Average Temperature Distribution Research Articles

Investigating ultrasonic piezoelectrics for photovoltaic cooling: Effects of the height and temperature of submerged water

In this study, ultrasonic piezoelectrics submerged in water are utilized to generate cold-water vapor for cooling a photovoltaic panel. The research experimentally investigates the impact of water temperature (5–25 °C), water height (5–7 cm), and the number of piezoelectrics (1–5) on the average temperature, temperature distribution, output voltage, and output power of the panel. To ensure consistent environmental conditions for comparison, all tests were conducted within a solar simulator. The results indicated that the photovoltaic panel performance improves with lower water temperature and height, and an increased number of piezoelectrics. Specifically, the steady-state temperature of the panel, which was 58.23 °C without cooling, was reduced to 34.36 °C by using five piezoelectrics in water at 5 °C and a height of 5 cm. Additionally, analysis revealed that as the water height decreases from 7 cm to 5 cm at water temperatures of 5 °C and 25 °C, the panel’s output voltage increases by 2.64 % and 2.86 %, respectively. Moreover, it was demonstrated that lowering the water temperature from 25 °C to 5 °C and decreasing the water height from 7 cm to 5 cm resulted in a 5.80 % increase in the panel’s power output, rising from 6.03 to 6.38.

Impact of nanoparticle shape on the thermal performance of eco-friendly soybean-based nanofluids in cooling titanium alloys

Ecofriendly soybean coolant offers a sustainable alternative to conventional coolants, providing excellent thermal performance while reducing environmental impact. Its biodegradable nature and low toxicity make it a safe choice for various cooling applications, promoting greener industrial practices. This study investigates the thermal performance of eco-friendly soybean nanofluids dispersed with alumina and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles for cooling a titanium alloy block. The investigations are conducted using single and dual nozzle setup to assess the impact of nanoparticle shape, volume fraction and Reynolds number on heat transfer characteristics of ecofriendy coolant. The discretization is conducted using the finite volume method, and the Nusselt number is calculated from the convective heat transfer coefficient. Results show that platelet-shaped nanoparticles exhibit superior thermal conductivity and heat transfer performance compared to spherical and cylindrical shapes. Increasing the volume fraction of MoS2 platelet-shaped nanoparticles from 0.5% to 6% results in a reduction of the average temperature distribution of the titanium block by 26.53% in the single-nozzle setup and 28.87% in the dual-nozzle configuration. The dual nozzle arrangements significantly enhance heat dissipation, with MoS2 nanoparticles decreasing the temperature distribution by 9.24% in the single-nozzle setup and 15.78% in the dual-nozzle setup compared to alumina nanoparticles. Optimal thermal performance is observed at elevated Reynolds numbers, where platelet-shaped MoS2 nanoparticles achieve the highest Nusselt numbers. Specifically, incorporating MoS2 cylindrical-shaped nanoparticles into soybean oil at higher Reynolds numbers improves average heat transfer by up to 29.16% when compared to cylindrical alumina nanoparticles. The enhancements in heat transfer for spherical and platelet-shaped MoS2 nanoparticles are 37.51% and 46.66%, respectively, relative to cylindrical alumina particles. This research offers crucial guidance on developing and enhancing sustainable coolants, revealing the significance of nanoparticle shape in optimizing thermal performance and paving the way for cleaner production processes that prioritize environmental responsibility.

Study on the Influence of Structural Parameters of Microwave Heating Device on the Heating Effect of Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoir

Abstract The investigation into microwave heating technology for enhancing gas production from hydrate reservoir has attracted wide attention. However, the initial microwave heating device structure still has limitations of low average temperature and uneven temperature distribution in the reservoir during microwave heating. This study has established the microwave heating simulation model, which is validated by the reservoir microwave heating experiment results. Based on the simulation results of microwave heating model, the optimized structure parameters of microwave heating device are obtained: the slots distribution method is cross-distribution, the slot shape is rectangle, the slot angle is 75°, and the slot length is 30 mm. Following microwave heating with the optimized structure for 10 hours, the average temperature within the 1-meter radius of the reservoir rises from 2 °C to 9.52 °C, the maximum temperature in the reservoir is 58.21 °C, and the temperature standard deviation is 9.15 °C. The results mentioned above indicate that the optimized structure can well increase the temperature in the gas hydrate reservoir and the temperature distribution is uniform. This study will further promote the application of microwave heating technology in the actual exploitation of natural gas hydrate.

Статистический анализ изменения температуры воздуха по данным многолетних наблюдений Метеорологической обсерватории имени В. А. Михельсона РГАУ – МСХА

Introduction. The purpose of the study is to assess the dynamics of changes in air temperature indicators and its impact on agronomic systems, based on long-term observations of the V. A. Mikhelson Meteorological Observatory of RSAU – MTAA. Materials and Methods. Using the Mathcad program, graphs of changes in average annual temperatures were constructed using a third-order approximation polynomial, graphs of the theoretical normal density distribution and normal temperature distribution function, as well as graphs of intra-annual temperature distribution for 30 years. Research results and Discussion. The values of the relative error of average annual temperatures were calculated, the normal distribution of average annual temperatures was checked using the Pearson criterion, after which the probability of deviation of the empirical hours falling into intervals from the theoretical hours was found. Conclusion. As a result of the research, a significant increase in average annual air temperature was established against the background of a general reduction in the duration of the cold period. Increase in temperature over the period 1961–1990 amounted to 0.9 °C, which is significantly higher than the average values for the globe. The results of the study reflect the general trend of warming in the context of global climate change and can be used to improve the forecasting of weather conditions, as well as to optimize technological processes in crop production.

Characteristics of air temperature on the southern and southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus in the modern period

In the paper, the characteristics of air temperature in the south part of the Greater Caucasus region and the effects of regional climate changes on this area in the modern period were studied. In the research, the air temperature observation data of 8 hydrometeorological stations operating in the region for the years 1961-2022 were used, and the modern classification of the average monthly, seasonal, annual and altitude time-space distributions of temperature was given.Based on the data of hydrometeorological stations in the south and southeast piedmonts of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, an electronic map was prepared for the distribution of average annual air temperature indicators on the territory, and for determining the indicators of areas without data. DEM (Digital Elevation Model) files obtained fromthe decoding of satellite images (satellite data) were used in the prepared map. The research shows that July and August are the hottest months when the temperature is 22.80C, while January is the coldest by temperature about 0.50C in this region. In this part of the Greater Caucasus province, in the cold months of the year, the average monthly temperature is indicating below 00C in the area located above the moderately mountainous part of the region. The dynamics of the average indicators of temperature of the multi-year period (1961-2022) are expressed by a positive trend. The average annual temperature distribution map of the territory shows that the air temperature is 15.00C in the low mountainous part of the region, while it decreases upwards and, according to the adiabatic law, equals 00C at altitudes above 3500 m. According to the climate studies conducted in the region, compared to the years 1981-2010, it was found that there was a temperature increase of 1.20C in the mountainous region in 2011-2022. Also, a comparative analysis of 10-year averages of air temperature trends, using the Holt- Winters model, shows that temperatures in 2100 are expected to increase by 3.00C compared to 2030. In the region, climate changes that worsen every year lead to water scarcity, desertification, drought, etc. and can expand the area of recurrence of environmental crises and destructive natural events. This research can be used in future climate change mitigation , climate atlases, infrastructure, agricultural and industrial projects in the region.

The Seasonal Variations of the Thermocline in the Banda Sea and its Water Mass Characteristics

This research was conducted to examine the seasonal variations in the Banda Sea's thermocline layer and its water mass characteristics. The research was conducted by analyzing Argo Float data. The data consists of six observation stations in West Season and Transitional Season II, and four stations in Transition Season I and East Season The thermocline layer thickness was identified based on the depth where the temperature decreased ≥ 0.05oC/m. The thermocline layer's distribution of depth and thickness and the distribution of temperature and salinity seasonally in the thermocline layer were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2010. The analysis results showed that East Season and Transition Season II have a shallower upper boundary depth of the thermocline layer, a deeper lower boundary of the thermocline layer, and the thermocline layer is thicker when compared to the West Season and Transition Season I. The average temperature distribution is higher and the average salinity is lower in the West Season and Transition Season I. The mean rate of change in salinity and temperature in the thermocline layer seasonally ranged from 0.002-0.004 PSU/m and 0.06-0.08oC/m. The thermocline layer's stratification is stronger in the West Season and Transition Season I.

Large-scale experimental study on the average temperature distribution model of fire smoke under mechanical ventilation in the flat space

Mechanical ventilation is essential to ensure the safety of persons, equipment, and structures in cruise ship fire incidents. The mass loss rate, smoke temperature, and comprehensive heat transfer coefficient during large-scale fire experiments are researched in cruise ship flat space. The results indicate that the mass loss rate of four pool fires with different sizes presents different rules in mechanical ventilation conditions compared with open conditions. In addition, the vertical distribution of temperature appears to be stratification, which aligns with the “dual-zone model”. The horizontal distribution of the temperature has a “mutation point”. With the mutation point as the boundary, the temperature drops rapidly from the fire source to the mutation point and decreases more slowly. Furthermore, the distribution model of comprehensive heat transfer coefficient and average temperature are established. The comprehensive heat transfer coefficient is in direct proportion to the 1.00 power of heat release rate and inversely in proportion to the 0.69 power of the number of mechanical ventilation. However, the average temperature is in direct proportion to the 0.52 power of heat release rate and inversely in proportion to the 1.40 power of the number of mechanical ventilation.

Quasi-one-dimensional approach to heat transfer: General formulation and its application to transformer windings

A quasi-one-dimensional approach to conduction heat transfer with convective boundary conditions is developed for bodies of variable geometry. The novelty of the method is demonstrated on the windings in oil-filled distribution transformers with partial cooling ducts. We obtain analytical solution for the windings average temperature rise and tangential temperature distribution and find them in an excellent agreement with the FEM simulation, numerically confirming the validity of the reduction from 2D to 1D. When the quasi-one-dimensional approach is applied to calculation of temperature rise for the low and high voltage windings in industrial setting we obtain 1% and 5% discrepancy with the industrial tests respectively. Hence, the method offers reliable estimates of the temperature rise, and temperature distribution in a chosen direction, in bodies of variable geometry.

Investigation of pin and perforated heatsink cooling efficiency and temperature distribution

The uneven temperature distribution resulting from thermal stresses in heat sinks is a significant issue in modern electronic devices. This numerical investigation utilizes fluid to analyze the cooling, flow, and heat transfer characteristics of eight different heat sink designs. These include pin–fin heat sinks with circular, triangular, square, and hexagonal cross-sections, as well as their perforated versions. The results show that the thermal resistance range for all geometries was between Rth = 0.29 and 0.51 K W−1. The circular cross-section pin structure was found to be the most efficient in terms of thermal resistance, while the triangular perforated structure was the least efficient. The narrow and low temperature distribution indicates a high cooling potential for the heat sink. It has been observed that the temperature range studied is between 308.732 and 315.273 K. The circular cross-section pin structure is most efficient in terms of homogeneous distribution between 308.73 and 311.306 K. The pin-type structure with a square cross-section attained the maximum Performance Evaluation Criteria (PEC) of 1.1872 at P = 689 Pa, while the pin-type structure with a triangular cross-section attained the lowest PEC of 0.67 at P = 2750 Pa. The investigation revealed that, in relation to PEC, perforated structures had superior performance compared to other pin designs, except for the square-section pin structure. This research found that measuring the efficiency of a heat sink based just on thermal resistance or average temperature distribution is not enough; the PEC criteria must also be taken into account.

Development and analysis of temperature rolling model during reversing mill rolling

It is shown that the process of the formation of the structure and mechanical properties of plates products is determined by the change of the temperature of the roll through the stages of the production process in the line of a reversing plate mill. An analytical temperature model is developed, that allows to estimate the distribution of surface and average mass temperature along the length and width of the roll for various stages of rolling with intermediate cooling, considering the deformation conditions for each pass. The temperature model is tested; as result, the proposed model can be used to calculate the distribution of the average mass temperature along the length and width of the roll at various stages of the production of plates on reversing mills.

Evaluation of the earth-air heat exchanger's performance in improving the indoor conditions of an industrial poultry house using computational fluid dynamics verified with field tests

This paper aims to investigate the performance of an Earth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) to improve the indoor conditions of an industrial poultry building after its installation, considering the optimal position and installation configuration (separate or collected inlets), which have not been addressed previously. In this regard, an industrial broiler house containing 20,000 chickens equipped with four cooling pads operated by a mechanical ventilation system located in Biskra, Algeria, was simulated with six scenarios, including the original. The model developed is verified with the field test measurements and experimental and numerical data in the literature. The results showed that optimizing the cooling pad position increases average indoor air temperature and velocity distribution by 0.1% and 8%, respectively. Moreover, the position and configuration of installing the EAHE inlets play an important role in uniforming indoor air distribution. Scenario 3, with 80 EAHE inlets versus exhaust fans, has the best indoor air uniformity, with a maximum velocity and temperature difference between its sections of 1.15 m s−1 and 1.4 K, respectively. Overall, EAHE showed a good ability to cool and maintain appropriate indoor air temperatures, achieving a difference of 15 °C between inside and outside, in addition to providing annual energy savings of 921,600 kWh/year and reducing 30,643 tons of CO2 emissions during its lifespan, in contrast, its simple payback time estimated 4 years.

Energy and exergy analysis of latent heat storage with heat pipe encased in phase change material

Loop heat pipe (LHP) encased in phase change material (PCM) incorporated annular to catalytic converter (CC) is proposed to augment the performance of the “thermal energy storage” (TES). LHP are designed to extract surplus heat from the exhaust discharge, thereby reducing the amount of exhaust heat emitted into the atmosphere. A four-cylinder IC engine’s CC is considered with Mg70Zn24.9Al5.1, paraffin oil as PCM and working fluid for the heat pipe are evaluated. A comparative experimental investigation was performed considering two models for CC with and without heat pipe integrated in the TES for (i) distribution of average PCM temperature (ii) energy, exergy efficiency and distribution (iii) effectiveness (iv) instantaneous waste heat recovered during heat storage. Transient cycles at 2000 r/min with varying load conditions were run considering city drive conditions. Heat storage for CC with heat pipe encased in TES was found to be 35% faster, whereas discharge time for CC without heat pipe developed in TES was found to be longer. For melt fraction 1, maximum exergy efficiencies of 71% and 69% were observed for the TES unit with and without heat pipe. Heat pipes are observed to help extract a considerable amount of surplus heat from exhaust and reduce the exhaust gas outlet temperature released into the atmosphere by nearly 130 – 40°C under various load circumstances.

Neural Network and Regression Methods for Estimation of the Average Daily Temperature of Hyderabad for the Years 2018-2020

A qualitative study on temperature distribution has been executed in Hyderabad by several researchers. This study, however, is the first attempt to study temperature distribution quantitatively. Two different methods, i.e., Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Regression Analysis (RA), have been used to determine the average daily temperature distribution for Hyderabad, a city in Pakistan. Both the methods are used to predict the average daily temperature of the years; 2018, 2019, and 2020. In Neural Network (NN) analysis, the network was trained and validated for three years with temperature recorded from 2015-2017. With the help of training and validation parameters of the hidden layer, the average d aily temperature was predicted for 2018-2020. Based on input parameters (dew point, relative humidity, and wind speed), a multiple regression model was developed, and average daily temperature for the years 2018-2020 was predicted again. For validation of the model statistical errors, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MABE), Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination are calculated. The statistical errors show that multiple regression models and neural network models provide a good prediction of temperature distribution. However, the results of the neural network are better than the regression model.

Application of Combined Micro- and Macro-Scale Models to Investigate Heat and Mass Transfer through Textile Structures with Additional Ventilation

In this study, computational models of heat and mass exchange through textile structures with additional ventilation at the micro- and macro-scale were investigated. The finite element analysis of advanced textile materials provides a better understanding of their heat and mass transfer properties, which influence thermal comfort. The developed computational models can predict air permeability (AP), thermal resistance (Rct), and heat transfer (h) coefficients at the micro-scale. Moreover, the mesh size was taken into consideration and validated with experimental data presented in the literature. In addition, computational models were extended to micro- and macro-scale forced ventilation models. Macro-scale finite element models require input parameters such as an effective heat transfer coefficient that are usually obtained experimentally. In this research, the heat transfer coefficients (hmicrolayer = 25.603 W/(K·m2), htotal = 8.9646 W/(K·m2)) were obtained numerically from the micro-scale model and were applied to a macro-scale model. The proposed methodology and developed models facilitate the determination of average temperature and temperature distributions through different through-thickness positions along the axis Oz. The simulations were carried out using Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab software.

Solidification performance improvement of phase change materials for latent heat thermal energy storage using novel branch-structured fins and nanoparticles

In the present study, we propose the combination of novel branch-structured fins and Al2O3 nanoparticles to enhance the performance of a phase change material (PCM) during the solidification process in a triple-tube heat exchanger. The inevitable drawback of PCMs is their lower heat conductivity, which can result in a long response time during the phase change process in latent heat thermal storage systems. Therefore, any serious improvement strategy needs an optimized phase change process. A mathematical model for a two-dimensional structure composed of a PCM with paraffin RT82 and Al2O3 nanoparticles that considers the thermal conduction in metal fins, Brownian motion of nanoparticles, and natural convection in a liquid phase PCM is proposed and verified based on experimental results. The impact of various volume fractions and fin layouts on the solidification process is discussed, involving the evolution and deformation of solid–liquid interfaces and distribution of isotherms and average temperature and liquid fraction curves. The results imply that the solidification behaviour can be significantly enhanced by the application of nanoparticles and metal fins. Compared with the inherent structure of the heat exchanger, the solidification time is decreased by 8.5%, 9.3%, and 10.3% for Al2O3 nanoparticles (at 2%, 5%, and 8%, respectively) only and by 83.0%, 80.7%, 80.8%, and 82.9%, respectively, for various fin layouts only. This is attributed to increased heat transfer by thermal conduction and natural convection. It can be concluded that the impact of the use of fins is preferable compared to that for nanoparticles, and the benefit of nanoparticles is limited.

Highly efficient photonic PCR system based on plasmonic heating of gold nanofilms

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a standard molecular method that has the potential to solve the need for accurate, viable, and immediate infectious pathogen detection at point-of-care (POC) centers in different fields such as pathogen identification, and forensics. In this work, we present a photonic PCR thermocycler that achieves strong optical absorption, more efficient gene amplification, and further improves the effect of temperature distribution through the PCR sample using two gold nanofilms (AuNFs) and a high-power light-emitting diode chip (LED). The photonic device achieved higher heating and cooling rates of 13.20 null°C/s and 7.92 null°C/s, respectively on average, with uniform and reliable temperature distribution throughout the sample with negligible deviations. During amplification cycles, maximum temperatures attained had variations less than 1 °C at 90 °C, less than 0.8 °C at 55 °C, and less than 0.5 °C at 72 °C, showing uniform heating which yielded more accurate and reliable results. Using the fabricated device, PCR amplification for a bacteria genomic DNA was performed in 7.5 minutes for 30 thermal cycles with a sample volume of 20 μL. Due to the device's simple configuration and increased heat transfer rates, this photonic platform will be a highly efficient choice for rapid POC applications in developing countries.

Performance analysis of series connected cathode supported tubular SOFCs

The long current conduction path of traditional tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) limits the output performance. A new series connection structure was proposed, and a three-dimensional model of this series tubular solid oxide fuel cell was developed on the premise of keeping the reactant channel area unchanged, the thickness of electrodes and electrolytes distributed in the original proportion. The effects of the series structure on the distribution of species, average temperature and electrical properties of the cell were studied, and the model cases of different flow modes are developed to explore their influence. The models and results of this study are compared with those of previous studies. The results of simulation show that compared with traditional tubular SOFC, the average current density of the new series SOFC and the new series SOFC with cooling is increased by 18.12% and 9.28% respectively in the co-flow, and the peak power density is increased by 431.94 W/m2 and 211.73 W/m2 respectively. The maximum temperature is reduced by nearly 160 K after the cooling channel is added, showing excellent performance at low temperature. The study concluded that the current conduction path is shortened by using new series, the conduction resistance and ohmic losses are reduced, the added multiple connectors further improve it. The output performance of SOFC is improved by using new series. The heat transfer of new series connection SOFC has been enhanced, and the heat generated by the reaction can be fully exchanged by the adding cooling channel, which reduces the average temperature of the cells during operation, it provides a reference for commercial and practical applications.

Road performance and thermal-insulation effect in construction of asphalt mixture containing phase-change thermal-insulation agent

Highway construction strategies impact the early damage of asphalt pavement and its sustainability. The pavement quality is directly influenced by the temperature of the asphalt mixture during paving and rolling, but delaying the cooling of the mixture at this stage has rarely been investigated. An asphalt mixture modified with a phase-change thermal-insulation agent (PCTIA) was prepared potentially improve the temperature of the asphalt mixture during construction. The high-temperature, low-temperature, and water-stability performance of asphalt mixtures with different PCTIA contents were analysed. The temperature regulation test was carried out, and the temperature field model of the asphalt pavement paving process was established. Based on the laboratory test and FEM models, the influence of different construction environmental conditions on the thermal-insulation performance of PCTIA and its thermal-insulation mechanism were analysed by using the distribution of temperature, average temperature, and equivalent temperature. The thermal-insulation effect of PCTIA was quantified by latent heat accumulated temperature value (LHATV). Results show that PCTIA improves the high and low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture, and has little effect on water stability. The best overall road performance is achieved at 2.5% PCTIA content. PCTIA can significantly reduce the cooling rate of asphalt mixture, and the distribution of temperature difference and time difference is obviously different in different positions of loose asphalt mixture layer and different external environments. Latent heat accumulated temperature value (LHATV) can characterize the phase-change insulation effect of PCTIA well. The wind speed increases and air temperature-bottom temperature decreases reduced LHATV indicating that too rapid cooling of asphalt mixture would weaken the thermal-insulation performance of PCTIA. Both average temperature and equivalent temperature can reflect the thermal-insulation effect of PCTIA, where the average temperature can be used to analyse the specific phase-change process of PCTIA in asphalt mixture and then analyse the insulation mechanism of PCTIA. Combining average temperature and equivalent temperature, PCTIA had the most application value in low temperature and low wind speed environments. This study aims to explore the effective method of delaying the cooling of high-temperature asphalt mixture from the perspective of phase-change energy storage and explain its mechanism.

State-of-the-arts Thermal Management Systems for New Energy Vehicles

With the rapid progress of automobile manufacturing industry, people's demand for energy is gradually expanding, and smog is gradually appearing in cities. New energy has gradually become a new direction of automobile development, with its dual advantages of not only reducing emissions but also saving energy. Lithium battery is the main component of new energy vehicle, and its temperature will be in the heating process of current input and loss. The average temperature distribution directly affects the service life and functional effect of the battery, and the stability of the battery determines whether it can bear much power. If the car is running, the heat of the battery can't be dispersed in time and the local temperature is too high, the life of the battery will be reduced rapidly, and even more seriously, it will lead to fire. Therefore, in order to make the battery pack of the new energy vehicle heat evenly, and the reliability and safety of the new energy vehicle work continuously and effectively, A battery heat dissipation structure is determined in order to improve the overall performance of the lithium-ion battery. The latest thermal management systems for new energy vehicles are thoroughly examined in this paper.

Mapping and Analysis of Monthly Average Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature Distribution of Muğla Province in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Environment with IDW Method

Muğla province, which is located in Southwest Anatolia and has a surface area of 13,338 km2, generally has a mountainous and rough terrain. In this study, it is aimed to map and analyze the distribution of monthly and annual maximum and minimum average temperature values of Muğla province by using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method. For this purpose, meteorological data of 13 stations of the General Directorate of Meteorology in Muğla and the stations of Gölhisar, Bozdoğan, Kaş, Elmalı, which are close to the borders of the province, were used. The average values of the annual and monthly maximum and minimum temperatures of these stations were transferred to the ArcGIS environment with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their distribution was mapped with the IDW method. According to these maps, the highest average annual temperature in Muğla is in Milas and its surroundings, while the lowest is the provincial borders in the northeast of Muğla center and Seydikemer district. These two places are followed by Datça district, which is located on a long peninsula. The places with the highest annual minimum average temperatures are around Datça and Marmaris districts, while the lowest is the Burdur provincial border in the northeast of Kavaklıdere and Seydikemer. The maximum average temperature in the province is July (between 41.6-41.1°C in Milas and Köyceğiz), and the lowest is January (between 14-17°C in Muğla center and Kavaklıdere). The minimum average temperatures in the province are highest in June (between 37.7-34.6°C in Marmaris), and the lowest in January (between -7.9 and -6.6°C in Kavaklıdere). Elevation conditions, maritime influence and aspect conditions, and the intrusion of thermal pressure areas, especially in summer, have been effective in the distribution of maximum and minimum average temperature values in the province. These values may also vary depending on time during the year