research object. The results are as follows: (1) There is a significant spatial agglomeration in the spatial distribution of regional economic growth and energy consumption, that a core-periphery model has been formed with the eastern region as the core. Therefore, in view of the imbalance in regional development, more attention should be paid to the rationality of industrial spatial distribution when formulating policies, so as to achieve the sustainable development of China’s economy. (2) Through further empirical testing of spatial metrology, it has been found that regional energy consumption has a significant spatial spillover effect on economic growth, and this effect varies according to region and type of energy consumption. Among them, although coal consumption accounts for the largest proportion of energy consumption structure, the economic effect is very limited, which provides a possibility for the government to optimize the allocation of energy resources and shift to a green economy. Therefore, more energy policies should be developed to encourage the development of clean energy.

Study on the effects of runner geometric parameters on the performance of micro Francis turbines used in water supply system of high-rise buildings

With the increasing emphasis on clean energy, there is growing attention to the use of microturbines or pumps as turbines (PATs) to recover excess hydraulic energy in the water supply system (WSS) of high-rise buildings. In this paper, a micro Francis turbine for WSS in high-rise buildings was presented, and the effects of runner geometric parameters on turbine performance were investigated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and lab tests. In the research process, based on the theoretical design results and the numerical optimization of blade exit angle and blade shape, a turbine model was obtained for laboratory testing. The test results show that the Francis turbine has a relatively good performance in both energy generation and water head reduction. In addition, the feasibility of the used runner design method was verified in this special working condition by comparing the experimental performance of turbines with different runner inlet widths. Based on a numerical model that has been validated by experimental results, further optimization for blade thickness and blade number was carried out through CFD simulations. The simulation results show that blade thickness and blade number can affect energy consumption and pressure distribution in the runner and thus affect turbine performance, and there are optimal values to achieve optimal turbine performance. And the optimized model had an output power of 148 W and an efficiency of 21.23% at the design condition.

Primary energy consumption structure and the influencing factors in China: an income decomposition and post-economic crisis era perspective.

China's coal-based energy structure makes its carbon peak and neutrality goals very challenging. As a result, optimizing the energy structure has become an important means, and researching its influencing factors and trends has become the foundation and prerequisite for policy formulation related to energy structure optimization. Especially after the severe economic crisis, the economic structure has undergone profound changes, and the impact of related factors on the energy structure has also changed. This study adopts regression methods considering heteroskedasticity and cross-section correlation to study the panel data of 30 provinces in China and obtains the changes in the relationship between fossil and non-fossil fuel consumption in different regions and their influencing factors after two global financial crises. Research results show that China's energy consumption tends to decouple from GDP. Income structure changes, especially trade changes, are important factors in influencing energy consumption and energy structure. The deviation between energy resource distribution and consumption distribution tends to increase. Regional heteroskedasticity is evident in the impact of urbanization development models, energy prices, and efficiency.

An Improved Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks With Mobile Sink Using Dynamic Minimum Spanning Tree

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), finding the best transmission route from each node to the mobile sink is not a simple task because of the dynamic characteristics of sink node and cluster transmission. In order to balance energy consumption and reduce collisions in wireless transmissions, this paper proposes a Dynamic Spanning Tree with Mobile Sink (DSTMS) routing algorithm. Firstly, based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol (LEACH), a multi-layer transmission framework with dynamic minimum spanning tree (MST) is constructed to optimize data transmission route. In this framework, the selected rendezvous points, according to the motion parameters of mobile sink, build the dynamic rendezvous layer to constraint the hierarchical transmission of DSTMS. In addition, considering some factors of transmission energy consumption and residual energy distribution,the weight factor based on energy efficient function is introduced to evaluate the cost of transmission path within the MST. Moreover, the proposed algorithm not only reduces network energy consumption caused by frequent location updates of mobile sink, but also reduces data transmission congestion by constructing dynamic hierarchical transmission strategy. The simulation results show that the DSTMS algorithm can effectively prolong the network life, balance the network load and reduce collisions in wireless transmissions.

ESCVAD: An Energy-Saving Routing Protocol Based on Voronoi Adaptive Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks

An excellent routing protocol is important for wireless sensor network (WSN) construction and efficient data transmission. With the continuous expansion of the application scenarios and scopes of the Internet of Things, the existing WSN routing protocols are no longer suitable for the complex network structure and the huge demands of communications. Aiming at these issues of existing routing protocols, such as short network lifetime caused by high energy consumption and uneven distribution of surviving nodes, this article proposes an energy-saving clustering protocol based on adaptive Voronoi dividing, named energy-saving clustering by Voronoi adaptive dividing (ESCVAD) protocol. The innovation of ESCVAD protocol lies in the adaptive clustering algorithm based on Voronoi dividing and cluster head election optimization algorithm based on distance and energy comprehensive weighting. The advantage of proposed algorithms is effectively to balance the energy consumption between cluster head nodes and cluster member nodes. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional routing protocols, such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol and stable energy protocol (SEP), the proposed ESCVAD protocol can effectively reduce the clustering frequency and cluster head electing frequency, so as to reduce signaling interaction frequency, finally result in the energy consumption down and the network lifetime up. Among the six protocols for comparation, ESCVAD has the best network lifetime and energy efficiency.

A novel approach to the conventional deep drawing process

In this study, the mechanical formability of Al6061-T6 sheet material using a pre-bulging process was experimentally investigated. Therefore, an innovative die entrance design was applied to conventional deep drawing dies. In addition to the formability of the Al6061-T6 material, the effects of the innovative design on the energy consumption and thickness distribution were also investigated. For the experimental studies, deep drawing dies capable of mechanically pre-bulging at 0°, 15°, and 30° angles were designed and experimental studies were carried out at a 10 mm/sec forming speed with constant blank holder force. It was observed that the Al6061-T6 material, which was drawn at the highest ratio of ß = 2.0 in a single operation with the conventional deep drawing method, can be deep drawn at a drawing ratio of ß = 2.2 in a single operation with this new method, and the forming force was reduced by 24.45%. It was found that the deep-drawn Al6061-T6 sample, which was drawn at the highest ß = 2.2 drawing ratio, exhibited a maximum sheet thinning of 15%, and it could be formed with a single die in a single operation without forming defects such as cracking and wrinkling.

Instantaneous friction energy consumption and its evolution of high energy efficiency milling cutter

In the process of high-efficiency milling of titanium alloys, cutting vibration causes the frequent changes in the contact relationship between the flank face of the cutter tooth and the workpiece. The instantaneous friction speed, friction force and energy consumption of the milling cutter thus change continuously, resulting in the difficulty to precisely control the wear and life of milling cutter. This has become a bottleneck of restricting the further improvement of the cutting performance of high energy efficiency milling cutter. In this work, the model of instantaneous friction velocity and friction energy consumption of the flank face of the cutter tooth under vibration are developed. The distribution and evolution of instantaneous friction speed and friction energy consumption are studied. The proposed models are verified by high-efficiency milling experiments. The results show that the average relative error of the proposed model is 10.05%, by using this model, the influences of the cutting vibration on instantaneous friction energy consumption and friction wear boundaries could be effectively unveiled. The proposed model also could accurately describe the distribution and evolution of the above-mentioned parameters.

Adaptive Genetic Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Reasoning for the Multilevel Capacitated Lot-Sizing Problem with Energy Consumption in Synchronizer Production

The multilevel capacitated lot-sizing problem (MLCLSP) is a vital theoretical problem of production planning in discrete manufacturing. An improved algorithm based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to solve the MLCLSP. Based on the solution results, the distribution of energy consumption in a synchronous production case is analyzed. In the related literature, the GA has become a much-discussed topic in solving these kinds of problems. Although the standard GA can make up for the defects of the traditional algorithm, it will lead to the problems of unstable solution results and easy local convergence. For these reasons, this research presents an adaptive genetic algorithm based on fuzzy theory (fuzzy-GA) to solve the MLCLSP. Firstly, the solving process of the MLCLSP with the fuzzy-GA is described in detail, where algorithms for key technologies such as the capacity constraint algorithm and the algorithm of solving fitness value are developed. Secondly, the auto-encoding of decision variables for MLCLSPs is studied; within this, the decision variables of whether to produce or not are encoded into a hierarchical structure based on the bill of material; combined with external demand, the decision variables of lot-sizing are constructed. Thirdly, the adaptive optimization process of parameters of the GA for the MLCLSP based on fuzzy theory is expounded, in which membership function, fuzzy rule, and defuzzification of the MLCLSP is mainly presented. Experimental studies using the processed dataset collected from a synchronizer manufacturer have demonstrated the merits of the proposed approach, in which the energy consumption distribution of the optimized production plan is given. The optimal lot-sizing is closer to the average value of the optimal value compared with the standard GA, which indicates that the proposed fuzzy-GA approach has better convergence and stability.